{"title":"Law enforcement quality and venture capital Efficiency: Evidence from China","authors":"Yu Guo , Jie Li , Fengyuan Liu , Jianjun Li","doi":"10.1016/j.iref.2025.104371","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.iref.2025.104371","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines how regional variations in law enforcement quality influence venture capital (VC) efficiency across Chinese provinces, despite the existence of a unified national legal system. Drawing on a comprehensive dataset comprising 20,982 VC investment rounds from 2000 to 2018, we find that regions with stronger law enforcement are significantly more likely to experience successful VC exits. These findings remain robust even after addressing potential endogeneity concerns and conducting comprehensive robustness tests. Further investigation reveals three key mechanisms through which enhanced law enforcement quality contributes to VC performance: the promotion of innovation efficiency, the alleviation of financing constraints, and the reinforcement of social trust between investors and investee firms. Moreover, the analysis indicates that this positive relationship is weakened by factors such as syndicated investments, geopolitical risks, linguistic differences between VCs and portfolio companies, increased geographical distance, and international VC involvement. Overall, our findings highlight the critical role of regional law enforcement in supporting the development of emerging industries through the venture capital ecosystem.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14444,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Economics & Finance","volume":"103 ","pages":"Article 104371"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144711908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"How does enterprise digital transformation affect the cost of debt financing? Based on the perspective of customer concentration risk","authors":"Chenrui Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.iref.2025.104426","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.iref.2025.104426","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates how enterprise digital transformation affects the cost of debt financing from the perspective of customer concentration risk. Our results indicate that digital transformation significantly reduces the cost of debt financing. Mechanism tests reveal that digital transformation enables companies to broaden their operational breadth and depth, which mitigates customer concentration risk, thereby reducing default risk, and ultimately lowering the cost of debt financing. Further analyses suggest that the negative effect of digital transformation on firm's cost of debt financing is more pronounced for firms with lower market power, higher payment collection risk, elevated customer switching costs, greater supplier concentration, or a higher proportion of overseas business. Additionally, the effect is also influenced by the competitive dynamics of the industry in which the company operates. Finally, our findings indicate that digital transformation enhances firms' ability to secure bank credit. These findings contribute to the growing body of research on the economic implications of digital transformation and offer practical insights for firms seeking to leverage digital technologies to strengthen supply chain resilience, mitigate operational risks, and address financing challenges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14444,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Economics & Finance","volume":"103 ","pages":"Article 104426"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144632502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Digital tax administration, investor risk perception, and stock return volatility","authors":"Wenjun Tu , Anna Min Du , Sarah Borthwick Saddler","doi":"10.1016/j.iref.2025.104434","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.iref.2025.104434","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the impact of digital tax administration on stock return volatility amid heightened market uncertainty. Leveraging the staggered rollout of China's <em>Golden Tax Phase III</em> from 2013 to 2016 as a quasi-natural experiment, we employ a Difference-in-Differences approach on a sample of Chinese listed firms over the period 2010 to 2022. We find that the implementation of digital tax administration significantly alleviates stock return volatility. This stabilizing effect is primarily attributed to reduced investors' perceived risks, which arise from enhanced information transparency, mitigated agency conflicts, and alleviated financial constraints. Drawing upon agency theory and institutional theory, we find that this stabilizing effect is more salient in regions with weaker initial institutional environments (i.e., low tax enforcement efforts, weak legal institutions, and low social trust). Our findings indicate that digital tax administration, as a potent external governance mechanism, can compensate for existing institutional deficiencies. Our study provides crucial insights into the role of digital tax administration in promoting market stability and enhancing corporate governance across diverse regional contexts. Our study is important for both policymakers and firm managers, indicating that leveraging digital tax administration can enhance stock market stability by improving regulatory effectiveness and guiding firms' strategic resource allocation in volatile environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14444,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Economics & Finance","volume":"103 ","pages":"Article 104434"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144604170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Capital constraint relief and liquidity creation in small and medium-sized banks: Evidence from a quasi-natural experiment in China","authors":"Weifeng Yu , Huiqi Wu , Zhihui Song","doi":"10.1016/j.iref.2025.104405","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.iref.2025.104405","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Using the policy change of allowing local governments to issue special bonds to replenish capital for small and medium-sized banks (SMBs) in 2020 as a quasi-natural experiment, this paper investigates the effects of capital constraint alleviation on liquidity creation among these banks. With an unbalanced panel dataset comprising 205 SMBs in China from 2018 to 2023, we find that capital constraint relief reduces liquidity creation through two channels: by reducing banks' regulatory incentives and by “crowding out” deposits in such banks. The reduction is more pronounced for smaller SMBs, unlisted SMBs, and those in regions with lower level of financial development. Further research indicates that due to different regulatory intensity on the on- and off-balance sheet activities, capital constraint relief results in a notable reduction in the level of on-balance sheet liquidity creation, while off-balance sheet liquidity creation is unaffected. Our results have relevant implications for the government policy aimed at replenishing capital for SMBs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14444,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Economics & Finance","volume":"103 ","pages":"Article 104405"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144653788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Unlocking common prosperity through digital agricultural innovation: evidence from urban China with threshold effects","authors":"Wancheng Zhang, Xiuzhu Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.iref.2025.104422","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.iref.2025.104422","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Addressing inequality through digital innovation in agriculture has become a critical issue in global development. This study examines how digital agricultural innovation affects common prosperity using panel data from Chinese prefecture-level cities. To capture contextual heterogeneity, we adopt a panel threshold model and construct the digital infrastructure threshold variable using policy text mining techniques based on local government work reports. Results show a significant positive impact, robust across various specifications. Threshold effects of digital infrastructure, agricultural productivity, and R&D expenditure reveal a nonlinear relationship. The findings underscore the importance of technological capacity in promoting inclusive growth and offer empirical support for China's development strategy, providing policy insights for other developing countries pursuing digital transformation in agriculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14444,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Economics & Finance","volume":"103 ","pages":"Article 104422"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144634559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhifang He , Wanchuan Qian , Badir Miftah , Mohammad Zoynul Abedin
{"title":"Quantile time-frequency spillovers among climate policy uncertainty, energy markets, and stock markets","authors":"Zhifang He , Wanchuan Qian , Badir Miftah , Mohammad Zoynul Abedin","doi":"10.1016/j.iref.2025.104428","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.iref.2025.104428","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>From a spillover network perspective, this study employs the QVAR-DY and QVAR-BK models to detect how global climate policy uncertainty (CPU) interacts with energy markets, encompassing coal, crude oil, natural gas, and clean energy, as well as stock markets in both the US and China within a quantile time-frequency framework. Results reveal that spillovers among CPU, energy and stock markets show heterogeneity under quantile time-frequency domains. The total connectedness is dominated by short-term shocks and becomes more significant within extreme market conditions, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, in the normal market, clean energy and the US stock market act as net shock exporters, while the roles of the other variables within the system vary significantly across different frequencies. It is noteworthy that CPU changes from a short run net shock receiver to a medium and long run net shock transmitter. The spillover from Chinese stock market to CPU is more significant than that from other markets, especially during the short run. In extreme markets, the coal market exports spillovers, whereas the clean energy market imports them. These findings are crucial for controlling the spread of cross-market risk in the context of climate policy uncertainty. Relevant regulatory authorities should establish a short-term risk early warning mechanisms for climate policy, energy and stock markets under extreme markets, especially strengthening cross-market risk monitoring when major events occur. As CPU evolves into a spillover exporter over the medium to long run, strengthening the co-design of climate policy and clean energy market and guiding capital flows to low-carbon sectors will be critical for mitigating cross-market risk contagion and ensuring systemic stability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14444,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Economics & Finance","volume":"103 ","pages":"Article 104428"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144604247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Data factor marketization empowering enterprise innovation quality: New evidence from Chinese patent citations","authors":"Ning Xu , Longchao Xu , Xiang-Wu Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.iref.2025.104433","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.iref.2025.104433","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the relationship between data factor marketization (DFM) and enterprise innovation quality (EIQ) through econometric analysis. Leveraging the staggered implementation of data trading platforms across Chinese cities as a quasi-natural experiment, we employ difference-in-differences methodology on comprehensive panel data from Chinese listed companies spanning 2007–2022. Our findings demonstrate that DFM implementation significantly elevates innovation quality among affected enterprises. The conclusion remains robust across multiple specification tests, placebo analyses, and instrumental variable approaches addressing endogeneity concerns. The research illuminates four distinct mechanisms through which DFM enhances innovation: strengthening enterprise information infrastructure, alleviating financing constraints, stabilizing supplier relationships, and increasing the scale of intangible assets of enterprises. DFM has stronger promoting effects on EIQ in large cities, eastern cities, and cities with higher intellectual property protection levels, and is also more capable of enhancing innovation quality in state-owned enterprises, growth-stage enterprises, and enterprises with CEOs having information technology backgrounds. These findings advance theoretical understanding of digital transformation's role in innovation systems while offering empirical foundations for policy frameworks seeking to leverage data as a strategic production factor. By demonstrating the multifaceted pathways through which market-based allocation of data elements influences innovation outcomes, this research contributes to the scholarly discourse on innovation drivers in transitional economies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14444,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Economics & Finance","volume":"103 ","pages":"Article 104433"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144672570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hong Chen , Baljeet Singh , Partha Gangopadhyay , Tauhidul Islam Tanin , Narasingha Das
{"title":"Threshold effects of environmental tax on climate vulnerability","authors":"Hong Chen , Baljeet Singh , Partha Gangopadhyay , Tauhidul Islam Tanin , Narasingha Das","doi":"10.1016/j.iref.2025.104429","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.iref.2025.104429","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An environmental tax promotes economic sustainability and boosts tax revenue, but decreases national welfare due to the tax multiplier effect, affecting government spending on climate vulnerability reduction. This implies a complex relationship between environmental tax and climate vulnerability. We examine how environmental tax influences climate vulnerability by focusing on its threshold effects that are dependent on government expenditure. Using a dual-threshold model, fixed-effect threshold generalized method of moments estimator, and balanced panel data from 31 countries for 2001–2018, we consistently find direct (transforming) and indirect (threshold) effects of environmental tax. Specifically, the threshold effects show that, contingent on government expenditure, the impact of environmental tax is greater at low or high levels than at medium levels. Furthermore, carbon emissions increase climate vulnerability, whereas GDP and manufacturing development decrease it. This study underscores the necessity for customized environmental tax policies to optimize government spending and effectively reduce climate vulnerability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14444,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Economics & Finance","volume":"103 ","pages":"Article 104429"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144632505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Rookie independent directors and corporate ESG Performance: Evidence from China","authors":"Yiling Zhang , Dandan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.iref.2025.104432","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.iref.2025.104432","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study deeply analyzes the association between rookie independent directors and corporate environmental, social and governance (ESG) performance using Chinese A-share listed companies from 2013 to 2022. Subgroup analyses across industries and regions show that higher proportions of rookie independent directors reduce ESG performance through the increase of agency costs, particularly in competitive, heavily polluting and eastern-region firms. The study finds that negative impacts can be effectively mitigated by increasing the ownership concentration of controlling shareholders, enhancing information transparency, and raising the proportions of rookie independent directors with overseas experience, financial expertise, and Communist Party membership within the group.This study contributes to the literature on rookie independent directors by considering non-financial dimensions and provides empirical insights for optimizing board structures and promoting sustainable development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14444,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Economics & Finance","volume":"103 ","pages":"Article 104432"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144634582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wen-I Chuang , Yun-Huan Lee , Hsiu-Chuan Lee , Rauli Susmel
{"title":"Why do investors trade more following high returns?","authors":"Wen-I Chuang , Yun-Huan Lee , Hsiu-Chuan Lee , Rauli Susmel","doi":"10.1016/j.iref.2025.104423","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.iref.2025.104423","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We investigate investors’ trading behavior in response to gains and losses at the stock, style, and market levels by testing the various implications of seven trading theories. Using all U.S. stocks from July 1963 to June 2021 as a sample, we obtain several important stylized facts. First, investors trade more actively following high returns at various levels. Second, investors trade more frequently subsequent to high returns during high market-uncertainty periods than during low market-uncertainty periods. Third, investors increase their trading drastically after observing positive returns, but decrease their trading only mildly after observing negative returns. Fourth, individual investors trade more actively following positive returns than institutional investors. Fifth, investors are less motivated to trade following high returns in the recent period after the exogenous events, such as the reductions in the minimum tick size. Overall, these stylized facts are consistent with the theoretical predictions of disposition effects and overconfidence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14444,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Economics & Finance","volume":"103 ","pages":"Article 104423"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144632957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}