International Journal of Surgical Pathology最新文献

{"title":"Detection of Microsatellite Instability in Endometrial Carcinoma Using a Novel Homopolymer Assay.","authors":"Catherine M Nicka, Donald C Green, Gregory J Tsongalis, Laura J Tafe","doi":"10.1177/10668969241311500","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10668969241311500","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Approximately 30% of endometrial cancers are associated with microsatellite instability (MSI) caused by deficiencies in the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes (dMMR). MMR testing by immunohistochemistry for MMR proteins and MSI testing by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are routinely utilized to screen patients with colorectal cancer and endometrial cancer for Lynch syndrome and, more recently, to identify patients eligible for immunotherapy. The Biocartis Idylla™ MSI assay is a fully automated, cartridge-based real-time PCR assay. The assay uses as little as one formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumor section and is designed to detect seven novel MSI biomarkers consisting of short homopolymers located in <i>ACVR2A</i>, <i>BTBD7</i>, <i>DIDO1</i>, <i>MRE11</i>, <i>RYR3</i>, <i>SEC31A</i> and <i>SULF2</i> genes. Mutation in two of these markers is considered MSI-H. FFPE of 35 ECs (25 dMMR and 10 microsatellite stable (MSS)) were used in this study. When tumor content was ≤20% on a slide, macrodissection was performed. The overall percent agreement with MMR IHC was 97% (31/32) with sensitivity = 96% and specificity = 100%. Pre-analytic evaluation of the manufacturer's recommended 20% tumor content cut-off is essential to ensure valid results. The Idylla MSI assay offers several advantages over other PCR-based assays including minimal hands-on time, rapid turn-around-time, no requirement for a paired normal sample and the use of FFPE directly without an extraction step.</p>","PeriodicalId":14416,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Surgical Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"1341-1348"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143541950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-grade Endometrial Endometrioid Carcinoma: A Case Report of Complete Transdifferentiation to Pilomatrix-like Carcinoma.","authors":"Gabriela Patrichi, Andrei Patrichi, Andrea Palicelli, Thais Maloberti, Dario de Biase, Robert Soslow, Simona Stolnicu","doi":"10.1177/10668969251326262","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10668969251326262","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>IntroductionEndometrial endometrioid carcinomas can show multiple lines of differentiation, including pilomatrix-like high-grade endometrioid carcinoma, a recently described tumor with similarity to cutaneous pilomatrix carcinoma and associated with very aggressive clinical behavior.MethodsWe present a 56-year-old woman with an endometrial tumor associated with secondary involvement of both ovaries, left tubo-ovarian ligament and obturator lymph nodes. The diagnosis of high-grade endometrioid carcinoma in a previously performed curettage was confirmed in the hysterectomy specimen.ResultsMicroscopically, the tumor exhibited a solid, nested/insular pattern with basaloid cells, predominantly seen at the periphery, ghost cell keratinization towards the center of the nests, and extensive geographic necrosis. No low-grade endometrioid carcinoma component was identified throughout the primary tumor or metastases after extensive sampling. Immunohistochemical assessment showed aberrant cytoplasmic and nuclear expression of β-catenin, and focal CDX2 expression. Tumor cells were negative for PAX8, and estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER/PR). The next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis found a <i>CTNNB1</i> pathogenic mutation (p.Ser37Phe, c.110C > T; variant allele frequency: 18.6%). Based on these morphologic, immunohistochemistry and NGS analysis, a diagnosis of pilomatrix-like high-grade endometrioid carcinoma was established.ConclusionThe absence of a low-grade endometrioid carcinoma component makes this pilomatrix-like high-grade endometrioid carcinoma, a very rare tumor, even more special. This and the absence of PAX8 and ER/PR expression in an unusual morphological context proved to be diagnostically challenging. This patient's presentation at high stage is concordant with the literature's description of this tumor as aggressive. It is not yet known whether standard adjuvant therapies for high-risk endometrial carcinomas are effective.</p>","PeriodicalId":14416,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Surgical Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"1536-1540"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143624753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incidence and Pitfalls of Intratesticular Adipose Tissue Encountered in Orchiectomy Specimens.","authors":"Ngoc-Nhu Jennifer Nguyen, Hailey Gosnell, Richard R Pacheco, Mahmut Akgul, Sean R Williamson, Ankur R Sangoi","doi":"10.1177/10668969241309941","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10668969241309941","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Based on the eighth edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system, postpubertal germ cell tumors (GCT) and malignant sex cord-stromal tumors (SCST) of the testis invading hilar soft tissue are of pathologic stage pT2. Adipose tissue is typically used as an anatomical landmark by pathologists for determining hilar soft tissue invasion. Herein, we evaluated for the presence, location, and extent of intratesticular fat in a multi-institutional cohort of orchiectomies. Consecutive orchiectomies from 3 academic institutions were reviewed (n = 605), including both benign and malignant specimens. Intratesticular fat was identified by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) evaluation in 11/605 (1.8%) orchiectomies, including the following diagnoses: mixed non-teratomatous GCT (n = 1), mixed GCT with a teratoma component (n = 2), pure teratoma (n = 2), Leydig cell hyperplasia (n = 1), regressed GCT (n = 1), hormone therapy effect (n = 1), atrophic changes (n = 1), fibrosis (n = 1), infarction (n = 1). Adipose tissue was located within the rete testis stroma (n = 2), just below the rete testis (n = 4), within nodules of Leydig hyperplasia between the seminiferous tubules (n = 1), or within the confines of testicular parenchyma (n = 4). Among the 4 specimens containing admixed neoplastic (teratomatous) fat, the extent of adipose tissue ranged from 3.0 to 11.0 mm (mean 6.8 mm). Among the 7 specimens with non-neoplastic adipose tissue within/near the rete, the extent ranged from 0.1 to 12.7 mm (mean 2.3 mm). Although uncommon, intratesticular fat can be found in orchiectomy specimens, which may represent a staging pitfall in GCT and SCST especially when located at the interface between the testicular parenchyma and hilum.</p>","PeriodicalId":14416,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Surgical Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"1334-1340"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143254285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Abdominal Abscess as a Rare Manifestation of Gout.","authors":"Hanna Siatecka, Sara Faiz","doi":"10.1177/10668969251318039","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10668969251318039","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gout is a common inflammatory arthritis in adults. Elevated levels of uric acid lead to the formation of monosodium urate crystals and their deposition in joints, and rarely, other parts of the body. The tissues most frequently involved are synovium, bone, cartilage, skin, tendon, ligament, and kidney. Here, we report an unusual presentation of gout manifesting as an abdominal abscess. A 60-year-old man with a history of opioid abuse, hypertension, and knee gouty arthritis presented to the emergency department with severe right knee pain. During hospitalization, he complained of pain in the left lower abdominal quadrant and developed coffee-ground emesis. Computed tomography showed pneumoperitoneum. The patient underwent laparotomy and was found to have gastric perforation and a large abdominal abscess. Drainage of the abscess revealed necrotic and hemorrhagic fragments of omentum. Microscopic examination showed adipose tissue with fat necrosis, acute inflammation, and fungal hyphae. Eosinophilic, amorphous deposits of polarizable needle-shaped crystals were observed in all sections, indicating the presence of monosodium urate crystals. The combined characteristics suggested intra-abdominal gout with concurrent fungal infection resulting from gastric perforation. This presentation is very rare. Only one occurrence of intra-abdominal gout mimicking a pelvic abscess has been reported in the literature.</p>","PeriodicalId":14416,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Surgical Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"1491-1494"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12276393/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143458031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Basal Cell Carcinoma: A Digital Study of Immunohistochemical BCL2, P53 and CD138 Expression in Low- and High-Risk Types.","authors":"Janet Lyndsay de Stadler, Amsha Ramburan, Riyaadh Roberts","doi":"10.1177/10668969251314120","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10668969251314120","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>IntroductionBasal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the leading cancer in Caucasians globally. Certain histological types of BCC are defined as high-risk for recurrence by the World Health Organisation (WHO). Identifying biological differences, such as protein expression, between histological types could result in druggable targets and improve future management, potentially offsetting rising costs in the health sector due to an increase in the global incidence of aggressive BCC.MethodsA laboratory-based, immunohistochemical study was undertaken at our institution. BCL2, P53 and CD138 antibodies were applied to formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue from low-risk and high-risk BCC types; followed by whole slide scanning and digital interpretation using QuPath software. Staining intensity, proportion and scores were assessed with the addition of BCL2 labelling and CD138 location. Statistical analyses were performed using STATA and R. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsOf 121 BCCs examined, 78 were low- and 43 high-risk. BCL2, P53 and CD138 tumoural expression in BCC were 78%, 91% and 100%, respectively. BCL2 staining was predominantly weak and focal while P53 and CD138 were diffuse. Significantly decreased tumoural BCL2 labelling (p = 0.04) and CD138 scores (p = 0.0035) were observed in high-risk BCCs. Conversely, significantly increased peritumoural stromal CD138 expression was observed in this category (p < 0.0001). There was no significant difference in P53 expression between the two categories.ConclusionThe identification of decreased BCL2 labelling in high-risk BCC highlights an important area for further research to evaluate the effect BCL2 downregulation has on non-surgical therapeutic options in aggressive BCC.</p>","PeriodicalId":14416,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Surgical Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"1360-1372"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143501323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Histopathological Markers of Immunoglobulin G4-related Disease: Analyzing Diagnostic Patterns and Immunohistochemical Findings.","authors":"Sakthisankari Shanmugasundaram, Anita Michael","doi":"10.1177/10668969251316911","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10668969251316911","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Introduction:</b> Immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) related disease is a localized or multisystem chronic inflammatory disease with characteristic pathological features. Several consensus criteria are available to aid in the diagnosis and its management. These criteria are highly specific, owing to their dependency on major histopathological criteria and laboratory investigations to diagnose IgG4-related diseases (IgG4-RD). We evaluated the lesions diagnosed as IgG4-RDs with histopathological scoring criteria based on histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and serology in the screening of IgG4-RDs. <b>Materials and methods:</b> The lesions diagnosed as IgG4-RD during the study period were evaluated using the histopathological scoring criteria which include storiform fibrosis, obliterative phlebitis, plasmacytic infiltrates, and lymphoid follicles. Immunohistochemistry with IgG4 was performed on all these lesions. <b>Results:</b> There were twelve patients with IgG4-RD involving the retroperitoneum, pancreas, lymph node, and nasal sinuses. Lesions involving the retroperitoneum showed all the characteristic histopathological findings of IgG4-RD. Storiform fibrosis and obliterative vasculitis were seen in 67% and 58% of the lesions respectively. Two patients (17%) lacked both storiform fibrosis and obliterative phlebitis. Additionally, lymphoid follicles were present in 58%, perineural infiltration in 33%, and tissue eosinophilia in 58% of individuals. Two patients with eosinophilic angiocentric fibrosis and a single patient with IgG4-RD associated with retroperitoneal mucinous cystadenoma were identified. <b>Conclusion:</b> IgG4-RD is a group of rare diseases that needs a multidisciplinary team approach for diagnosis. In our study, we report a rare association of IgG4-RD and retroperitoneal mucinous cystadenoma as well as rare lesions of IgG4-related eosinophilic angiocentric fibrosis. Clinicopathological and radiological correlation is crucial in the accurate diagnosis of IgG4-RD and to avoid overdiagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":14416,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Surgical Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"1393-1400"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143483056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Characteristics of a <i>ZFTA::RELA</i> Fusion Gliosarcoma: A Case Report.","authors":"Tzah Feldman, Eugene Vlodavsky, Shada Sarji, Asmaa Yousef Abu El Hija, Mony Benifla, Liat Oren, Myriam Ben-Arush, Yaniv Zohar","doi":"10.1177/10668969241311520","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10668969241311520","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The combination of ependymoma and gliosarcoma elements in the same tumor is extremely rare, and the molecular characteristics of these entities are not clear. Here, we present a rare aggressive brain tumor in a 12-year-old boy harboring a <i>ZFTA::RELA</i> gene fusion, a characteristic feature of supratentorial ependymomas. On the other hand, the histopathological, molecular, and methylation profiles were compatible with a diagnosis of a mesenchymal type, IDH wild-type glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Additional somatic alterations provide evidence of RAS/MAPK signaling pathway activation. Overall, this report highlights the histopathological and molecular characteristics of a rare and aggressive glial tumor.</p>","PeriodicalId":14416,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Surgical Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"1450-1453"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143065700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Germline Mutations in Renal Neoplasms and Their Clinicopathological Correlations.","authors":"Meihua Chen, Yang Liu, Xianwei Yang, Yijin Gu, Lei Dong, Haimin Xu, Luting Zhou, Xiaoqun Yang","doi":"10.1177/10668969251318038","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10668969251318038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Introduction</i>.</b> Germline mutations have been described in multiple renal neoplasm entities in the fifth edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Urinary and Male Genital Systems. However, our knowledge of renal neoplasms with germline mutations remains limited. <b><i>Methods</i>.</b> To expand our understanding, 15 tumors with germline mutations were retrieved from 284 renal neoplasms that underwent next-generation sequencing, including well-known <i>VHL</i>, <i>FH</i>, <i>SDHB</i>, <i>FLCN</i>, <i>TSC1</i>, and less common genes such as <i>MUTYH</i>, <i>NF2</i>, and <i>BARD1</i>. <b><i>Results</i>.</b> Interesting findings included clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with <i>FH</i> germline mutation and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH)-deficient RCC with high-grade transformation. Patients with germline mutations of these uncommon altered genes in renal neoplasms, such as <i>MUTYH</i>, <i>NF2</i>, and <i>BARD1</i> were diagnosed with different renal entities, including entities with favorable outcomes (renal cell carcinoma with fibromyomatous stroma) or adverse outcomes (collecting duct carcinoma and FH deficient renal cell carcinoma). <b><i>Conclusions</i>.</b> Besides the well-known germline mutations in renal neoplasms, we described germline mutations in some genes that are common in other sites but uncommon in the kidney. Although they cannot be used to determine a definite renal entity, they may also contribute to the pathogenesis of renal neoplasms. Tumors need to be diagnosed based on morphology, immunohistochemistry, and other molecular evidence.</p>","PeriodicalId":14416,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Surgical Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"1401-1410"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143515552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aberrant Cytoplasmic INSM1 Expression in Erythroid Cells: A Potential Diagnostic Pitfall Versus Neuroendocrine Neoplasms.","authors":"Douglas Jian-Xian Wu, Gregory W Charville, Ankur R Sangoi","doi":"10.1177/10668969241311524","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10668969241311524","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Insulinoma-associated protein 1 (INSM1) is a relatively new immunostain used in the diagnostic assessment of tumors with neuroendocrine differentiation. While INSM1 positivity has been described in some non-neuroendocrine neoplasms, reactivity in red blood cells (RBCs) has only been anecdotally noted in one prior study without description of the degree/extent of staining. INSM1 staining in nucleated erythroid precursors has not been previously reported. Herein, 100 small biopsy specimens containing RBCs where INSM1 was used for diagnostic workup were reviewed. Additionally, 5 benign bone specimens and 5 adrenal myelolipoma specimens containing nucleated erythroid precursors were stained with INSM1. INSM1 staining intensity (0-3) and staining extent (0-100%) in RBC/erythroid cells was evaluated and an H-score was calculated (0-300). Positive cytoplasmic INSM1 staining in RBCs was observed in 99/100 (99%) specimens, with mean staining intensity of 2.1 (median = 2) and mean staining percent of 59% (median = 70%), with mean H-score of 125 (median = 140). Positive cytoplasmic INSM1 staining was identified in 10/10 (100%) specimens containing nucleated erythroid precursors, with mean staining intensity of 2.7 (median = 3) and mean staining percent of 53% (median = 50%), with mean H-score of 132 (median = 120). INSM1 is frequently positive in RBCs and nucleated erythroid precursors, albeit with variable staining intensity and extent. Although the INSM1 staining is cytoplasmic in RBCs (lacking nuclei) and nucleated erythroid precursors, the morphological features can mimic positive nuclear staining of neuroendocrine neoplasms. Particularly in small biopsy samples, which often contain background RBCs, positive INSM1 staining should be reviewed with caution to avoid misdiagnosis of neuroendocrine differentiation.</p>","PeriodicalId":14416,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Surgical Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"1433-1436"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143052490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Histopathological, Immunohistochemical and Clinical Features of Granular Cell Tumors: Re-Evaluation of Malignancy Criteria in a Series of 54 Tumors.","authors":"Mine Önenerk Men, Reha Akpınar, Cem Çomunoğlu, Mahmut Kürşat Özşahin, Nil Çomunoğlu","doi":"10.1177/10668969251326253","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10668969251326253","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Aim.</i> Granular cell tumors (GCTs) are mostly benign. Malignant GCTs are extremely rare. Although the criteria proposed by Fanburg-Smith et al are widely used, some authors do not find them especially useful. We aimed to present our GCT case series consisting of 54 patients from 2 institutions during a 22-year period and evaluate these tumors according to these criteria of malignancy. <i>Materials and Methods</i>. Fifty-four patients with GCT diagnosed between 2000 and 2024 were retrospectively reviewed. All hematoxylin/eosin-stained slides were evaluated for spindling pattern, nucleolar prominence, pleomorphism, geographical necrosis, increase in nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio, and mitotic index. <i>Results</i>. Overall, 7 tumors were classified as \"Malignant GCT.\" Histopathologically all malignant tumors showed nucleolar prominence and pleomorphism. Ki-67 proliferation index was 3% or higher in 6 tumors. In 4 of the malignant GCTs, lymph node metastasis was present at the time of diagnosis. In 2 of these patients, lung metastasis and in 1 patient liver metastasis were also found. Another malignant tumor showed bone invasion. In one of the malignant tumors, local recurrence, lymph node metastasis, and lung metastasis occurred 1 year after excision. <i>Conclusions</i>. Malignant GCTs had behaved as frequently metastasizing high-grade sarcomas.</p>","PeriodicalId":14416,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Surgical Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"1425-1432"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143648514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}