{"title":"FACTOR STRUCTURE FOR PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT AND MOTOR ABILITY OF 9-12-YEAR-OLD MALES TAEKWON-DO ITF ATHLETES","authors":"S. Neykov, Silvia Ilieva-Sinigerova","doi":"10.37393/icass2022/02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37393/icass2022/02","url":null,"abstract":"Taekwon-do requires explosive strength, flexibility, and balance. The problem of defining factor structures and identifying the major factors for physical development and motor ability is of particular importance for the training process. The aim of the present study was to optimize the major factors of physical development and motor ability of 9–12-year-old males Taekwon-Do ITF athletes. Methodology: The study was carried out in March – May 2019. The research was aimed at studying the major indicators of physical development and motor ability of 9–12-year-old males. It was done among 99 Taekwon-Do athletes (n=99, 10.58 ± 1.13 years, 148.06 ± 11.06 cm, 42.77 ± 11.61 kg) from 9 local Taekwon-do clubs in Bulgaria. Athletes were tested along 16 indicators of physical development and 12 indicators of motor ability. Results: There were 3 factors that explained a total of 89.48% of the initial variance in physical development in males of this age. The test battery contained 16 indicators for testing physical development and after performing the factor analysis, the number was optimized to 3. There were 4 factors that explained a total of 69.15 % of the initial variance in motor ability in males of this age. The test battery contained 12 indicators for testing motor ability and after performing the factor analysis, the number was optimized to 4. Conclusion: Optimizing and reducing the number of factors for physical development and motor ability at the age of 9-12 years would improve the training process in taekwondo sports. In this way, coaches’ efforts would be able to target the highest factor weight indicators that would be most affected by the training load applied. Optimizing factors to control athletic achievement would improve athletic performance.","PeriodicalId":143321,"journal":{"name":"Proceeding book Vol.1","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125898887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Petar Yordanov, Krassimir Petkov, Sasho Yordanov, Nina Klenovska, Ivan Terziiski
{"title":"RESEARCH ON THE RISKS IN CYBERSPACE DURING SPORTING EVENTS","authors":"Petar Yordanov, Krassimir Petkov, Sasho Yordanov, Nina Klenovska, Ivan Terziiski","doi":"10.37393/icass2022/56","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37393/icass2022/56","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Introduction: Every major sporting event, is a huge challenge in terms of information security. The main reason for this is the huge spectator interest, the active media coverage of the event, which „attracts“ and an unwanted contingent of people seeking to acquire „assets“ in a dubious way. Developing more innovative and effective malware protection mechanisms is considered an urgent requirement in the cybersecurity community. Methodology: In the research process we have applied: information research, document analysis, historical analysis, conclusions based on personal experience, monitoring, synthesis, and theoretical analysis. A theoretical overview of the basics of security and requirements for information technology supporting sports events. Results: The purpose of the report is to analyze the cybersecurity of information systems supporting mass sporting events and to create systems of measures to prevent cyberterrorist attacks during sporting events. Discussion: In support of the allegations made so far concerning the information security of any mass sporting event, we will cite various examples. As with any Internet-related system, hackers can try to manipulate the content or interfere with sports websites and e-mail systems. Conclusion: One way to increase cybersecurity during a „mass sporting event“ is to hire specialized companies to control cyberspace activities. Although cybercriminals are becoming more advanced, with the right approach and a little common sense, we can learn to stay one step ahead. The sport will continue to use more and more technology.","PeriodicalId":143321,"journal":{"name":"Proceeding book Vol.1","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128984498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A STUDY COMPARISON FOR MOTOR ABILITIES FOR BOYS’ BASKETBALL PLAYERS U14 & U16 IN TIRANA","authors":"A. Bilali, Daniela Dasheva","doi":"10.37393/icass2022/51","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37393/icass2022/51","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Basketball is a dynamic game, and as such, it requires that players must develop their motor abilities, especially at young ages, when the attention should be higher. The aim of this study is to compare motor abilities performance in basketball at age groups U14 and U16. To obtain the objectives of this study, field test measurements was performed on 110 boys’ basketball players from 8 teams U14 and U16 randomly selected in Tirana city (Capital of Albania). In this study, 53 basketball players were in U14 age group, and 57 were in U16 age group. These measurements were done at respective motor abilities; anthropometric such as (body weight, height, and waist circumference), explosive power (long jump standing), flexibility (sit and reach test), speed (sprint 20m), agility (T-test and 10x5m), aerobic fitness (20m shuttle run test). Comparing data analysis between group ages shows that all motor abilities performance in the U16 age group had higher results (p less than .05) than U14, except flexibility, where no statistically significant difference was observed. At this point, two questions are raised for further analysis by researchers: whether such a difference is because of the biological differentiations among the two age groups or that coaches of U16 focus more on motor abilities development during their practices rather than at U14.","PeriodicalId":143321,"journal":{"name":"Proceeding book Vol.1","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130619190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"SOME GENDER ISSUES AROUND SPORTS OFFICIALS IN THE CONTEMPORARY BULGARIAN SOCIETY","authors":"B. Angelova-Igova, I. Slavchev","doi":"10.37393/icass2022/73","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37393/icass2022/73","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Sport is a mirror of the culture in which it develops, therefore analyzing the problems and trends in sport we have the opportunity to see a simplified model of society itself. The subject of our study is to understand how much our society is a subject of a gender stereotypes and to which extent contemporary women and men are free to express themselves in any public sphere of their choice. The case with sports officials sheds light on this problem. In the period May 2021 - January 2022, we conducted a study, within the international project Raising the growth and participation of female sports officials in Europe (WINS Project), supported by the Erasmus + Sport program, on the state and attitudes of Bulgarian sports officials, in all sports. We noticed several facts, typical for the modern Bulgarian society: Bulgarian women do not suffer from strong gender stereotypes regarding what is a “male” or a “female” occupation. However, we notice a low level of involvement of women as officials in “men’s sports”, such as football, boxing and taekwondo and very high in “women’s sports”: almost 99% in rhythmic gymnastics. Yet there is a positive trend in terms of women’s involvement in “men’s” sports. There has been an increase in recent years of women officials in sports such as taekwondo, boxing, football, weightlifting, but we are still very far from the desired equality. Bulgarian women occupy a large part of the low-level sport officials’ positions in athletics, but there are few women occupying higher positions and women also have lower salaries. In sports refereeing there are no legal differences that give privileges to one or the other sex, but this “equality” in some cases harms women who, due to motherhood or various ailments, have specific needs and requirements for working hours and work environment.","PeriodicalId":143321,"journal":{"name":"Proceeding book Vol.1","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127874487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"PERCEIVED MOTIVATIONAL CLIMATE AND SATISFACTION OF SPORTS ACTIVITY AMONG COMPETITORS FROM TEAM SPORTS","authors":"Viktorija Doneva, Galina Domuschieva-Rogleva","doi":"10.37393/icass2022/66","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37393/icass2022/66","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Satisfaction is seen as an important determinant of motivation for sports. The motivational climate is related to the subjective assessment of environmental factors. The aim of this study was to reveal the relationships between motivational climate and satisfaction of athletes differentiated by sex, kind of sport, and sports results. The research was done among 101 athletes practicing team sports (70 men, 31 women) with a mean age of 2.3 years (±5.4). We used the following questionnaires: Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire-2 (PMCSQ-2) and Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire (ASQ). Satisfaction with individual performance is enhanced by a perceived motivational climate oriented towards mastery (β=.440**), cooperative learning (β=.424**), the importance of each athlete for the success of the team (β=.201*), investment of effort and improvement (β=.411**). The structuring of team actions through training and instruction is enhanced by perceiving a motivational climate oriented towards mastery (β=.208*) and cooperative learning (β=.263**). Unequal recognition reduces satisfaction with team performance (β=-.232*), but collaborative learning (β=.298**), effort and improvement (β=.267**), and mastery of motivational climate (β=.283**) increase it. Satisfaction with personal treatment decreases with the dominance of a performance motivational climate (β=-.216**) and application of punishment for mistakes (β=-.208**) and increases with effort and improvement (β=.283**). The results of this study give grounds to assume that the perceived motivational climate plays a significant role in shaping satisfaction with sports activities. They are a guide to creating an appropriate motivational climate related to optimal sports performance and satisfaction.","PeriodicalId":143321,"journal":{"name":"Proceeding book Vol.1","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125257777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"TRENDS AND EFFORT DISTRIBUTION OF MEN’S 50 KM RACE WALKING","authors":"P. Peev","doi":"10.37393/icass2022/35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37393/icass2022/35","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Race walking has been a highly technical event in the Olympic games since 1908. In the whole history of the discipline, the rules of walking define the technique and respectively the result. Since the last change of the rules in 1996, the results in 50 km race walking have constantly developed. No matter the facts, the Olympic committee decided to change the race distance to 35 km. The research aims to find reasons why they did this by analyzing the effort distribution of elite race-walking competitors in major championships. Tasks of the research are: 1) To analyze the development of the results in world championships; 2) To research some trends in effort distribution of elite race walkers. Methods: To accomplish the research task, we made a literature review and statistical analyses of the data of the last five major championships. Result: The champions have greater average speed than the other athletes. All of the first ten competitors have negative splits e.g., faster second half of the race but the medalists are the only athletes that maintain a speed that is similar to their average in the last 10-15 km. The leaders in the ranking have slower starting splits than the other walkers. Conclusion: Better results can be achieved if the athlete starts a little bit slower than the average speed and steadily increases it till the end of the race as much as possible.","PeriodicalId":143321,"journal":{"name":"Proceeding book Vol.1","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125310405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Gadev, Anisa Nurja, P. Peev, V. Kotev, Oleg Hristov
{"title":"SIGNIFICANCE OF SPEED TESTS WITH MAXIMAL AND SUBMAXIMAL INTENSITY REFERRED TO ANAEROBIC CAPACITY IN ADOLESCENT VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS","authors":"M. Gadev, Anisa Nurja, P. Peev, V. Kotev, Oleg Hristov","doi":"10.37393/icass2022/40","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37393/icass2022/40","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT One of the major problems in strength and conditioning of volleyball is connected with development and control of the anaerobic capacity. At this point, the aim of the study is to research the significance and the possibility of evaluating the speed test that characterizes anaerobic capacity in volleyball. The tasks of the research are: To establish a correlation between speed tests with maximal and submaximal intensity; To determine the relationship between indicator that characterizes anaerobic capacity and speed abilities. The study group was 19 female volleyball players of the under-18 national team of Bulgaria. Methods: To determine the anaerobic capacity and the indicators that characterize it we used the Wingate laboratory test and anthropometric indicators. Field tests were measured through chronometry. The results of the test were further analyzed by statistical methods. Results: The data from the descriptive statistics define the study group as homogeneous. Variation coefficient vary from 3.47% to 17,85%. This is a reason to assume that the received correlation results would be reliable enough. The research identified a high correlation between the speed tests with maximal intensity and the two types of test with submaximal intensity (r = .714; r = .732) but the high and significant correlation between the height of the subjects and the shuttle running type 1 (r = .714) were basis to recommend implementation of the shuttle running type 2 as a field test that characterizes anaerobic abilities in female volleyball players. A negative correlation between the results in sprint tests and the Wingate test determined that better results of speed tests correspond to: higher relative minimal power; smaller power decrement and coefficient of fatigue. At the same, time moderate correlation between results in speed tests and peak power and a negative moderate correlation between speed tests and relative peak power could be interpreted as underdeveloped anaerobic capacity.","PeriodicalId":143321,"journal":{"name":"Proceeding book Vol.1","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131815921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"ANALYSIS OF ANTHROPOMETRIC STATUS AND SPECIFIC WORKABILITY OF THE YOUNGER NATIONAL HANDBALL TEAM UP TO 18 YEARS OLD","authors":"E. Avramov","doi":"10.37393/icass2022/23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37393/icass2022/23","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Picking out and selection are the most essential elements of the multistructural system of sports training. With their help, a clear assessment is obtained, which determines the genetic talents of the athletes, who are directly dependent on the discovery of their game potential and the achievement of high sports results. That is why we set ourselves the goal to optimize the process of sports orientation and selection in handball, by revealing the peculiarities of physical development and their specific training. 22 handball players aged 17-18 from the youth national team of Bulgaria at a training camp in the town of Gabrovo were studied. Competitors passed sports and pedagogical testing on 12 indicators, of which 6 for anthropometry and 6 for sports and technical training. The data was statistically processed with the program SPSS 21, variation analysis was applied. For handball, anthropometric indicators of height, weight, and limb length are essential. Based on the research, we can say that there is potential in the selection of young handball players. In sports practice, good knowledge of physical development and motor skills allows sports professionals to properly and accurately plan and implement the training process over time.","PeriodicalId":143321,"journal":{"name":"Proceeding book Vol.1","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114913184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"BULGARIAN SHORT VERSION OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE SCALE (EIS-S)","authors":"Evelina Savcheva, Mihail Georgiev","doi":"10.37393/icass2022/62","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37393/icass2022/62","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The report presents the results from the validation of a short scale for tracing emotional intelligence. The research was done among 204 people. The survey was based on Davies, Lane, Devonport, and Scott’s approach to designing a short scale (2010). With the help of expert assessments of the contents of the items in the original scale of Schutte (1998), Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Test (33 items), they excluded 13 items due to lack of their relations to emotions, 1 item which the experts did not associate with any of the five subscales, and 7 items which were related to more than one subscale. In our research, the items appearing in more than one subscale were subjected to an empirical check for cross loads. Nineteen items were included in the exploratory factor analysis. The results from the analysis led to a 4-factor solution. The subscales related to the regulation of one’s own emotions and regulation of others’ emotions were united into one factor. The model with four factors and a total number of items – 16 was subjected to confirmatory factor analysis. Two items were excluded due to low factor weights. The model shows good fit indexes and a good validity of the construct (CMIN/DF=1.475; CFI=0.961; SRMR=0.054; RMSEA=0.051; PClose=0.012; NFI=0.89; RFI=0.86). The obtained short version of the test for emotional intelligence possesses good psychometric characteristics and can be used for quick diagnostics.","PeriodicalId":143321,"journal":{"name":"Proceeding book Vol.1","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116909351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Galina Domuschieva-Rogleva, Viktorija Doneva, Mariya Yancheva
{"title":"MOTIVATION AND LEADERSHIP STYLE OF ATHLETES","authors":"Galina Domuschieva-Rogleva, Viktorija Doneva, Mariya Yancheva","doi":"10.37393/icass2022/65","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37393/icass2022/65","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Long-term motivation, perceived motivational climate, and leadership style are factors related to the endurance of load, resistance to stress and sports results. The aim of this study was to reveal the relationships between leadership style, motivational climate, and long-term motivation of athletes differentiated by sex, kind of sport, and sports results. The research was done among 101 athletes practicing team sports (70 men, 31 women) with mean age 20.3 years (±5.4). We used the following questionnaires: Leadership Scale for Sport (LSS), Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire-2 (PMCSQ - 2), and the Test for the study of long-term motivation assessing the long-term goals and prospects. The mastery of motivational climate is strengthened by applying democratic behavior (β=.229*) and structuring of team actions through training and instruction (β=.435**). The performance motivational climate is strengthened by using autocratic behavior (β=.426***) and avoiding: democratic behavior (β=-.459**), and giving positive feedback (β=-.236*). Long-term motivation increases with the dominance of the mastery motivational climate (β=.310**) and decreases with the performance motivational climate (β=-.202*). The obtained results give grounds to assume that the coach’s leadership style plays a significant role in shaping the perceived motivational climate, which determines the level of athletes’ long-term motivation.","PeriodicalId":143321,"journal":{"name":"Proceeding book Vol.1","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127217878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}