{"title":"A nonlinear fractional viscoelastic constitutive model for time-dependent ratchetting of polyetherimide","authors":"Junye Wang, Kaijuan Chen, Guozheng Kang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2025.113546","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2025.113546","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The ratchetting of polyetherimide (PEI) exhibits significant time-dependence and loading history-dependence. Fractional derivative can better reflect the overall relaxation characteristics of polymeric molecular chains, which is an effective tool for constructing the constitutive models of polymers. Therefore, in this paper, a nonlinear fractional viscoelastic constitutive model was proposed to describe the ratchetting of the PEI. Firstly, stress-dependent nonlinear functions were introduced into the fractional Poynting-Thomson model (Long et al., 2018), and evolution equations for the fractional order and viscoelastic modulus related to the hydrostatic stress in the loading history were constructed. Then, by discretizing the proposed constitutive model, a numerical calculation method for the implementation of the constitutive model was derived, effectively avoiding the direct calculation of Gamma function and Mittag-Leffler function in the definition of fractional derivative. In addition, a method to determine the material parameters of the model was proposed. Finally, by comparing the simulated results with the experimental data in the literature (Pan et al., 2012), the proposed fractional constitutive model was validated. The results show that the nonlinear fractional viscoelastic constitutive model proposed in this paper can reasonably predict the time-dependent ratchetting of the PEI under different stress levels, stress rates, and peak stress holding times using only 9 physically meaningful parameters, rather than 35 parameters used in the integer-order constitutive model developed in the literature.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14311,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Solids and Structures","volume":"320 ","pages":"Article 113546"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144518005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An elastic-boundary-controlled framework for on-demand stability switching in bistable curved beam metamaterials","authors":"P.Q. Li, Y.S. Wang, K.F. Wang, B.L. Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2025.113542","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2025.113542","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a framework for on-demand stability switching in bistable curved beam metamaterials through the control of elastic boundaries. Theoretical model is derived to quantify the relationship between boundary stiffness (axial and transverse) and key performance metrics, including negative stiffness, bistability, and hysteresis characteristics. A bistable structure with designable axial and transverse elastic boundaries is developed. Theoretical model and experimental results demonstrate that adjusting axial elastic boundaries enables precise transitions between bistable, negative-stiffness, and monostable states, while transverse elastic boundaries govern hysteresis behavior and energy dissipation efficiency. Meanwhile, the synergistic interaction between axial and transverse elastic boundaries, combined with nonlinear elastic constraints, further enhances tunability, achieving controllable localized dissipation phenomena and a 10.7% increase in maximum energy dissipation efficiency compared to linear elastic boundaries. This work lays the foundation for programmable multistable metamaterials from the perspective of elastic constraints, with potential applications in energy-adaptive structures, soft robotics, and mechanical logic systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14311,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Solids and Structures","volume":"320 ","pages":"Article 113542"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144523588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Towards design of a nonlocal metasurface with highly broadening bandwidth for omnidirectional vibration isolation","authors":"Jiali Cheng , Qiaofeng Xie , Bing Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2025.113547","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2025.113547","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As an advanced and potent emerging component for the manipulation of elastic waves, the design of passive elastic metasurfaces is predominantly constrained by narrow bandwidth limitations, posing formidable challenges for practical engineering applications. Recently, nonlocal metasurfaces have gained prominence in acoustics and optics, leveraging long-range coupling effects to induce nontrivial wave manipulation phenomena. However, research on elastic wave manipulation has predominantly concentrated on decoupled local metasurfaces, neglecting the coupling interactions between unit cells, which restricts the demonstration of broadband characteristics. It is imperative to comprehensively consider the long-range forces between unit cells to achieve robust, integrally formed, and structurally simple broadband elastic wave manipulation. This paper proposes an analytical lattice model and a broadband vibration isolation elastic metasurface design paradigm predicated on nonlocal mechanisms. The proposed nonlocal metasurface achieves omnidirectional broadband vibration isolation through phase modulation and impedance modulation by establishing meticulously designed connections between unit cells, utilizing the multi-objective evolutionary optimization algorithm (NSGA-III). A multi-degree of freedom equivalent model containing the coupled structures is developed to theoretically elucidate the impact of nonlocal physical effects on the dynamic response of the metasurface. An irregularly shaped vibration-isolation cage was designed, and its omnidirectional broadband elastic wave isolation capability was validated through numerical simulations and experiments. This strategy provides a reliable and effective approach to extending the operational bandwidth of existing local metasurfaces, thereby facilitating broadband elastic wave manipulation metasurface for diverse application scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14311,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Solids and Structures","volume":"320 ","pages":"Article 113547"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144518007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Penny-shaped hydraulic fracture with fluid lag in impermeable elastic medium","authors":"Yu-Hua Zhang , Emmanuel Detournay , Zhi-Qiao Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2025.113512","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2025.113512","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper revisits the classic problem of a penny-shaped hydraulic fracture propagating in an impermeable elastic medium. The fracture is driven by a viscous fluid injected at a constant rate. Motivated by the need to clarify the nature of the early-time solution under conditions of negligible toughness, the study uncovers the existence of a new similarity solution, denoted as the <span><math><mi>S</mi></math></span>-vertex, which complements the three already known similarity solutions (<span><math><mi>O</mi></math></span>-, <span><math><mi>M</mi></math></span>-, <span><math><mi>K</mi></math></span>-vertex). The considered problem accepts therefore 4 similarity solutions, which all have a power law dependence on time. Interpreting these solutions as either early-, intermediate-, or late-time asymptotics naturally leads to defining the <span><math><mrow><mi>O</mi><mi>S</mi><mi>M</mi><mi>K</mi></mrow></math></span> phase diagram, where the similarity solutions are represented by the vertices of the rectangular domain. The evolution of a radial fracture can be pictured as following a trajectory in the <span><math><mrow><mi>O</mi><mi>S</mi><mi>M</mi><mi>K</mi></mrow></math></span> space that starts at the <span><math><mi>O</mi></math></span>-vertex and ends at the <span><math><mi>K</mi></math></span>-vertex. Each trajectory in the <span><math><mrow><mi>O</mi><mi>S</mi><mi>M</mi><mi>K</mi></mrow></math></span> parametric space corresponds to a particular value of the dimensionless parameter <span><math><mi>η</mi></math></span>, which can be interpreted as the ratio of two independent time scales. If <span><math><mrow><mi>η</mi><mo>≪</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></math></span>, i.e, the toughness is very small in a relative sense, the trajectory connect the <span><math><mi>O</mi></math></span>- and <span><math><mi>K</mi></math></span>-vertex by following the edges <span><math><mrow><mi>O</mi><mi>S</mi></mrow></math></span>, <span><math><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi>M</mi></mrow></math></span>, and <span><math><mrow><mi>M</mi><mi>K</mi></mrow></math></span> of the <span><math><mrow><mi>O</mi><mi>S</mi><mi>M</mi><mi>K</mi></mrow></math></span> domain. Under these conditions, the complete fracture evolution is thus characterized by two intermediate time asymptotes, the <span><math><mi>S</mi></math></span>- and the <span><math><mi>M</mi></math></span>-vertex. Finally, the paper describes an efficient polynomial-based algorithm to construct the <span><math><mi>O</mi></math></span>- and <span><math><mi>S</mi></math></span>-vertex solutions, and its extension to an implicit time-stepping algorithm to track the evolution of the hydraulic fracture in the parametric space.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14311,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Solids and Structures","volume":"320 ","pages":"Article 113512"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144535641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tao Zhang , Mohsen Sotoudeh , Xiaohu Yao , Axel Groß , Marc Kamlah
{"title":"3D chemo-mechanical modeling of microstructure evolution and anisotropic deformation in NaxV2(PO4)3 cathode particles for sodium-ion batteries","authors":"Tao Zhang , Mohsen Sotoudeh , Xiaohu Yao , Axel Groß , Marc Kamlah","doi":"10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2025.113525","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2025.113525","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The cathode material Na<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>V<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>(PO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>)<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> of sodium-ion batteries displays complicate phase segregation thermodynamics with anisotropic deformation during (de)intercalation. A virtual multiscale modeling chain is established to develop a 3D anisotropic chemo-mechanical phase-field model based on first-principles calculations for Na<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>V<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>(PO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>)<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>. This model accounts for diffusion, phase changes, anisotropic misfit strain, and anisotropic elasticity. The multiwell potential of Na<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>V<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>(PO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>)<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> is constructed, which captures phase segregation into a sodium-poor phase NaV<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>(PO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>)<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> and a sodium-rich phase Na<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>V<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>(PO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>)<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>. The elastic properties of NaV<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>(PO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>)<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> are determined by first-principles for the first time. Furthermore, we address how elastic effects and crystal orientation influence the full 3D microstructure evolution, including phase evolution, interface morphology, and stress evolution in Na<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>V<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>(PO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>)<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> particles. We find that the quasi-equilibrium single wave propagation along [010] is determined by the anisotropic elasticity tensor. The anisotropic elasticity tensor lead","PeriodicalId":14311,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Solids and Structures","volume":"320 ","pages":"Article 113525"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144470896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A unified Planar Poisson’s Ratio Design Method (PPRDM) for meiotic metamaterials that exhibit negative compressibility based on a minimal chiral meiotic structure","authors":"Pierre Roberjot, Just L. Herder","doi":"10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2025.113494","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2025.113494","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Meiotic metamaterials are intricately designed structures characterized by a positive Poisson’s ratio, surpassing the conventional limit of 0.5 observed in natural materials. This exceptional attribute allows them to contract or expand perpendicularly to the applied stretch or compression, respectively.</div><div>Structures featuring a high positive Poisson’s ratio exhibit a counter-intuitive negative compressibility behavior, holding significant promise for diverse applications spanning various domains.</div><div>Despite the potential of Poisson’s ratio metamaterials, including auxetic, anepirretic, and meiotic structures, their recent development has been hindered by the lack of efficient design methods. This paper aims to address this limitation, concentrating on the meiotic variant of a minimal 2D auxetic structure recently proposed. We employ a design method incorporating two topological transformations, not only enabling the creation of known meiotic structures but also facilitating the generation of new ones while understanding the impact of chirality. Additionally, the proposed method enables the categorization of these structures into three achiral families that present meiotic behavior and can exhibit negative linear compressibility and three chiral families that possess an auxetic behavior. Only the base chiral structure was found to exhibit a meiotic behavior while being chiral.</div><div>In an effort to enhance comprehension and standardization, we introduce a naming protocol and define the associated unit cell for these structures. We also delve into the potential of tessellations within this framework. Finally, our study examines meiotic structures from the perspective of surface strain, a more general metrics, linked to the compressibility, providing further insights into their unique mechanical properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14311,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Solids and Structures","volume":"320 ","pages":"Article 113494"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144489687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A well-posed non-local theory in 1D linear elastodynamics","authors":"Dipendu Pramanik , Andrea Nobili","doi":"10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2025.113511","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2025.113511","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We show how to construct a well-posed theory of purely non-local elasticity by kernel modification. Specifically, we modify the classical Helmholtz kernel so that the constitutive boundary conditions associated with it are replaced by constraints that emerge from the natural boundary conditions of the problem at hand. The procedure is illustrated by two examples, one dealing with a statically indeterminate problem and the other concerning free vibrations of a cantilever beam. The defining feature of the method is that the modified kernel is no longer a difference kernel. This outcome is a consequence of the incorporation of the problem’s boundary conditions, which affects the kernel near the boundaries and, consequently, induces a different mechanical response in dependence of the distance from those. In contrast, negligible changes are found in the interior of the material. Still, the modified kernel remains symmetric and positive definite, which property guarantees that the strain energy is quadratic and positive definite, and it complies with the impulsivity requirement, by which it reverts to the classical local theory in the limit of a vanishing non-local length-scale. Kernel modification is conceptually different from the two-phase approach under many respects, most notably because it gets away from the need to introduce extra boundary conditions besides those naturally associated with the physics of the problem.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14311,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Solids and Structures","volume":"320 ","pages":"Article 113511"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144489686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhiqiang Song , Guosheng Wang , Dechun Lu , Xin Zhou , Timon Rabczuk , Xiuli Du
{"title":"A modeling method of failure for concrete considering the stress state in peridynamics","authors":"Zhiqiang Song , Guosheng Wang , Dechun Lu , Xin Zhou , Timon Rabczuk , Xiuli Du","doi":"10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2025.113536","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2025.113536","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A modeling approach for concrete failure that incorporates stress state related by integrating macroscopic and microscopic failure descriptions was presented. At the macroscopic level, a classical stress state related failure criterion, based on continuum mechanics, is employed to determine material failure. The Cauchy stress tensor is derived by enforcing force balance conditions between the representative volume element (RVE) in continuum mechanics and the non-local horizon in peridynamics. At the mesoscopic level, peridynamics effectively captures crack propagation in concrete through bond interactions. Bond fracture is determined using a combination of ultimate stretch and compression, which are linked to the macroscopic failure criterion through specific stress states. The validity and effectiveness of the proposed method are demonstrated through comparisons between the stress state related failure envelope and traditional peridynamic failure criteria. Additionally, the accuracy of Cauchy stress calculations before crack initiation is verified by comparing stress distributions obtained from the finite element method and peridynamics under tensile loading of a circular orifice plate. Further simulations of material failure modes under various stress states highlight the advantages of the proposed approach. This method provides a comprehensive framework for modeling geomaterial failure, accurately capturing both material deformation in the continuous state and crack evolution in the discontinuous state.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14311,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Solids and Structures","volume":"320 ","pages":"Article 113536"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144502509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sergei Alexandrov , Vyacheslav Mokryakov , Yong Li
{"title":"Stationary axisymmetric ideal plastic flows in pressure-dependent plasticity","authors":"Sergei Alexandrov , Vyacheslav Mokryakov , Yong Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2025.113538","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2025.113538","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Previous work has developed the ideal flow theory and established that axisymmetric ideal frictionless drawing and extrusion dies can be shaped such that the principal stress trajectories are everywhere coincident with streamlines for Tresca’s solids (i.e., the constitutive equations are Tresca’s yield criterion and its associated flow rule). This design increases these processes’ efficiency and the final product’s strain uniformity. The present work shows that a large class of stationary axisymmetric deformation processes in which the principal stress trajectories are everywhere coincident with streamlines exists for a special case of the double slip and rotation model based on the Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion, extending the ideal flow theory to these constitutive equations. Two equation systems in the form ready for applying the finite-difference method in characteristic space are derived. One of these systems is adopted to calculate the shape of the ideal drawing die for the constitutive equations considered. The effect of the reduction and the internal friction angle on the die’s shape and the drawing stress is illustrated.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14311,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Solids and Structures","volume":"320 ","pages":"Article 113538"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144470893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Large deformations of gradient elastic shells","authors":"Mohammadjavad Javadi , Marcelo Epstein , Mohsen Asghari","doi":"10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2025.113507","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2025.113507","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Based on Budiansky’s nonlinear shell theory, a consistent mechanical formulation for a fully nonlinear gradient shell theory in the large deformation regime is developed. This work extends the <em>Piola micro-macro identification procedure</em>, which is grounded in the correspondence between micro and macro kinematical quantities within the framework of the Kirchhoff–Love hypothesis. The field equations are derived in their weak forms using a kinematically exact model, expressed in terms of the shell mid-surface membrane and bending strains along with their covariant derivatives. This formulation retains higher-order terms in the Lagrangian strain tensor, enabling a comprehensive representation of the deformation behavior. An extension of the Saint-Venant constitutive equation is introduced to incorporate the influence of an internal material length scale. A suitable finite element is developed to accommodate the additional degrees of freedom introduced by the strain gradient theory. To demonstrate the capability of the proposed formulation in capturing large deformations, numerical examples involving gradient microplates are presented. The results show that the predicted deflections of micro-scale plates are significantly smaller than those predicted by classical shell theory in both small and large deformation regimes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14311,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Solids and Structures","volume":"320 ","pages":"Article 113507"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144470894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}