{"title":"The Determinants of Equity Lines Financing: An International Study","authors":"Ilias Annaoui, Pascal Barneto","doi":"10.54695/bmi.171.8461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54695/bmi.171.8461","url":null,"abstract":"Equity lines financing allows companies to increase their capital by issuing shares in successive tranches, as and when required over an agreed period of time, in order to boost equity and cash flow. The purpose of this article is to examine the factors which inform the use of this method, considering the specific parameters of businesses using equity lines, as well as variables linked to the institutional and economic context. Employing a model based on the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) technique, we studied 407 firms in 15 countries making using of equity lines Financing in the period 2004-2018. The results confirm that the existence of opportunities for growth, the existence of a well-developed secondary market (maturity, expertise in financial intermediation activities, volume of transactions etc.) and the broader economic outlook are the principal explanatory variables behind the determinants of equity line financing.","PeriodicalId":142010,"journal":{"name":"Bankers, Markets & Investors","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132509227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dynamic interactions between the bitcoin price index and widely traded financial assets: evidence from the recent covid-19 crisis","authors":"W. Kammoun, Manel Ben Aissa","doi":"10.54695/bmi.170.4185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54695/bmi.170.4185","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate the connectedness between the Bitcoin Price Index (BPI) and widelytraded financial assets from a variety of markets (equities, bonds, commoditiesand fiat currency). Using daily data from 5 August 2013 to 31 August 2021 (beforeand during the COVID-19 crisis), we run the VAR model estimation to investigateany connectedness between the BPI and financial assets, followed by the Grangercausality test. We then test Diebold and Yilmaz’s (2012) framework to analyse thespillover effects among our set of variables. Our empirical results provide strongevidence that the BPI index exhibits significant independence from widely tradedfinancial assets. This independence is less pronounced during the COVID-19 crisis,but remains relatively important. To test whether Bitcoin constitutes a relevantdiversification vehicle, we compute the Sharpe portfolio performance index of twoportfolios of conventional assets with and without the BPI, before and during theCOVID-19 crisis. Our results show that the introduction of the BPI index as a diversificationasset does not improve portfolio performance. Overall, our empiricalfindings are robust to different robustness tests and provide several implicationsfor hedgers, portfolio managers and policymakers.","PeriodicalId":142010,"journal":{"name":"Bankers, Markets & Investors","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114305222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Dynamics of Contagion and Behavior of the Euro Area Sovereign Bond Markets","authors":"Oussama Kchaou, Salim Ben Sassi, M. Bellalah","doi":"10.54695/bmi.170.6938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54695/bmi.170.6938","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate the contagion dynamics in the main Economic and Monetary Union sovereign bond markets during the subprime and euro crises. To this end, we adopt the APARCH-ADCC model and the Markov Switching Dynamic Regression model. The impact of both crises on each country in our sample is investigated using two crisis indicators: synchronization and intensity. The empirical results show that contagious episodes and their intensities vary over time and across market pairs for both crises, thus illustrating the complexity of this phenomenon. They also reveal that the market couples composed of the Economic and Monetary Union peripheral countries were immune to the contagion of the subprime crisis and that its third phase was the most violent in terms of the intensity of the transmission of shocks. Moreover, the results show that all the countries in our sample were affected by contagion from the euro crisis, at least during one of its sub-phases. Furthermore, before the first rescue plan for the Hellenic economy, our methodology detected a contagion effect stemming from Italy, Spain, and Portugal, while intuitively one could have imagined this phenomenon coming solely from the Greek sovereign market. Finally, the analysis of the synchronization and intensity variables provides evidence of a « multi-speed Economic and Monetary Union », refuting the notion of uniform integration of the euro area sovereign bond markets. We believe that it is necessary to complete the institutional architecture of the Economic and Monetary Union to make it more resilient to shocks.","PeriodicalId":142010,"journal":{"name":"Bankers, Markets & Investors","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124464556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"CSR Disclosure and Information Asymmetry: The Role of Financial Reporting Quality","authors":"J. Viviani, Lionel Touchais, Lan-Phuong Nguyen","doi":"10.54695/bmi.170.4634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54695/bmi.170.4634","url":null,"abstract":"Based on firm-level data from 39 countries, over a nine-year period, this study analyzes whether financial reporting quality and CSR disclosure are related to each other in improving the quality of corporate information. The findings show that firms disclosing a greater amount of CSR information have a lower degree of information asymmetry (bid-ask spread). This relationship is less pronounced in firms with high financial reporting quality. It suggests a substitution association between financial reporting and CSR disclosure in reducing information asymmetry. Financial transparency is therefore an important factor to explain the informativeness of CSRD. With a high financial transparency, CSRD provides less incremental information content to the investors. However, the robustness tests show that CSRD decreases the quality of financial analysts’ forecasts. This seemingly contradictory result might be explained by firms engaging in differentiated information disclosure to cope with contradictory social and institutional pressures (investors versus financial analysts).","PeriodicalId":142010,"journal":{"name":"Bankers, Markets & Investors","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121253467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Prof Banking development and corporate innovation","authors":"Zied Ftiti","doi":"10.54695/bmi.170.4793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54695/bmi.170.4793","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the impact of banking development on corporate innovation.Using data from the listed French companies on the SBF 120, we presentevidence that bank geographical proximity is no longer determinant in access toR&D financing. However, an efficient and performing banking sector that financethe economy through credits to firms seems to encourage firms to invest in R&D.We find that the probability that R&D investments result in new patents seems tobe more affected by corporate governance rather than by banking development.Results show no empirical evidence on a greater impact of banking developmenton corporate innovation for firms that are more dependent upon external finance.In this case, the equity market development becomes the driving factor of R&Dfinancing and the corporate governance remains the fundamental determinant oftransforming R&D investments on new patents.","PeriodicalId":142010,"journal":{"name":"Bankers, Markets & Investors","volume":"198 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122527249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pascal Alphonse, David Bourghelle, Fredj Jawadi, P. Rozin
{"title":"Time-Varying Financial Performance of Green and Traditional Energy Indices with Special Reference to the Covid-19 Context","authors":"Pascal Alphonse, David Bourghelle, Fredj Jawadi, P. Rozin","doi":"10.54695/bmi.166.6714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54695/bmi.166.6714","url":null,"abstract":"This paper comparatively investigates the financial performance of traditional and green energy indices from 2010 up to the current context of Covid-19. In particular, we analyze whether the green finance index supplants the traditional class of energy indices and examine whether consideration of a green index could provide a useful hedging solution in the specific context of Covid-19, a situation marked by a significant health risk and high volatility in the energy sector. Accordingly, we estimate different performance ratios and present some interesting findings. In particular, we find evidence of volatility and time variation in the market beta, suggesting that, whether conventional or green, energy sector sensitivity in fact depends on the market state (bear versus bull). Further, financial performance appears to be time varying and regime-dependent. Indeed, the conventional energy sector outperforms in a bear market, while the green index shows stronger financial performance in a bull market. These results are of interest for both investors and portfolio managers, helping them to balance their investments and optimize their portfolios according to the state of the market or the price regime.","PeriodicalId":142010,"journal":{"name":"Bankers, Markets & Investors","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129730811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"How to re-conceptualise and re-integrate climate-related finance into society through ecological accounting?","authors":"Alexandre J M Rambaud, Hugues Chenet","doi":"10.54695/bmi.166.3366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54695/bmi.166.3366","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we argue that current finance, and the prevailing fair value accounting system, is disconnected from companies and from strong sustainability requirements, making it difficult to develop a climate finance system that is operational and aligned with the challenges of climate preservation. Based on this observation, we propose an exploratory and theoretical study which introduces how and why a particular and innovative ecological accounting approach, the CARE model, currently called upon by a growing number of practitioners and researchers, is a relevant framework to re-conceptualise the issue of climate finance. From a theoretical point of view, CARE offers a suitable language for structuring the issues of ecological costs, debts and conservation and associated financing. From a practical point of view, it offers a methodological support that can be used to address these issues, from an accounting and management point of view as well as from an investor's point of view, ensuring compliance with the Paris Agreements 2°C goal in particular.","PeriodicalId":142010,"journal":{"name":"Bankers, Markets & Investors","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127850935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Factor Investing and ESG in the corporate bond market before and during the COVID-19 crisis","authors":"M. Ben Slimane, Jean-Marie Dumas, Takaya Sekine","doi":"10.54695/bmi.165.6706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54695/bmi.165.6706","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this paper is to illustrate the factor investing space in credit before and during the COVID-19 crisis and is an extension of our prior practitioner analysis on both the new alternative credit factors and the ESG integration in credit. We use monthly credit excess return in the EUR denominated Investment Grade bond universe for regression analysis and factor picking. ESG was making its way to becoming a mainstream factor within the Investment Grade universe and when the COVID-19 stress hit the financial markets, it displayed a “hedge-like” behavior. Better ESG leading to lower cost of capital has been documented previously, however the realization of this feature in a stress environment is worth investors’ attention.","PeriodicalId":142010,"journal":{"name":"Bankers, Markets & Investors","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115925395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Houweling, Frederik Muskens, ROBBERT-JAN ‘T HOEN
{"title":"Continuous innovation in factor credit strategies","authors":"P. Houweling, Frederik Muskens, ROBBERT-JAN ‘T HOEN","doi":"10.54695/bmi.165.6707","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54695/bmi.165.6707","url":null,"abstract":"There is an large body of academic literature that documents the existence of factor premiums that enable investors to construct portolios that generate better risk-adjusted returns than passive investing. To ensure that such factor-based investment strategies continue to deliver on their objectives, continuous innovation is required, for example by further enhancing factor definitions and investment processes and investigating alternative sources of data. In this article we show two examples of recent innovations in the field of factor investing for corporate bonds.In the first study, we document how factors can be successfully applied to hard-currency emerging market credits. Size, low-risk, value and momentum factor portfolios outperform the emerging market credit universe on a risk-adjusted basis, for example shown by higher Sharpe ratios. A multi-factor portfolio moreover benefits from diversification between the individual factors and obtains the highest information ratio. The factor portfolios benefit from bottom-up allocations to countries as well as from bond selection within these countries. Analysing the break-even transaction costs shows that these factors remain attractive after taking transaction costs into account. While generic factors offer a good starting point, more complete risk-assessments limit the exposure to unrewarded risk. In the second study, we extend previous research that showed that the text from annual and quarterly corporate reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission can be used to predict equity returns and volatility. We examine whether the text in these reports is informative for corporate bond returns and volatility as well. Particularly, we test if bonds of ‘non-changers’, companies with few changes in their reports over time, outperform bonds of ‘changers’. In a large sample of corporate bonds over a twenty year period we find that results for equities do carry over to corporate bonds: in both the investment grade and high yield sub-samples non-changers outperform changers by more than 50bps annually.","PeriodicalId":142010,"journal":{"name":"Bankers, Markets & Investors","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129488102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Introduction to the thematic issue on Green Finance","authors":"F. Bancel","doi":"10.54695/bmi.166.6710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54695/bmi.166.6710","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":142010,"journal":{"name":"Bankers, Markets & Investors","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126810726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}