International Journal of Nephrology and Renovascular Disease最新文献

{"title":"Clinical Application Value of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound in the Diagnosis of Renal Space-Occupying Lesions","authors":"Qiping Liu, Huiling Gong, Qiqi Chen, Chunyan Yuan, Bin Hu","doi":"10.2147/IJNRD.S432436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJNRD.S432436","url":null,"abstract":"Objective To study the clinical application value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in diagnosing renal space-occupying lesions. Methods Sixty-seven patients with renal space-occupying lesions detected by routine ultrasound examination received the contrast-enhanced ultrasound examination. When observing the perfusion mode of the mass, we analyzed the perfusion characteristics of contrast-enhanced ultrasound and compared them with the surgical pathological results. Results Sixty-seven lesions, which were identified in 67 patients with renal space-occupying lesions, included 55 renal malignant tumors and 12 benign ones. The sensitivity of qualitative diagnosis by CEUS imaging was 96.4%, the specificity was 66.7%, and the accuracy was 91.0%. Conclusion The real-time blood supply of renal space-occupying lesions helps judge their nature according to the enhancement mode. It has high clinical application value in diagnosing benign and malignant lesions.","PeriodicalId":14181,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nephrology and Renovascular Disease","volume":"107 9‐12","pages":"253 - 259"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138626148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Practical Considerations for the Use of Sparsentan in the Treatment of Patients with IgAN in Clinical Practice","authors":"Kirk N Campbell, Siân Griffin, Howard Trachtman, Rob Geletka, Muh Geot Wong","doi":"10.2147/ijnrd.s430377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/ijnrd.s430377","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14181,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nephrology and Renovascular Disease","volume":"609 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139012858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Molecular Mechanism of Renal Tubulointerstitial Inflammation Promoting Diabetic Nephropathy","authors":"Rui Xue, Haiting Xiao, Vinod Kumar, Xiqian Lan, Ashwani Malhotra, Pravin C. Singhal, Jianning Chen","doi":"10.2147/IJNRD.S436791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJNRD.S436791","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a common complication affecting many diabetic patients, leading to end-stage renal disease. However, its pathogenesis still needs to be fully understood to enhance the effectiveness of treatment methods. Traditional theories are predominantly centered on glomerular injuries and need more explicit explanations of recent clinical observations suggesting that renal tubules equally contribute to renal function and that tubular lesions are early features of DN, even occurring before glomerular lesions. Although the conventional view is that DN is not an inflammatory disease, recent studies indicate that systemic and local inflammation, including tubulointerstitial inflammation, contributes to the development of DN. In patients with DN, intrinsic tubulointerstitial cells produce many proinflammatory factors, leading to medullary inflammatory cell infiltration and activation of inflammatory cells in the interstitial region. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanism of renal tubulointerstitial inflammation contributing to DN injury is of great significance and will help further identify key factors regulating renal tubulointerstitial inflammation in the high glucose environment. This will aid in developing new targets for DN diagnosis and treatment and expanding new DN treatment methods.","PeriodicalId":14181,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nephrology and Renovascular Disease","volume":" 3","pages":"241 - 252"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138620708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Benefits of Preserving Residual Urine Output in Patients Undergoing Maintenance Haemodialysis.","authors":"Mikołaj Dopierała,&nbsp;Krzysztof Schwermer,&nbsp;Krzysztof Hoppe,&nbsp;Małgorzata Kupczyk,&nbsp;Krzysztof Pawlaczyk","doi":"10.2147/IJNRD.S421533","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJNRD.S421533","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Chronic kidney disease is a widespread medical problem that leads to higher morbidity, mortality, and a decrease in the overall well-being of the general population. This is especially expressed in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing maintenance haemodialysis. Several variables could be used to evaluate those patients' well-being and mortality risk. One of them is the presence of residual urine output.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The study was conducted on 485 patients treated with maintenance haemodialysis. After enrollment in the study, which consisted of medical history, physical examination, hydration assessment, and blood sampling, each patient was followed up for 24 months. We used residual urine output (RUO) as a measure of residual renal function (RRF). The entire cohort was divided into 4 subgroups based on the daily urinary output (<=100mL per day, >100mL to <=500mL, >500mL to <=1000mL and >1000mL).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The data show that the mortality rate was significantly higher in groups with lower RUO, which was caused mainly by cardiovascular events. Also, patients with higher RUO achieved better sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphate balance. They were also less prone to overhydration and had a better nutritional status. Preserved RRF also had a positive impact on markers of cardiovascular damage, such as NT-proBNP as well as TnT.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In conclusion, preserving residual urine output in ESRD patients undergoing maintenance haemodialysis is invaluable in reducing their morbidity and mortality rates and enhancing other favourable parameters of those patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":14181,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nephrology and Renovascular Disease","volume":"16 ","pages":"231-240"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/56/a9/ijnrd-16-231.PMC10590073.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49690452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current Knowledge of Beta-Blockers in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients.","authors":"Intissar Haddiya,&nbsp;Siria Valoti","doi":"10.2147/IJNRD.S414774","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJNRD.S414774","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Beta-blockers include a large spectrum of drugs with various specific characteristics, and a well-known cardioprotective efficacy. They are recommended in heart failure, hypertension and arrhythmia. Their use in chronic hemodialysis patients is still controversial, mainly because of the lack of specific randomized clinical trials. Large observational studies and two important clinical trials have reported almost unanimously their efficacy in chronic hemodialysis patients, which seems to be related to their levels of dialyzability and cardioselectivity. A recent meta-analysis suggested that high dialyzable beta-blockers are correlated to a reduced risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular complications compared with low dialyzable beta-blockers. Despite their benefits, beta-blockers may have adverse effects, such as intradialytic hypotension with low dialyzability beta-blockers or the risk of sub-therapeutic plasma concentration of high dialyzable ones during dialysis sessions. Both cases are linked to adverse cardiovascular events. A solution for both high and low dialyzable drugs could be their administration after dialysis sessions. Futhermore, the bulk of existing literature seems to favor cardioselective beta-blockers with moderate-to-high dialyzability as the ideal agents in dialysis patients, but further, larger studies are needed. This review aims to analyze beta-blockers' characteristics, indications and evidence-based role in chronic hemodialysis patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":14181,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nephrology and Renovascular Disease","volume":"16 ","pages":"223-230"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/a9/98/ijnrd-16-223.PMC10578177.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41235114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting the Stone-Free Status of Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy with the Machine Learning System.","authors":"Rami AlAzab,&nbsp;Owais Ghammaz,&nbsp;Nabil Ardah,&nbsp;Ayah Al-Bzour,&nbsp;Layan Zeidat,&nbsp;Zahraa Mawali,&nbsp;Yaman B Ahmed,&nbsp;Tha'er Abdulkareem Alguzo,&nbsp;Azhar Mohanad Al-Alwani,&nbsp;Mahmoud Samara","doi":"10.2147/IJNRD.S427404","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJNRD.S427404","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The study aimed to create a machine learning model (MLM) to predict the stone-free status (SFS) of patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) and compare its performance to the S.T.O.N.E. and Guy's stone scores.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>This is a retrospective study that included 320 PCNL patients. Pre-operative and post-operative variables were extracted and entered into three MLMs: RFC, SVM, and XGBoost. The methods used to assess the performance of each were mean bootstrap estimate, 10-fold cross-validation, classification report, and AUC. Each model was externally validated and evaluated by mean bootstrap estimate with CI, classification report, and AUC.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of the 320 patients who underwent PCNL, the SFS was found to be 69.4%. The RFC mean bootstrap estimate was 0.75 and 95% CI: [0.65-0.85], 10-fold cross-validation of 0.744, an accuracy of 0.74, and AUC of 0.761. The XGBoost results were 0.74 [0.63-0.85], 0.759, 0.72, and 0.769, respectively. The SVM results were 0.70 [0.60-0.79], 0.725, 0.74, and 0.751, respectively. The AUC of Guy's stone score and the S.T.O.N.E. score were 0.666 and 0.71, respectively. The RFC external validation set had a mean bootstrap estimate of 0.87 and 95% CI: [0.81-0.92], an accuracy of 0.70, and an AUC of 0.795, While the XGBoost results were 0.84 [0.78-0.91], 0.74, and 0.84, respectively. The SVM results were 0.86 [0.80-0.91], 0.79, and 0.858, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>MLMs can be used with high accuracy in predicting SFS for patients undergoing PCNL. MLMs we utilized predicted the SFS with AUCs superior to those of GSS and S.T.O.N.E scores.</p>","PeriodicalId":14181,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nephrology and Renovascular Disease","volume":"16 ","pages":"197-206"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/a8/ae/ijnrd-16-197.PMC10503523.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10289870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Peritoneal Dialysis Patient Training Program to Enhance independence and Prevent Complications: A Scoping Review.","authors":"Toni Rahmat Jaelani, Kusman Ibrahim, Jonny Jonny, Sri Hartati Pratiwi, Hartiah Haroen, Nursiswati Nursiswati, Bunga Pinandhita Ramadhani","doi":"10.2147/IJNRD.S414447","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJNRD.S414447","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Peritoneal dialysis (PD) training is essential to ensure patient independence and prevent life-threatening complications, such as peritonitis. The International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis (ISPD) recommends that every PD unit worldwide implement local PD training programs with the goal of improving self-care capabilities. This scoping review aims to give an overview of recent literature and recommendations on PD training programs aiming to improve the quality of care and outcomes for PD patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The literature search was conducted using the PC (Population, Concept) approach. The population of interest in this study is PD patients, and the study concept is the PD training program. Several databases were used to conduct the literature search, including PubMed, Science Direct, and CINAHL. The search process began from July 2022 until January 2023. The inclusion criteria for the search included research articles and recommendations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The search yielded 22 articles recommending training programs lasting from 5-8 days, with 1-3-hour sessions and a nurse-to-patient ratio of 1:1. A cumulative training time of 15 hours or more is recommended to enhance patient independence and reduce peritonitis rates. Home-based or in-unit PD training, conducted by experienced nurses using adult learning strategies, has shown significant value in improving self-care and preventing peritonitis. Evaluating training outcomes should encompass knowledge, skills, and attitudes, and the impact on peritonitis rates. Training programs should be flexible and consider physiological and psychosocial barriers to achieving the best results.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There are a variety of strategies for dialysis training concerning duration, session length, patient-to-trainer ratio, timing, methods, location, compliance, and the need for retraining. More evidence is needed to assess the impact of PD patient training programs on self-care capabilities and peritonitis incidence. Future studies should investigate the effects of training programs on compliance, self-efficacy, and patient and nurse perspectives.</p>","PeriodicalId":14181,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nephrology and Renovascular Disease","volume":"16 ","pages":"207-222"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/13/20/ijnrd-16-207.PMC10505035.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10289869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Assessment of Male Erectile Dysfunction Characteristics in Patients Undergoing Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis and Hemodialysis Using the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) Combined with Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scales.","authors":"Syah Mirsya Warli,&nbsp;Mohammad Taufiq Alamsyah,&nbsp;Alwi Thamrin Nasution,&nbsp;Dhirajaya Dharma Kadar,&nbsp;Ginanda Putra Siregar,&nbsp;Fauriski Febrian Prapiska","doi":"10.2147/IJNRD.S402540","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJNRD.S402540","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To determine the differences in mean scores of erectile dysfunctions (EDs) assessed by the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) questionnaire between patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) undergoing hemodialysis and patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD).</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>This is an analytic observational study with a cross-sectional design that was conducted from June to December 2022 at the Urology Center of Haji Adam Malik General Hospital and Rasyida Kidney Specialized Hospital. The sample of this study were male CKD-patients who underwent regular hemodialysis (HD) and who underwent CAPD, and met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Psychological disorders experienced during therapy session are considered as risk factors and assessed via the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). These disorders assessment was used to evaluate the severity of the patients' anxiety and depressive symptoms. Statistical data analysis was carried out.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both groups had HADS-A and HADS-D scores with an average <7, classified as normal anxiety and depression. Most of the patients in the HD group had mild-to-moderate ED (28.6%), while in the CAPD group had mild severity of ED (38.1%). There were no significant differences in severity of ED between patients undergoing HD and CAPD (p > 0.05). However, there was a significant difference in ED scores (IIEF-5) between patients undergoing HD and those with CAPD (p < 0.05), in which patients in the CAPD group had a higher IIEF-5 score. In addition, there was a significant positive correlation with moderate strength (p<0.001; <i>r</i>=0.494) between anxiety disorders and ED disorders in patients undergoing HD and CAPD, whereas there is no significant correlation between depressive disorders and ED conditions (p > 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There was a significant difference in IIEF-5 scores between patients undergoing HD and CAPD.</p>","PeriodicalId":14181,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nephrology and Renovascular Disease","volume":"16 ","pages":"155-161"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/ac/5f/ijnrd-16-155.PMC10167996.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9468083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can Oral Zinc Supplementation Reduce Relapses in Childhood Steroid-Sensitive Nephrotic Syndrome? A Systematic Review.","authors":"Ngozi R Mbanefo,&nbsp;Samuel N Uwaezuoke,&nbsp;Chizoma I Eneh,&nbsp;Chioma L Odimegwu,&nbsp;Ugo N Chikani,&nbsp;Uzoamaka V Muoneke,&nbsp;Charles E Nwolisa,&nbsp;Kenneth E Odo,&nbsp;Francis N Ogbuka,&nbsp;Anthony T Akwue","doi":"10.2147/IJNRD.S403699","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJNRD.S403699","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Frequent relapses and steroid dependence are common treatment challenges of steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS) in children. Acute respiratory infection (ARI) is the most frequently reported trigger of relapse. Given the role of zinc supplementation in preventing ARI, some studies show that this targeted intervention may reduce relapses in childhood SSNS.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This systematic review aimed to determine if oral zinc supplementation can significantly reduce relapses in this disease.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We searched the PubMed and Google Scholar electronic databases for interventional and observational analytical studies without limiting their year or language of publication. We selected studies with primary data that met our inclusion criteria, screened their titles and abstracts, and removed duplicates. We used a preconceived structured form to extract data items from selected studies and conducted a quality assessment of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomized studies with the Cochrane collaboration tool and the Newcastle Ottawa Scale, respectively. We qualitatively synthesized the extracted data to validate the review's objective.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eight full-text articles were selected, comprising four RCTs and four observational analytical studies. Two of the RCTs had a high risk of bias in three parameters of the Cochrane collaboration tool, while three non-randomized studies had low methodological quality. A total of 621 pediatric patients with SSNS were investigated in the eight studies: six participants dropped out in one study. Three RCTs indicate that zinc supplementation may lead to sustained remission or reduction in relapse rate. Similarly, three observational analytical studies suggest a significant relationship between reduced serum zinc levels and disease severity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Despite the association of zinc deficiency with increased morbidity in SSNS and the reduction of relapse rates with zinc supplementation, there is no robust evidence to recommend its use as a therapeutic adjunct. We recommend more adequately-powered RCTs to strengthen the current evidence.</p>","PeriodicalId":14181,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nephrology and Renovascular Disease","volume":"16 ","pages":"143-153"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/af/51/ijnrd-16-143.PMC10124555.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9356502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging Role of Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease.","authors":"Rey Isidto, Romina Danguilan, Oscar Naidas, Russell Vilanueva, Mel-Hatra Arakama, Layla Marie Paraiso","doi":"10.2147/IJNRD.S387262","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJNRD.S387262","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic kidney disease is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the Philippines. It is associated with a growing health burden as many patients progress to end-stage renal disease. Until recently, therapeutic options for the management of chronic kidney disease were limited. Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors offer an alternative therapeutic approach for patients with chronic kidney disease. Several trials have shown renal benefits with sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors in patients with cardiovascular disease with and without type 2 diabetes and across a range of estimated glomerular filtration rate levels. In the Philippines, the sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors dapagliflozin and canagliflozin are approved for the prevention of new and worsening nephropathy in type 2 diabetes. With emerging treatment options, an urgent need exists for guidance on the management of chronic kidney disease within the Philippines. In this review, we focus on the putative renal-protective mechanisms of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors, including effects on tubuloglomerular feedback, albuminuria, endothelial function, erythropoiesis, uric acid levels, renal oxygen demand, and hypoxia. Furthermore, we discuss the findings of recent large clinical trials using sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors in patients with chronic kidney disease and diabetic kidney disease, summarize safety aspects, and outline the practical management of patients with chronic kidney disease in the Philippines.</p>","PeriodicalId":14181,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nephrology and Renovascular Disease","volume":"16 ","pages":"43-57"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/df/0e/ijnrd-16-43.PMC9960786.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9353125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}