International Journal of Nephrology and Renovascular Disease最新文献

{"title":"Peritoneal Dialysis Patient Training Program to Enhance independence and Prevent Complications: A Scoping Review.","authors":"Toni Rahmat Jaelani,&nbsp;Kusman Ibrahim,&nbsp;Jonny Jonny,&nbsp;Sri Hartati Pratiwi,&nbsp;Hartiah Haroen,&nbsp;Nursiswati Nursiswati,&nbsp;Bunga Pinandhita Ramadhani","doi":"10.2147/IJNRD.S414447","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJNRD.S414447","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Peritoneal dialysis (PD) training is essential to ensure patient independence and prevent life-threatening complications, such as peritonitis. The International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis (ISPD) recommends that every PD unit worldwide implement local PD training programs with the goal of improving self-care capabilities. This scoping review aims to give an overview of recent literature and recommendations on PD training programs aiming to improve the quality of care and outcomes for PD patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The literature search was conducted using the PC (Population, Concept) approach. The population of interest in this study is PD patients, and the study concept is the PD training program. Several databases were used to conduct the literature search, including PubMed, Science Direct, and CINAHL. The search process began from July 2022 until January 2023. The inclusion criteria for the search included research articles and recommendations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The search yielded 22 articles recommending training programs lasting from 5-8 days, with 1-3-hour sessions and a nurse-to-patient ratio of 1:1. A cumulative training time of 15 hours or more is recommended to enhance patient independence and reduce peritonitis rates. Home-based or in-unit PD training, conducted by experienced nurses using adult learning strategies, has shown significant value in improving self-care and preventing peritonitis. Evaluating training outcomes should encompass knowledge, skills, and attitudes, and the impact on peritonitis rates. Training programs should be flexible and consider physiological and psychosocial barriers to achieving the best results.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There are a variety of strategies for dialysis training concerning duration, session length, patient-to-trainer ratio, timing, methods, location, compliance, and the need for retraining. More evidence is needed to assess the impact of PD patient training programs on self-care capabilities and peritonitis incidence. Future studies should investigate the effects of training programs on compliance, self-efficacy, and patient and nurse perspectives.</p>","PeriodicalId":14181,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nephrology and Renovascular Disease","volume":"16 ","pages":"207-222"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/13/20/ijnrd-16-207.PMC10505035.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10289869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Assessment of Male Erectile Dysfunction Characteristics in Patients Undergoing Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis and Hemodialysis Using the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) Combined with Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scales.","authors":"Syah Mirsya Warli,&nbsp;Mohammad Taufiq Alamsyah,&nbsp;Alwi Thamrin Nasution,&nbsp;Dhirajaya Dharma Kadar,&nbsp;Ginanda Putra Siregar,&nbsp;Fauriski Febrian Prapiska","doi":"10.2147/IJNRD.S402540","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJNRD.S402540","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To determine the differences in mean scores of erectile dysfunctions (EDs) assessed by the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) questionnaire between patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) undergoing hemodialysis and patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD).</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>This is an analytic observational study with a cross-sectional design that was conducted from June to December 2022 at the Urology Center of Haji Adam Malik General Hospital and Rasyida Kidney Specialized Hospital. The sample of this study were male CKD-patients who underwent regular hemodialysis (HD) and who underwent CAPD, and met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Psychological disorders experienced during therapy session are considered as risk factors and assessed via the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). These disorders assessment was used to evaluate the severity of the patients' anxiety and depressive symptoms. Statistical data analysis was carried out.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both groups had HADS-A and HADS-D scores with an average <7, classified as normal anxiety and depression. Most of the patients in the HD group had mild-to-moderate ED (28.6%), while in the CAPD group had mild severity of ED (38.1%). There were no significant differences in severity of ED between patients undergoing HD and CAPD (p > 0.05). However, there was a significant difference in ED scores (IIEF-5) between patients undergoing HD and those with CAPD (p < 0.05), in which patients in the CAPD group had a higher IIEF-5 score. In addition, there was a significant positive correlation with moderate strength (p<0.001; <i>r</i>=0.494) between anxiety disorders and ED disorders in patients undergoing HD and CAPD, whereas there is no significant correlation between depressive disorders and ED conditions (p > 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There was a significant difference in IIEF-5 scores between patients undergoing HD and CAPD.</p>","PeriodicalId":14181,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nephrology and Renovascular Disease","volume":"16 ","pages":"155-161"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/ac/5f/ijnrd-16-155.PMC10167996.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9468083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can Oral Zinc Supplementation Reduce Relapses in Childhood Steroid-Sensitive Nephrotic Syndrome? A Systematic Review.","authors":"Ngozi R Mbanefo,&nbsp;Samuel N Uwaezuoke,&nbsp;Chizoma I Eneh,&nbsp;Chioma L Odimegwu,&nbsp;Ugo N Chikani,&nbsp;Uzoamaka V Muoneke,&nbsp;Charles E Nwolisa,&nbsp;Kenneth E Odo,&nbsp;Francis N Ogbuka,&nbsp;Anthony T Akwue","doi":"10.2147/IJNRD.S403699","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJNRD.S403699","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Frequent relapses and steroid dependence are common treatment challenges of steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS) in children. Acute respiratory infection (ARI) is the most frequently reported trigger of relapse. Given the role of zinc supplementation in preventing ARI, some studies show that this targeted intervention may reduce relapses in childhood SSNS.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This systematic review aimed to determine if oral zinc supplementation can significantly reduce relapses in this disease.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We searched the PubMed and Google Scholar electronic databases for interventional and observational analytical studies without limiting their year or language of publication. We selected studies with primary data that met our inclusion criteria, screened their titles and abstracts, and removed duplicates. We used a preconceived structured form to extract data items from selected studies and conducted a quality assessment of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomized studies with the Cochrane collaboration tool and the Newcastle Ottawa Scale, respectively. We qualitatively synthesized the extracted data to validate the review's objective.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eight full-text articles were selected, comprising four RCTs and four observational analytical studies. Two of the RCTs had a high risk of bias in three parameters of the Cochrane collaboration tool, while three non-randomized studies had low methodological quality. A total of 621 pediatric patients with SSNS were investigated in the eight studies: six participants dropped out in one study. Three RCTs indicate that zinc supplementation may lead to sustained remission or reduction in relapse rate. Similarly, three observational analytical studies suggest a significant relationship between reduced serum zinc levels and disease severity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Despite the association of zinc deficiency with increased morbidity in SSNS and the reduction of relapse rates with zinc supplementation, there is no robust evidence to recommend its use as a therapeutic adjunct. We recommend more adequately-powered RCTs to strengthen the current evidence.</p>","PeriodicalId":14181,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nephrology and Renovascular Disease","volume":"16 ","pages":"143-153"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/af/51/ijnrd-16-143.PMC10124555.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9356502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging Role of Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease.","authors":"Rey Isidto, Romina Danguilan, Oscar Naidas, Russell Vilanueva, Mel-Hatra Arakama, Layla Marie Paraiso","doi":"10.2147/IJNRD.S387262","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJNRD.S387262","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic kidney disease is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the Philippines. It is associated with a growing health burden as many patients progress to end-stage renal disease. Until recently, therapeutic options for the management of chronic kidney disease were limited. Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors offer an alternative therapeutic approach for patients with chronic kidney disease. Several trials have shown renal benefits with sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors in patients with cardiovascular disease with and without type 2 diabetes and across a range of estimated glomerular filtration rate levels. In the Philippines, the sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors dapagliflozin and canagliflozin are approved for the prevention of new and worsening nephropathy in type 2 diabetes. With emerging treatment options, an urgent need exists for guidance on the management of chronic kidney disease within the Philippines. In this review, we focus on the putative renal-protective mechanisms of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors, including effects on tubuloglomerular feedback, albuminuria, endothelial function, erythropoiesis, uric acid levels, renal oxygen demand, and hypoxia. Furthermore, we discuss the findings of recent large clinical trials using sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors in patients with chronic kidney disease and diabetic kidney disease, summarize safety aspects, and outline the practical management of patients with chronic kidney disease in the Philippines.</p>","PeriodicalId":14181,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nephrology and Renovascular Disease","volume":"16 ","pages":"43-57"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/df/0e/ijnrd-16-43.PMC9960786.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9353125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute Kidney Injury Among Admitted COVID-19 Patients in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.","authors":"Tigist Kefyalew Goffe,&nbsp;Zewdie Aderaw Alemu,&nbsp;Tadios Niguss Derese,&nbsp;Yohannes Bayou Tilahun,&nbsp;Robel Bayou Tilahun","doi":"10.2147/IJNRD.S402946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJNRD.S402946","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Although diffuse alveolar damage and respiratory failure are the most common symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019, other organ involvement, such as the kidney, has been reported. The incidence of acute kidney injury in COVID-19 patients has been reported to vary greatly. In this study, we look at the magnitude and risk factors for acute kidney injury in COVID-19 patients in Ethiopia, a developing country.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A hospital-based retrospective cross-sectional study design was conducted among admitted COVID-19 patients at Eka Kotebe general hospital and Saint Peter COVID-19 treatment center by reviewing data from September 2020 to September 2021. A random sampling technique with proportional size allocation was used to select a total sample of 402 patients (225 from Eka Kotebe and 177 from St. Peter). Secondary data was collected from patient medical records using a standard, pre-tested data collection checklist using the Kobo toolbox, which was then exported to SPSS version 25.0 for analysis. The association between dependent and independent variables was analyzed using binary logistic regression. A statistical significance test was declared at a p value of <=0.05 with a 95% confidence interval.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 402 patient charts were reviewed, and the proportion of patients with acute kidney injury was found to be 18.9%. After adjusting for potential confounders, age<=35 years (AOR = 0.23, 95% CI = 0.07-0.72), female gender (AOR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.28-0.94), and isolation type ICU (AOR = 5.11, 95% CI = 1.44-18.06) were significantly associated with acute kidney injury.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Acute kidney injury is a common complication in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. The prevalence of acute kidney injury in this study was 18.9%. Age, gender, and type of isolation were the factors that had a significant association with acute kidney injury. Clinicians and other concerned parties should provide more care to ICU patients and COVID-19 patients who are older.</p>","PeriodicalId":14181,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nephrology and Renovascular Disease","volume":"16 ","pages":"83-92"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/8b/7c/ijnrd-16-83.PMC10040157.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9573160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevention of Intradialytic Hypotension in Hemodialysis Patients: Current Challenges and Future Prospects.","authors":"Seyed Mehrdad Hamrahian,&nbsp;Salem Vilayet,&nbsp;Johann Herberth,&nbsp;Tibor Fülöp","doi":"10.2147/IJNRD.S245621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJNRD.S245621","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Intradialytic hypotension, defined as rapid decrease in systolic blood pressure of greater than or equal to 20 mmHg or in mean arterial pressure of greater than or equal to 10 mmHg that results in end-organ ischemia and requires countermeasures such as ultrafiltration reduction or saline infusion to increase blood pressure to improve patient's symptoms, is a known complication of hemodialysis and is associated with several potential adverse outcomes. Its pathogenesis is complex and involves both patient-related factors such as age and comorbidities, as well as factors related to the dialysis prescription itself. Key factors include the need for volume removal during hemodialysis and a suboptimal vascular response which compromises the ability to compensate for acute intravascular volume loss. Inadequate vascular refill, incorrect assessment or unaccounted changes of target weight, acute illnesses and medication interference are further potential contributors. Intradialytic hypotension can lead to compromised tissue perfusion and end-organ damage, both acutely and over time, resulting in repetitive injuries. To address these problems, a careful assessment of subjective symptoms, minimizing interdialytic weight gains, individualizing dialysis prescription and adjusting the dialysis procedure based on patients' risk factors can mitigate negative outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":14181,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nephrology and Renovascular Disease","volume":"16 ","pages":"173-181"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/84/9d/ijnrd-16-173.PMC10404053.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10324890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-Intensity Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy (LI-ESWT) in Renal Diseases: A Review of Animal and Human Studies.","authors":"Sune Moeller Skov-Jeppesen,&nbsp;Nicky Anúel Petersen,&nbsp;Knud Bonnet Yderstraede,&nbsp;Boye L Jensen,&nbsp;Claus Bistrup,&nbsp;Lars Lund","doi":"10.2147/IJNRD.S389219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJNRD.S389219","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Low-intensity extracorporeal shockwave therapy (LI-ESWT) has been suggested as a treatment for vascular diseases such as ischemic heart disease, diabetic foot ulcers, and erectile dysfunction. Primarily, LI-ESWT is known for its ability to stimulate angiogenesis and activation of stem cells in target tissues. Application of LI-ESWT in chronic progressive renal diseases is a novel area. The aim of the present review was to summarize available data on the effects of LI-ESWT used in the setting of renal diseases.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We systematically searched PubMed, Medline, and Embase databases for relevant studies. Our review included the results from preclinical animal experiments and clinical research.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eleven animal studies and one clinical study were included in the review. In the animal studies, LI-ESWT was used for the treatment of hypertensive nephropathy (n=1), diabetic nephropathy (n=1), or various types of ischemic renal injury (ie, artery occlusion, reperfusion injury) (n=9). The clinical study was conducted in a single-arm cohort as a Phase 1 study with patients having diabetic nephropathy. In animal studies, the application of LI-ESWT was associated with several effects: LI-ESWT led to increased VEGF and endothelial cell proliferation and improved vascularity and perfusion of the kidney tissue. LI-ESWT reduced renal inflammation and fibrosis. LI-ESWT caused only mild side effects in the clinical study, and, similarly, there were no signs of kidney injury after LI-ESWT in the animal studies.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>LI-ESWT, as a non-invasive treatment, reduces the pathological manifestations (inflammation, capillary rarefaction, fibrosis, decreased perfusion) associated with certain types of renal disease. The efficacy of renal LI-ESWT needs to be confirmed in randomized clinical trials.</p>","PeriodicalId":14181,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nephrology and Renovascular Disease","volume":"16 ","pages":"31-42"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/e6/6c/ijnrd-16-31.PMC9912820.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10705072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Integral Role of Chloride & With-No-Lysine Kinases in Cell Volume Regulation & Hypertension.","authors":"Ioannis Koulouridis,&nbsp;Efstathios Koulouridis","doi":"10.2147/IJNRD.S417766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJNRD.S417766","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chloride anions are the most abundant in humans. For many years, it has been believed that chloride is simply a counterion of all other cations, ensuring the electroneutrality of the extracellular space. Recent data suggests that chloride anions possess a broad spectrum of important activities that regulate vital cellular functions. It is now evident that, apart from its contribution to the electroneutrality of the extracellular space, it acts as an osmole and contributes to extracellular and intracellular volume regulation. Its anionic charge also contributes to the generation of cell membrane potential. The most interesting action of chloride anions is their ability to regulate the activity of with-no-lysine kinases, which in turn regulate the activity of sodium chloride and potassium chloride cotransporters and govern the reabsorption of salt and excretion of potassium by nephron epithelia. Chloride anions seem to play a crucial role in cell functions, such as cell volume regulation, sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron, potassium balance, and sodium sensitivity, which lead to hypertension. All of these functions are accomplished on a molecular level via complicated metabolic pathways, many of which remain poorly defined. We attempted to elucidate some of these pathways in light of recent advances in our knowledge, obtained mainly from experimental studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":14181,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nephrology and Renovascular Disease","volume":"16 ","pages":"183-196"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/57/61/ijnrd-16-183.PMC10438449.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10050034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time to Diabetic Nephropathy and its Predictors Among Diabetic Patients Treated in Wolaita and Dawuro Zone Hospitals, Ethiopia: A Retrospective Cohort Study.","authors":"Tiwabwork Tekalign,&nbsp;Mistire Teshome Guta,&nbsp;Nefsu Awoke,&nbsp;Tesfaye Yitna Chichiabellu,&nbsp;Mengistu Meskele,&nbsp;Gubay Anteneh,&nbsp;Tilahun Saol Tura,&nbsp;Shimelash Bitew Workie","doi":"10.2147/IJNRD.S396574","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJNRD.S396574","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) develops in nearly half of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and one-third of those with type 1 DM during their lifetime. The incidence of DKD as a cause of end stage renal disease is increasing each year. So this study aimed to assess the time to develop diabetic nephropathy and predictors among diabetic patients treated in Wolaita zone hospitals.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>A ten-year retrospective cohort study had conducted among 614 diabetic patients using systematic random sampling in Wolaita and Dawuro zone hospitals. Bivariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression had used to identify the possible associations between variables. Those variables with a p-value of less than 0.25 in bivariable analysis exported to multivariable Cox regression analysis. Finally, variables with p-value less than 0.05 at multivariable Cox regression were considered significantly significant. The Cox-proportional hazard model assumption had checked using the Schoenfeld residual test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the total participants, 93 (15.3%; 95% CI = 12.45-18.14) patients had developed nephropathy in 820,048 people year observation. A mean time to diabetic nephropathy in this study was 189.63 (95% CI, 185.01, 194.25) months. Being illiterate (AHR: 2.21, 95% CI: 1.34-3.66), being hypertensive (AHR: 5.76, 95% CI: 3.39-9.59), and being urban dwellers (AHR: 2.25, 95% CI: 1.34-3.77) increases the hazard of nephropathy.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>According to this follow-up study, the overall incidence rate is substantially high over ten year follow-up period. The mean time to develop diabetic nephropathy was sixteen years. Educational status, place of residence, and being hypertensive were the predictors. So stakeholders should work on complication reduction measures and awareness creation of the impact of comorbidities.</p>","PeriodicalId":14181,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nephrology and Renovascular Disease","volume":"16 ","pages":"163-172"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/f0/e7/ijnrd-16-163.PMC10275322.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9716278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Clinical Manifestations and Efficacy of Different Treatments Used for Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Shaheer Farooqi,&nbsp;Afshan Mumtaz,&nbsp;Aabiya Arif,&nbsp;Mehwish Butt,&nbsp;Una Kanor,&nbsp;Samuel Memoh,&nbsp;Mohammad Aadil Qamar,&nbsp;Abubakr Yosufi","doi":"10.2147/IJNRD.S392231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJNRD.S392231","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) is a rare disorder that occurs in association majorly with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The lack of collective quantitative data on its clinical manifestations and the different treatment options' efficacy, call the need for our investigation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic review was conducted covering a timeline from inception up to July 2022 without any restrictions. Article screening and data extraction were performed independently on PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Cochrane Library. The keywords that we used were CKD, NSF, Gadolinium enduced fibrosis, etc; shortlisted articles were assessed for risk of bias. Data were presented as frequencies and percentages, with a confidence interval of 95%. A chi-square test was also done to find significant relationships, with a <i>p</i>-value <0.05 considered significant.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We had 83 patients in this review consisting of 44 (55.7%) females with a mean age of 51.4±14.6 years. Sixty-nine (83.1%) patients had chronic kidney disease predisposition to NSF. Previous exposure to gadolinium-based contrast dyes was seen in 66 (79.5%) patients). The most common symptom in patients was cutaneous lesions in 69 (83.1%) patients. The most used treatments were ultraviolet therapy, renal transplant, and extracorporeal photopheresis; in 13.3% of the patients each. Condition in most patients either improved (67.1%) or remained stable (11.8%). Chi-square testing found that the treatments offered were also seen to be significantly related to outcome (p=0.015).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings in this study provide a quantitative measurement of NSF's presentations and treatment efficacies. This serves to make way for researchers to form comprehensive guidelines on the presentation-based treatment of NSF.</p>","PeriodicalId":14181,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nephrology and Renovascular Disease","volume":"16 ","pages":"17-30"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/ba/bd/ijnrd-16-17.PMC9842517.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10607728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}