International Journal of Osteoarchaeology最新文献

{"title":"Isotopic Insight Into the Human Diet at Qareh Tepe, Iran, During the Iron Age (c. 1200–750 bce)","authors":"Joanna Trębicka,&nbsp;Mostafa Dehpahlavan,&nbsp;Rafał Fetner,&nbsp;Zahra Alinezhad,&nbsp;Elham Farnam,&nbsp;Marjan Mollabeirami,&nbsp;Arkadiusz Sołtysiak","doi":"10.1002/oa.3399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.3399","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The period preceding early state formation in Iran (i.e., Early Iron Age) is frequently associated with the prevalence of mobile pastoralists. The analysis of stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of human and animal collagen from Qareh Tepe (c. 1200–750 cal. <span>bc</span>) in Qazvin Plain was performed to understand local subsistence strategy and especially to distinguish between mobile herding and stationary farming, which is crucial in understanding pathways leading to the centralization of power in that time. In total, 53 human dentin samples and 30 animal bone and dentin samples were analyzed. The comparative data come from four other Iranian sites of variable chronology: Sagzabad, Zagheh, Tepe Pardis, and Tepe Hissar. Standard methods of collagen extraction and isotope ratio mass spectrometry were applied. People from Qareh Tepe were characterized by very high δ¹⁵N values, clearly higher than at all other sites. There was a significant difference between the sexes, with males having more negative δ¹³C values. In combined faunal data from the Qazvin Plain, suids composed a separate group, whereas all the herbivores showed a clear correlation between δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C values. Elevated nitrogen isotopic values in humans from Qareh Tepe may be explained by a high level of manuring with animal dung, forced by an increased population size in the limited space of the alluvial fan. The research reveals that, at the dawn of the Median state, the Central Plateau of Iran was most likely not inhabited by nomadic pastoralists but rather by agropastoral communities that knew how to make the best use of limited environmental resources.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":14179,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Osteoarchaeology","volume":"35 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143801354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reconstructing Cranial Modification Practices: Methods, Motivations, and Evolution of Occipital Modification in Prehistoric China","authors":"Zhiyu Ran,&nbsp;Chi Zhang,&nbsp;Tao Wang,&nbsp;Jianing He","doi":"10.1002/oa.3396","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.3396","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Occipital modification, the predominant form of cranial artificial modification in Prehistoric China, is characterized by its extensive and dense distribution, a rarity globally. This study aims to reconstruct the methods, processes, and motivations underlying occipital modification, investigating its inception, evolution, and eventual cessation in Prehistoric China. Morphological observations were conducted on over 800 individuals from representative sites like Baligang and Chuwan of the Yangshao culture, with 265 well-preserved skulls subjected to three-dimensional scanning, modeling, and measurement, segmented into BLG-E, BLG-M, and CW groups for detailed analysis. Observations and measurements revealed significant differences in occipital modification among the groups: the BLG-E group displayed a high modification rate, featuring severe modification with a near-perpendicular tilt angle and random lateral asymmetry; the BLG-M group exhibited reduced modification rate and severity, with lateral asymmetry akin to BLG-E but more variable tilt angles; and the CW group showed moderate occipital modification with variable tilt angles, though with greater central symmetry. Two distinct practices were identified: “primary utilitarian modification,” likely an expedient measure for infant care during early agricultural development, and “standardized symmetrical modification,” reflecting aesthetic preferences during a more mature agricultural stage. Following the transition from utilitarian to aesthetic purposes, the occipital modification disappeared in the Final Neolithic period, during the Longshan culture stage, possibly because of the emergence of new, complex hairstyle trends.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":14179,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Osteoarchaeology","volume":"35 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143801928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Healed Arrowhead Injury in a Celtic Elite Burial Near the Heuneburg, Germany: Insights Into Ancient Warfare and Healthcare Practices","authors":"Michael Francken,&nbsp;Carolin Röding,&nbsp;Hannes Rathmann","doi":"10.1002/oa.3395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.3395","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Utilizing imaging techniques opens new avenues for diagnosing paleopathological findings in archaeological human skeletal remains. This study presents a case of severe perforating trauma on the left ischial bone of an adult male Celtic elite burial from the late Hallstatt period, discovered within the central chamber of a burial mound near the Heuneburg hilltop settlement in southwest Germany. Despite the gravity of the injury, evidence of complete healing suggests meticulous medical intervention and intensive healthcare, indicative of the elevated social status accorded to elites during this period. Employing computer tomographic scanning, we created a three-dimensional virtual negative imprint of the lesion and identified it as likely resulting from an arrowhead. Comparative analysis of the imprint with archaeological arrowheads typical for the era and region suggests a probable association with warfare rather than hunting purposes. This case study contributes to our understanding of protohistoric medical treatment practices and warfare techniques prevalent during the Hallstatt period.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":14179,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Osteoarchaeology","volume":"35 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143801841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Animal Husbandry, Cultural Change, and Economic Networks: An Archaeozoological Perspective on the Transformation of Iron Age Oppida Societies","authors":"Simon Trixl,&nbsp;Janette Horvath","doi":"10.1002/oa.3391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.3391","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the 2^nd century <span>bce</span>, with the Iron Age Oppida Civilisation, Central Europe experienced an unprecedented degree of urbanization, economic centralization, and supra-regional exchange. However, from 80 <span>bce</span> onwards, in the Northern Alpine Foreland (present-day southern Germany), these structures declined, leading to the abandonment of both urban and rural settlements. Various factors, such as landscape overexploitation and military conflicts, have been proposed to explain this decline. Concurrently, cultural transfer and possible migration movements from the Central German Upland Zone gave rise to the Southeast Bavarian Group (SEBG), an Iron Age community that emerged north of the Alps, differing from Oppida societies in terms of material culture and settlement structure. This paper aims to explore the effects of these socio-economic upheavals on livestock farming by comparing faunal assemblages from the Oppida Civilisation and the SEBG, focusing on two categories of archaeozoological data: species distribution and body size development in cattle. Generally, species distribution patterns in SEBG farmsteads show continuity with the preceding Oppida Civilisation, with the exception of the Langenpreising site near Munich, where a high proportion of sheep could suggests economic influences from the Central German Upland Zone. Osteometric results on cattle breeding prompt the hypothesis that a large-sized cattle type of non-local origin appeared in SEBG contexts. We discuss several potential regions as the origin of this allochthonous phenotype, with the most plausible explanation being that these cattle were possibly transferred from Roman Upper Italy through Eastern Alpine Iron Age communities to the SEBG. However, because of the limited osteometric data set, this is to be seen as a working hypothesis that requires further testing. From an archaeozoological perspective, the end of the Iron Age was characterized by the decline of proto-urban structures on the one hand and the emergence of new economic networks on the other.</p>","PeriodicalId":14179,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Osteoarchaeology","volume":"35 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/oa.3391","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143801423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Echoes of Unwoven Breaks: A Paleopathological Literature Review of Nonunion Fractures","authors":"Álvaro M. Monge Calleja,&nbsp;Pedro C. Carvalho,&nbsp;Rosa Ramos Gaspar,&nbsp;Ana Maria Silva","doi":"10.1002/oa.3366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.3366","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study presents a wide literature review of nonunion fractures in paleopathological contexts, including the description of a new case from <i>Idanha-a-Velha</i> (Castelo Branco, Portugal). Nonunion factures, characterized by the failure of broken bone fragments to reunite properly, are rare in the paleopathological record. This review aims to gather and analyze existing cases of this condition, using academic databases and specific research terms related to this type of fracture. This survey included a total of 75 publications describing 155 nonunion fractures in 137 adult individuals: 44 males, 28 females, and 65 of unknown sex. The publication record includes more Prehistoric and Modern cases than those dated from Medieval or Ancient periods. The ulna exhibited the highest overall frequency of nonunion fractures, with 53/155 (34.2%) distributed across six different anatomical regions, primarily at the distal end (Parry fracture). However, when assessing the frequency of nonunions by specific anatomic region, the femoral neck shows a higher rate (23/30; 76.7%) compared to the ulnar distal end (6/53; 11.32%). Male individuals display a higher prevalence of nonunion fractures throughout the skeleton, except for the clavicle, metatarsals, <i>os coxae</i>, and ulna, which affected more often females. Moreover, femoral neck nonunion fractures are more frequent in mid-20th century male paleopathological cases, while ulnar fractures are more common in prehistoric females. The comparison between these patterns and clinical data highlights that past and current populations have different patterns of nonunion fractures. In the modern clinical literature, a greater prevalence of tibial, fibular, femoral, and humeral nonunions is recorded due to traffic accidents; while in past populations, ulnar nonunion fractures are substantially more frequent. Further studies comparing fracture patterns across different time periods may allow to clarify whether these trends reflect changes in medical treatment, lifestyle, or bone health over time.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":14179,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Osteoarchaeology","volume":"35 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143801467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of Urban Living on Child, Infant, and Maternal Health: A Comparative Study of Linear Enamel Hypoplasia Between Two Dutch Postmedieval Populations","authors":"Oriana Chiappa,&nbsp;Sarah A. Schrader","doi":"10.1002/oa.3393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.3393","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Substantial research has been done assessing health inequalities between rural and urban contexts in the low countries; however, fewer studies have considered the effect of urban living on non-adults. Because dental enamel does not remodel, recording the time of dental stress insults in both deciduous and permanent teeth allows for the analysis of episodes of stress, including those occurring during the fetal period. Thus, through the analysis of dental stress markers, we can provide information about child, infant, and maternal health inequalities between urban and rural contexts. To do this, we recorded the frequency and age at formation of linear enamel hypoplasia in both permanent and deciduous teeth of 177 individuals between 0 and 35 years of age from two Dutch postmedieval sites; 64 from the city of Arnhem (1650–1829 <span>ce</span>) and 113 from the rural cemetery of Middenbeemster (1623–1867 <span>ce</span>). Results from this research reveal that urban living during Dutch postmedieval times had a negative impact specifically on infants and their gestating mothers, as deciduous teeth from urban Arnhem presented a significantly higher frequency of LEH compared with their rural counterparts (<i>p</i> = 0.009). However, no significant difference was found on permanent teeth between sites (<i>p</i> = 0.868), showing that during the following years of life (3–6), urban life did not appear to have a greater negative impact compared with rural life.</p>","PeriodicalId":14179,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Osteoarchaeology","volume":"35 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/oa.3393","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143801342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease: Past and Present","authors":"Ryan Frederick,&nbsp;Paola Ponce","doi":"10.1002/oa.3388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.3388","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease (LCPD) is a rare idiopathic condition that primarily affects the femoral head. It is characterized by a sudden necrosis, which leads to permanent and irreversible changes of its normal anatomy. Likely due to its rarity and complex etiology, there is a lacuna of its study in archaeological literature. This paper attempts to address this issue by aiming to (1) gather all known examples of LCPD in the archaeological record worldwide; (2) based on etiological speculation, analyze how individuals may have developed LCPD in the past; (3) assess how LCPD may have affected these individuals; and (4) how they may have managed the effects. In this study, a wide range of resources pertaining to archaeology, osteology, paleopathology, and clinical studies were consulted. The information was extracted from a number of available case studies and osteological site reports despite data-access difficulties. In the archaeological record, there are 73 reported cases of LCPD affecting individuals, spanning from the Neolithic to the Postmedieval period, across the globe, with its highest peak in the Late Medieval period. Modern clinical literature has provided an empirical platform to investigate what may have caused LCPD in the past, though etiological conjecture continues to prevent any certainty in these extrapolations. The resulting prevalence of the cases of LCPD are also skewed by issues concerning skeletal preservation and inaccessible data, ultimately affecting its representation and the evaluation of the disease's laterality and sex preponderance. Nonetheless, physical debilitation caused by LCPD would have variably inhibited the individuals' mobility, causing pain, compromised quality of life, decline in mental state, and an inability to fully engage in ambulatory activities. However, coexisting osteological markers suggest methods of managing the disease's symptoms, such as resorting to an antalgic gait and/or using upper limb apparatus (crutch).</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":14179,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Osteoarchaeology","volume":"35 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143801340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preadult Living Conditions During Sociopolitical Transition in Quebrada Chupacigarro Cemetery (500–400 bc), Supe Valley, Peru: Childhood Morbidity and Sociopolitical Change in Prehistoric Central Andes","authors":"Luis Pezo-Lanfranco,&nbsp;Maria Inés Barreto,&nbsp;José Filippini,&nbsp;Karoline Silva,&nbsp;Aldemar Crispín,&nbsp;Marco Machacuay,&nbsp;Pedro Novoa,&nbsp;Ruth Shady","doi":"10.1002/oa.3386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.3386","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Through a detailed assessment of nonspecific stress markers in 67 individuals (47 under 8 years old), this paper investigates the health conditions of preadults in Quebrada Chupacigarro Cemetery (QCC), North-Central Coast of Peru, during the transition between the Middle and Late Formative periods (500–400 <span>bc</span>), a critical time of sociopolitical change in the Central Andes. Our objectives are to determine (i) the nature of preadult morbidity and mortality, (ii) periods of greater vulnerability in the population, and (iii) the etiological factors associated with health–disease processes in this context of population pressure. The results show a high prevalence of anemia-related stress markers in preadults with a strong selective mortality in &lt; 3.5-year-old individuals, and recurrent periods of adult morbidity. These findings indicate exposure to disease because of overcrowding, lack of sanitation and malnourishment, and support the idea of precarious living conditions in the Supe Valley around 500–400 <span>bc</span>.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":14179,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Osteoarchaeology","volume":"35 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143801377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diseases and Traumas of Pleistocene Megafauna: A Perspective From Poland","authors":"Kamilla Pawłowska,&nbsp;Aleksander Chrószcz,&nbsp;Dominik Poradowski,&nbsp;Dominika Kubiak-Nowak,&nbsp;Wojciech Borawski","doi":"10.1002/oa.3387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.3387","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Analysis of pathologies can shed light on the health, trauma, and disease states of animals in the past. This study aims to explore the health status of megafauna during the Pleistocene and Holocene in Poland and to elucidate the diseases afflicting them, in order to gain a broader picture of the physical condition of these animals. For this purpose, species that show pathological lesions were macroscopically studied, and CT images were used for reconstruction. These results are supplemented with previously published data. Our results show cases of traumatic lesions, inflammatory diseases, arthropathies, diseases associated with the environment, dental anomalies and oral pathology, congenital anomalies and inherited disorders, and others. Lesions were found on the skeletal elements of woolly rhinoceroses, woolly mammoths, aurochs, bovids, giant deer, elks, and bears. The diversity of pathological cases and taxa demonstrated here is the first contribution to empirical pathological research in Polish paleozoology dealing with Quaternary records. Besides this, the research presented in this paper contributes to building a bridge between paleozoology and zooarcheology in support of what we call the “one pathology” concept.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":14179,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Osteoarchaeology","volume":"35 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143801735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethics in Osteoarchaeology","authors":"Piers D. Mitchell","doi":"10.1002/oa.3392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.3392","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;While the term “ethic” has variable definitions by different authors, what they share in common is a sense that it provides a system of accepted beliefs that control behavior, based on morals (Peters &lt;span&gt;2013&lt;/span&gt;). Ethics in archaeology and anthropology is an area that has been discussed progressively more over time in recent years (González-Ruibal &lt;span&gt;2018&lt;/span&gt;; Turner, Wagner, and Cabana &lt;span&gt;2018&lt;/span&gt;). This piece explores thoughts on the need for and application of ethical guidelines in osteoarchaeology, how they can be helpful and constructive, but also how there might be differences in opinion among populations in different parts of the world. As for all areas of science, we need a robust set of ethics for how we should study and interpret excavated skeletal material to avoid fraudulent publications or misleading claims from unsound methodology or fabricated data (D'Angelo &lt;span&gt;2012&lt;/span&gt;; Waddington &lt;span&gt;2016&lt;/span&gt;). However, the elements of ethics that apply to human osteoarchaeology go far beyond those of some other branches of the sciences, when the focus of that osteoarchaeological research is the remains of our own species (Clegg &lt;span&gt;2020&lt;/span&gt;; Clough &lt;span&gt;2020&lt;/span&gt;; Squires, Errikson, and Márquez-Grant &lt;span&gt;2020&lt;/span&gt;). Regarding osteoarchaeology, ethical views associated with human remains are generally distinct from those held about the study of nonhuman animals. The perspective that the remains of our own species are different and more important to us than are the remains of those of other mammals is one that is found in many different populations (see for example AAPA &lt;span&gt;2003&lt;/span&gt;; BABAO &lt;span&gt;2019&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ethical norms regarding human remains will not be the same for all populations in different regions of the world. This will depend upon religious beliefs, cultural values, and traditional behaviors for each population (Márquez-Grant and Fibiger &lt;span&gt;2011&lt;/span&gt;; Scarre and Scarre &lt;span&gt;2006&lt;/span&gt;). For example, we might expect populations from countries subjected to colonialism in recent centuries to rightly push back to regain autonomy over their cultural heritage, so having differing views to their colonizers. Countries with a more homogenous integrated population might show less variation in views to those with many distinct minority groups speaking different languages and expressing their unique cultures. Ethical views about human remains may also vary depending upon whether the remains are skeletonized or mummified, or of children as opposed to adults (Squires, Davuidson, and Piombino-Mascali &lt;span&gt;2024&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Europe has a long history of the display of relics or even entire bodies of saints at religious shrines and processions, one which persists on saints days in countries such as Greece and Spain today (Freeman &lt;span&gt;2011&lt;/span&gt;). We also see the open display of human remains in churches in countries such as Italy, which can be visited by all (Zenou &lt;span&gt;2023&lt;/span&gt;). I","PeriodicalId":14179,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Osteoarchaeology","volume":"35 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/oa.3392","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143801728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}