International Journal of Osteoarchaeology最新文献

{"title":"Early evidence of extra-masticatory dental wear in a Neolithic community at Bestansur, Iraqi Kurdistan","authors":"Sam Walsh","doi":"10.1002/oa.3162","DOIUrl":"10.1002/oa.3162","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper presents the first evidence of extra-masticatory dental wear from Neolithic Bestansur, Iraqi Kurdistan (7700–7200 BC). Bestansur is a rare, recently excavated burial site of this period in the Zagros region, of Iraqi Kurdistan. A total of 585 teeth from 38 individuals were analyzed for features indicative of activities including oblique wear planes, notches, grooves, and chipping. Indications of extra-masticatory wear were found in 27 of 38 individuals, and 277 of 585 teeth (47%) available for study. The most frequent features were chipping and notches suggesting activities such as processing fibers by using the teeth as a “third hand.” Evidence for these wear features was present in both males, females, and in children aged five and older. These aspects of childhood life-course and dentition are rarely investigated. The presence of dental wear features in the deciduous dentition can indicate an age range at which activities began in different groups and highlights the importance of including juvenile remains in such studies. The variety of forms of dental wear may relate to the mixed diet and activities of these people. This study adds to our understanding of human behaviors and socio-cultural aspects of life during this transitional period.</p>","PeriodicalId":14179,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Osteoarchaeology","volume":"32 6","pages":"1264-1274"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10087735/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9317642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paleodietary reconstruction of endemic rodents from the precolumbian Dominican Republic: Discriminating wild feeding behavior from diets linked to human niche construction activities","authors":"Gene T. Shev,&nbsp;Jason E. Laffoon","doi":"10.1002/oa.3149","DOIUrl":"10.1002/oa.3149","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the Greater Antilles, certain animal taxa that have long been theorized to have been managed by indigenous peoples prior to AD1492, the main candidates being a group of endemic caviomorph rodents known as hutias (Capromyinae). This isotopic study investigates the paleodiets of several species of endemic rodents from three late precolonial sites in the northern Dominican Republic: El Flaco (cal. <span>ad</span> 990–1452), El Carril (cal. <span>ad</span> 1030–1262), and La Entrada (cal. <span>ad</span> 840–900) to assess whether human influence over animal diets can be determined. We examined bone collagen carbon (δ¹³C_co) and nitrogen (δ¹⁵N) and tooth enamel carbon (δ¹³C_en) isotope values of three species of hutias, <i>Isolobodon portoricensis</i>, <i>Isolobodon montanus</i>, and <i>Plagiodontia aedium</i>, alongside edible rat (<i>Brotomys</i> sp.), and domestic guinea pig (<i>Cavia porcellus</i>). To estimate dietary source contributions, we employed a Bayesian dietary mixing model (FRUITS v.3.0) and ran three different permutations to assess the relative contributions of C₃ or C₄/CAM plants. The addition of an extra 79 wild C₃ and 40 wild C₄/CAM plant species' isotope values from published sources to an established isotopic foodweb for the Caribbean region enabled us to discriminate between wild and domestic C₃ and C₄/CAM plant food sources in two of these models. Our results provide evidence of the significant consumption of domestic C₄/CAM plants by some animals. This likely represents maize (<i>Zea mays</i>) consumption, which is known to have been ubiquitously cultivated by indigenous peoples in the region. This is particularly the case for <i>I. portoricensis</i>, as FRUITS modeling suggests that a few individuals consumed C₄/CAM plants well beyond their expected natural diets as determined from feeding studies of extant hutia species. This may indicate human influence over endemic rodent diets due to niche construction activities such as horticultural practices and may reflect either opportunistic feeding on human produce or the purposeful supplementation of hutia diets by humans.</p>","PeriodicalId":14179,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Osteoarchaeology","volume":"32 5","pages":"976-995"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9804766/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10507592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Employing radiography (X-rays) to localize lesions in human skeletal remains from past populations to allow accurate biopsy, using examples of cancer metastases","authors":"Piers D. Mitchell,&nbsp;Jenna M. Dittmar","doi":"10.1002/oa.3087","DOIUrl":"10.1002/oa.3087","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Clinical research into biomolecules from infectious diseases and cancers has advanced rapidly in recent years, with two key areas being DNA analysis and proteomics. If we wish to understand important diseases and their associated biomolecules in past populations, techniques are required that will allow accurate biopsy of lesions in excavated human skeletal remains. While locating lesions visible on the surface of a bone is simple, many lesions such as cancer metastases are located in the medulla of bones, unseen on visual inspection. Here, we use two novel image guided techniques to investigate how plain radiographs may improve accuracy in the localization of lesions within bones from medieval individuals. While both techniques were effective, we found the grid technique required fewer radiographs than the pointer technique to employ and so was responsible for a lower overall radiation dose. We then discuss methods available for biopsy in archeological bone and how the optimal location for the biopsy of malignant lesions will vary depending upon whether the tumor is blastic or lytic in nature. Limitations of this X-ray guided approach include that not all cancer metastases are visible on plain radiographs, as erosion of cortical bone is frequently required for visualization of lytic metastases using this imaging modality.</p>","PeriodicalId":14179,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Osteoarchaeology","volume":"32 4","pages":"916-922"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9541957/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10449839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}