International Journal of Osteoarchaeology最新文献

{"title":"Reliability of Species Assessment of Archaeological Cremated Bone Fragments: Confidence in Diagnosis and Interobserver Agreement","authors":"Carlotta Sala,&nbsp;Marco Cummaudo,&nbsp;Debora Mazzarelli,&nbsp;Giulia Caccia,&nbsp;Marta Mondellini,&nbsp;Fabrizio Slavazzi,&nbsp;Cristina Cattaneo","doi":"10.1002/oa.70089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.70089","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The ancient practice of cremation has been documented across numerous cultures, yet burnt remains can indeed become a huge challenge for anthropologists, both in archaeological and in forensic contexts. The analysis of such skeletal material presents significant challenges associated with the alterations caused by the process of burning. A salient issue in studying cremated remains pertains to the challenge of distinguishing human remains from those of other animals, particularly on small fragments. The objective of this study was to assess the confidence of different operators on species identification (human/nonhuman) in cremated remains using macroscopic observation. To this purpose, 50 unidentified cremated bone fragments dating from the first to third century <span>ce</span> Italy were analyzed by three different observers. In more than 40% of the cases, observers were not able to suggest an identification (human or nonhuman), even as a cautious possibility. These results underline the uncertainty inherent in this type of identification, regardless of the background or the experience of the assessor. Therefore, in this scenario, macroscopic observation alone is insufficient. Indeed, in the field of archaeology, species identification often has to be made based upon the context in which the material was found. Based upon this research, we stress the huge risks in species evaluation on burned and fragmented bones by quantifying the error, and we aim to raise awareness that a more thorough methodology may be required for cases of extremely fragmented cremations.</p>","PeriodicalId":14179,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Osteoarchaeology","volume":"36 2","pages":"341-349"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/oa.70089","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147682896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chronic Disease and Disability in an 18th-Century Portuguese Nun: An Integrative Multisource Approach","authors":"Nathalie Antunes-Ferreira","doi":"10.1002/oa.70093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.70093","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study presents an integrative approach to chronic disease and disability in a Portuguese nun who died in 1779. The aim is to interpret her condition by combining osteopathological and burial context evidence with written sources. It offers a concise example of how bringing these sources together can enhance pathological interpretation and support the reconstruction of soft tissue disease, disability, and the lived experience of disease in past populations. This older woman was exhumed from the Convent of Jesus in Setúbal, Portugal. Her atypical burial position, also noted in the convent chronicles, indicates the remains likely belong to Michaela Archangela do Ceo. Osteopathological analysis revealed several changes, including atheromas, while the burial showed a crouched position, presumably related to stroke sequelae. The chronicles describe lifelong frailty and disease, followed in later life by a stroke with right-sided hemiplegia, pressure ulcers, and myiasis. Apart from the atheromas, which may be associated with the stroke, the skeletal changes show no correspondence with the signs reported in the account. The chronicles further document the attentive care she received, reflecting communal support within the convent, and the religious meaning of suffering. In conclusion, this case demonstrates the value of integrating multiple sources to interpret pathological conditions and the lived experience of disease, while emphasizing the relevance of soft tissue disease that leaves no skeletal trace. It also illustrates the careful application of retrospective diagnosis as an interpretive tool for historical documentation. Altogether, it highlights key methodological considerations for interpreting disease in osteoarchaeological contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":14179,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Osteoarchaeology","volume":"36 2","pages":"371-376"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/oa.70093","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147683567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Archaeological Case of Cleft Lip and Palate in Late Imperial China (1796–1820 ce) and Its Social Implications","authors":"Xiaofan Sun,&nbsp;Yan Liu,&nbsp;Anqi Wang,&nbsp;Jun Cao,&nbsp;Quanchao Zhang,&nbsp;Qian Wang","doi":"10.1002/oa.70095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.70095","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>As a congenital defect, orofacial clefts, if untreated, would lead to biological and social challenges. In addition to the requirements of intense care immediately after birth, orofacial clefting can cause lifelong difficulties with eating and speaking, with the possibility of social marginalization and exclusion. In this study, a young male (16–18 years) with signs of congenital craniofacial anomalies from the Wenchi cemetery in northern China from the Qing Dynasty (1796–1820 <span>ce</span>) was investigated. Macroscopic and CT analyses showed a defective right primary palate including the alveolar arch and defective bilateral secondary palates, in addition to a severe deviation of the nasal septum. These features suggested a birth defect of unilateral cleft lip and bilateral cleft palate. Despite these conditions, the individual was interred in a formal family tomb with standard grave goods and in association with an adult female, suggesting full integration into his community. The person survived the critical period of growth and development after birth and his remains were not tainted by shame. However, the death of the individual at such a young age suggests the innate frailty or vulnerability of children with birth defects. This is the first case of cleft lip and palate from an archaeological context in China. The study not only enriches our knowledge of the history of congenital craniofacial anomalies but also provides rare insight into historical caregiving and inclusive social attitudes toward individuals with visible birth defects in late imperial China.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":14179,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Osteoarchaeology","volume":"36 2","pages":"433-445"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147683860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bone Mineral Density (BMD) Values for Non-Adult Individuals of Different Ages From Hunter-Gatherer Groups (Patagonia, Argentina)","authors":"R. Guichón Fernández,&nbsp;A. Conti,&nbsp;M. Morlesin,&nbsp;S. Pasqualini,&nbsp;L. Machnau,&nbsp;S. García Guraieb","doi":"10.1002/oa.70091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.70091","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The relative underrepresentation of non-adult individuals in mortuary contexts of hunter-gatherers from the Argentinean Patagonia has been attributed to several factors, among which poor preservation related to the lower bone mineral density (BMD) of non-adults compared to adults has stood out. However, bioarchaeological studies estimating BMD are scarce, and clinical studies have focused primarily on a limited number of bone elements (e.g., lumbar vertebrae), from infants and children of modern societies whose diets, levels of physical activity, and sun exposure are not comparable to those of past hunter-gatherer societies. In this paper, we present reference values of volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) of different skeletal elements corresponding to three well-preserved non-adult individuals of diverse ages belonging to a Late Holocene hunter-gatherer osteological series from Lake Salitroso (Santa Cruz, Argentina). Quantitative computed tomography (QCT) scans were used to obtain vBMD values expressed in Hounsfield units (HU) and g/mm³. Although an overall increase in vBMD values with age is generally observed, this trend is not consistent across all analyzed bones. These results constitute the first BMD data obtained for non-adult individuals from hunter-gatherer archaeological contexts in Argentina.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":14179,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Osteoarchaeology","volume":"36 2","pages":"361-370"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147683387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dental Stigmata and Skeletal Lesions of Congenital Treponematosis in Early Agricultural Vietnam (4000–3500 bp)","authors":"Melandri Vlok,&nbsp;Tran Thi Minh,&nbsp;Nicola Czaplinski,&nbsp;Hallie Buckley,&nbsp;Kate Domett,&nbsp;Hiep Hoang Trinh,&nbsp;Nguyen Thi Mai Huong,&nbsp;Nghia Thi Huu,&nbsp;Do Thi Kim Dung,&nbsp;Nguyen Thi Sau,&nbsp;Nguyen Phuong Thao,&nbsp;Do Thi Lan,&nbsp;Phan Thi Kim An,&nbsp;Luong Hong Phuoc,&nbsp;Hirofumi Matsumura,&nbsp;Marc Oxenham","doi":"10.1002/oa.70096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.70096","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Prior research has documented treponematosis at a single site in Mainland Southeast Asia from northern Vietnam dated to the early agricultural transition (~4000–3500 <span>bp</span>). To date, no other cases in Southeast Asia's prehistory have been identified. Here, we present evidence for congenital treponematosis in three non-adults from two different sites in north and south Neolithic Vietnam (4000–3200 <span>bp</span>) who present with dental and/or skeletal evidence consistent with congenital treponematosis, including Moon's molars of the deciduous and permanent dentition, gummatous lesions, saddle nose, and goundou. Following an extensive review of clinical and paleopathological literature, we provide here a new threshold approach for dental stigmata related to congenital transmission of treponematosis. No other cases of treponematosis (congenital or acquired) were found in Vietnam following an extensive analysis of archaeological assemblages dated from 10,000 to 1000 <span>bp</span> (<i>n</i> = 309), suggesting treponemal disease was not a widespread condition on the east coast of Mainland Southeast Asia in prehistory. These findings also indicate a deep plasticity of <i>Treponema pallidum</i>, as the broader epidemiology still indicates a non-venereal form of the disease in Vietnam's prehistory, even with the evidence of congenital transmission.</p>","PeriodicalId":14179,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Osteoarchaeology","volume":"36 2","pages":"401-413"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/oa.70096","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147683710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Large Cranial Vault Lesions (Scalping?) Among the Guanches (Tenerife, Canary Islands)","authors":"E. González-Reimers,&nbsp;J. Velasco-Vázquez,&nbsp;S. J. Cockerill,&nbsp;V. Alberto-Barroso,&nbsp;T. Delgado-Darias,&nbsp;E. Marrero-Salas,&nbsp;I. Ribot-Hernández,&nbsp;M. Arnay-De-La-Rosa","doi":"10.1002/oa.70094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.70094","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The aim of the present study is to describe some large lesions observed in cranial vaults belonging to pre-Hispanic individuals (Guanches) from Tenerife. Among the 41 pre-Hispanic skulls housed at the Instituto de Canarias Cabrera Pinto of the city of San Cristóbal de La Laguna (Tenerife, Canary Islands), we identified two cases from Barranco del Agua de Dios, an archaeological site with many dwelling sites and burial caves that was occupied by the pre-Hispanic population at least since the sixth century <span>ce</span>. The two skulls correspond to male adults and show large (up to 50 cm²) oval-shaped, slightly depressed lesions, surrounded by a bony ridge. The remodeling process in the affected area has led to a relatively smooth surface, with microporotic lesions and interrupted cranial sutures. Computed tomography (CT) studies revealed the absence of diploe and apparent fusion of both tables in the affected areas, with preservation of the inner table. CT features and interruption of the cranial sutures strongly differ from the alterations described in cases affected with the so-called sincipital T lesion. Transverse subtle marks are observed in the frontal and posterior parts of both parietal bones. An apparent healing process of these marks has led to more or less complete obliteration, especially in one of the skulls. Although differential diagnosis may include some infectious diseases and trauma, the findings suggest that the Guanches also performed scalping. The reason for which this procedure was performed is largely unknown (perhaps therapeutical, or ritual, as discussed later). One limitation of this study lies in the fact that the diagnostic possibility is only based on the similitude of the lesion with those described in other populations of the world. More research is needed, especially regarding the comparison of the meaning of these lesions with the so-called sincipital T.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":14179,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Osteoarchaeology","volume":"36 2","pages":"414-422"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147683714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Skeletal Dysplasia During the Bronze Age in Northeast Thailand (3000–2500 BP)","authors":"Nuttheera Kaoboriboon,&nbsp;Nancy Tayles,&nbsp;Sarah Agatha Villaluz,&nbsp;Pratiwi Yuwono,&nbsp;Kate Domett,&nbsp;Melandri Vlok","doi":"10.1002/oa.70088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.70088","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study examines a case of skeletal dysplasia in an adult male (B290) from the Bronze Age at the site of Ban Non Wat, Northeast Thailand. Skeletal dysplasia, a group of genetic disorders affecting bone and cartilage growth, presents diagnostic challenges due to overlapping clinical features. B290 exhibited rhizomelia, humeral varus deformity, coxa vara, and block thoracic vertebra. A thorough differential diagnosis comparing 56 skeletal dysplasias identified that B290's skeletal pathology was consistent with conditions including hypochondroplasia or pseudoachondroplasia. The case contributes to a growing body of literature identifying extreme short stature and/or skeletal dysplasia in adults from the prehistory of Mainland Southeast Asia, indicating inclusion of differently abled individuals in society was not rare in this region, potentially highlighting a shared understanding of human value.</p>","PeriodicalId":14179,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Osteoarchaeology","volume":"36 2","pages":"318-324"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/oa.70088","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147683963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interpreting Linear Enamel Hypoplasia at the Amastris (Ağlayan Ağaç) Chapel Cemetery From the Eastern Roman Imperial Period Region of Paphlagonia (Türkiye)","authors":"Ali Taş,&nbsp;Elçin Şener,&nbsp;Ahmet Cem Erkman","doi":"10.1002/oa.70081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.70081","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The aim of this study is to evaluate the values of linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) observed in the permanent teeth of individuals excavated from a chapel site dated to the Late Eastern Roman Period (6th–9th centuries) through analytical methods. The study is based on LEH findings identified in 148 (37.4%) of 396 permanent teeth belonging to 30/54 individuals. LEH measurements were conducted using two well-established methodologies documented in the literature. The prevalence of LEH suggests that the onset of the weaning process in infancy or early childhood coincided with the emergence of disease-inducing factors, estimated to occur between the ages of 3.5 and 5 years. Comparative evaluation of the two methodological approaches revealed consistent and convergent findings. It is hypothesized that a combination of factors including metabolic disorders, pathological conditions, environmental influences, socialization patterns, poor hygiene, nutritional deficiencies, and suboptimal living conditions contributed to heightened disease susceptibility during the weaning phase. This study presents the first LEH dataset from the Western Black Sea (Paphlagonia) region of Türkiye and contextualizes the findings through comparisons with other coastal harbor communities previously examined in a limited capacity. This research focuses on a comprehensive analysis to help create a more chronological and geographical comprehensive LEH dataset of ancient Anatolian societies in later periods.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":14179,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Osteoarchaeology","volume":"36 2","pages":"285-296"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147684223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ancient DNA Reveals Genetic Diversity of Ancient Residents in Pingcheng City During the Northern Wei Dynasty of China (386–534 ce)","authors":"Jiawei Li,&nbsp;Kan Hou,&nbsp;Pengmian Zhang,&nbsp;Jianing He,&nbsp;Jun Li,&nbsp;Dawei Cai,&nbsp;Shuyun Li","doi":"10.1002/oa.70084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.70084","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The Northern Wei Dynasty was a regime established by the Xianbei people. During this period, immigration policies aided the development of Pingcheng. In-depth research on the complex population history in the Pingcheng City area during the Northern Wei Dynasty can help explore the multiethnic integration and cultural exchange in northern China at that time. In this study, 20 individuals from the Erzhong Tombs near Pingcheng City were chosen for whole-genome sequencing to investigate the genetic characteristics of the Pingcheng inhabitants during this period. After preliminary screening, the genomes of 13 individuals were used for genetic analysis. They were then subdivided into four groups (EZ, EZ_o1, EZ_o2, and EZ_o3). The most Erzhong individuals (EZ, EZ_o1; 9) could be agricultural people from the Central Plains, who are influenced by the nomadic population in the eastern Eurasian steppe. A few Erzhong individuals (EZ_o2, EZ_o3; 4) might share a close genetic relationship with ancient populations from the western Eurasian Steppe. Our study revealed a high degree of genetic diversity among Northern Wei residents in Pingcheng City and contributes to a better understanding of the genetic integration between the Yellow River Farmers and Eurasian steppe populations during the Northern Wei period.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":14179,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Osteoarchaeology","volume":"36 2","pages":"350-360"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147683301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating European Pilchard (Sardina pilchardus) Total Length: New Equations for the Ichthyoarchaeological Record","authors":"Arnau Brosa-Planella,&nbsp;Kaveh Yousef-Pouran,&nbsp;Wim Wouters,&nbsp;Ricard Marlasca Martín,&nbsp;Maria Saña Seguí,&nbsp;Santiago Riera Mora,&nbsp;Arturo Morales Muñiz","doi":"10.1002/oa.70087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.70087","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Throughout its area of distribution, in particular in the Iberian Peninsula, the European pilchard (<i>Sardina pilchardus</i> Walbaum 1792) has been an extensively exploited species since Prehistoric times. Our knowledge of the past fisheries of this clupeid nevertheless remains limited due to a scarcity of ichthyoarchaeological data, which reflects, among other things, a lack of systematic fine sieving in archaeological excavations until recent times. Specifically, although predictive equations to infer fish size from archaeological remains provide valuable information about past fisheries, published data for the European pilchard are still comparatively rare. This study presents 33 new equations based on selected cranial elements to estimate total length that considerably expand the number thus far available for the European pilchard. Also, given that the number and size ranges of specimens used to build these models are greater than those from previous studies, our equations provide a higher degree of accuracy, offering more reliable tools for reconstructing the size from archaeological sardine bones. These equations, along with previously published ones, were tested on European pilchard collections from medieval and Modern Age Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain). Although some of the previously published equations provide acceptable overviews of size distributions, the new equations allow for a more precise reconstruction of captures, underscoring their potential to improve our understanding of the historical European pilchard fisheries. The differences in size classes between the two sites in Barcelona unravel some details about the fishing techniques, fishing grounds, and commercial tendencies over time.</p>","PeriodicalId":14179,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Osteoarchaeology","volume":"36 2","pages":"325-340"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/oa.70087","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147683784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}