International Journal of Osteoarchaeology最新文献

{"title":"The Effects of Urban Living on Child, Infant, and Maternal Health: A Comparative Study of Linear Enamel Hypoplasia Between Two Dutch Postmedieval Populations","authors":"Oriana Chiappa,&nbsp;Sarah A. Schrader","doi":"10.1002/oa.3393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.3393","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Substantial research has been done assessing health inequalities between rural and urban contexts in the low countries; however, fewer studies have considered the effect of urban living on non-adults. Because dental enamel does not remodel, recording the time of dental stress insults in both deciduous and permanent teeth allows for the analysis of episodes of stress, including those occurring during the fetal period. Thus, through the analysis of dental stress markers, we can provide information about child, infant, and maternal health inequalities between urban and rural contexts. To do this, we recorded the frequency and age at formation of linear enamel hypoplasia in both permanent and deciduous teeth of 177 individuals between 0 and 35 years of age from two Dutch postmedieval sites; 64 from the city of Arnhem (1650–1829 <span>ce</span>) and 113 from the rural cemetery of Middenbeemster (1623–1867 <span>ce</span>). Results from this research reveal that urban living during Dutch postmedieval times had a negative impact specifically on infants and their gestating mothers, as deciduous teeth from urban Arnhem presented a significantly higher frequency of LEH compared with their rural counterparts (<i>p</i> = 0.009). However, no significant difference was found on permanent teeth between sites (<i>p</i> = 0.868), showing that during the following years of life (3–6), urban life did not appear to have a greater negative impact compared with rural life.</p>","PeriodicalId":14179,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Osteoarchaeology","volume":"35 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/oa.3393","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143801342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease: Past and Present","authors":"Ryan Frederick,&nbsp;Paola Ponce","doi":"10.1002/oa.3388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.3388","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease (LCPD) is a rare idiopathic condition that primarily affects the femoral head. It is characterized by a sudden necrosis, which leads to permanent and irreversible changes of its normal anatomy. Likely due to its rarity and complex etiology, there is a lacuna of its study in archaeological literature. This paper attempts to address this issue by aiming to (1) gather all known examples of LCPD in the archaeological record worldwide; (2) based on etiological speculation, analyze how individuals may have developed LCPD in the past; (3) assess how LCPD may have affected these individuals; and (4) how they may have managed the effects. In this study, a wide range of resources pertaining to archaeology, osteology, paleopathology, and clinical studies were consulted. The information was extracted from a number of available case studies and osteological site reports despite data-access difficulties. In the archaeological record, there are 73 reported cases of LCPD affecting individuals, spanning from the Neolithic to the Postmedieval period, across the globe, with its highest peak in the Late Medieval period. Modern clinical literature has provided an empirical platform to investigate what may have caused LCPD in the past, though etiological conjecture continues to prevent any certainty in these extrapolations. The resulting prevalence of the cases of LCPD are also skewed by issues concerning skeletal preservation and inaccessible data, ultimately affecting its representation and the evaluation of the disease's laterality and sex preponderance. Nonetheless, physical debilitation caused by LCPD would have variably inhibited the individuals' mobility, causing pain, compromised quality of life, decline in mental state, and an inability to fully engage in ambulatory activities. However, coexisting osteological markers suggest methods of managing the disease's symptoms, such as resorting to an antalgic gait and/or using upper limb apparatus (crutch).</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":14179,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Osteoarchaeology","volume":"35 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143801340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preadult Living Conditions During Sociopolitical Transition in Quebrada Chupacigarro Cemetery (500–400 bc), Supe Valley, Peru: Childhood Morbidity and Sociopolitical Change in Prehistoric Central Andes","authors":"Luis Pezo-Lanfranco,&nbsp;Maria Inés Barreto,&nbsp;José Filippini,&nbsp;Karoline Silva,&nbsp;Aldemar Crispín,&nbsp;Marco Machacuay,&nbsp;Pedro Novoa,&nbsp;Ruth Shady","doi":"10.1002/oa.3386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.3386","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Through a detailed assessment of nonspecific stress markers in 67 individuals (47 under 8 years old), this paper investigates the health conditions of preadults in Quebrada Chupacigarro Cemetery (QCC), North-Central Coast of Peru, during the transition between the Middle and Late Formative periods (500–400 <span>bc</span>), a critical time of sociopolitical change in the Central Andes. Our objectives are to determine (i) the nature of preadult morbidity and mortality, (ii) periods of greater vulnerability in the population, and (iii) the etiological factors associated with health–disease processes in this context of population pressure. The results show a high prevalence of anemia-related stress markers in preadults with a strong selective mortality in &lt; 3.5-year-old individuals, and recurrent periods of adult morbidity. These findings indicate exposure to disease because of overcrowding, lack of sanitation and malnourishment, and support the idea of precarious living conditions in the Supe Valley around 500–400 <span>bc</span>.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":14179,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Osteoarchaeology","volume":"35 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143801377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diseases and Traumas of Pleistocene Megafauna: A Perspective From Poland","authors":"Kamilla Pawłowska,&nbsp;Aleksander Chrószcz,&nbsp;Dominik Poradowski,&nbsp;Dominika Kubiak-Nowak,&nbsp;Wojciech Borawski","doi":"10.1002/oa.3387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.3387","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Analysis of pathologies can shed light on the health, trauma, and disease states of animals in the past. This study aims to explore the health status of megafauna during the Pleistocene and Holocene in Poland and to elucidate the diseases afflicting them, in order to gain a broader picture of the physical condition of these animals. For this purpose, species that show pathological lesions were macroscopically studied, and CT images were used for reconstruction. These results are supplemented with previously published data. Our results show cases of traumatic lesions, inflammatory diseases, arthropathies, diseases associated with the environment, dental anomalies and oral pathology, congenital anomalies and inherited disorders, and others. Lesions were found on the skeletal elements of woolly rhinoceroses, woolly mammoths, aurochs, bovids, giant deer, elks, and bears. The diversity of pathological cases and taxa demonstrated here is the first contribution to empirical pathological research in Polish paleozoology dealing with Quaternary records. Besides this, the research presented in this paper contributes to building a bridge between paleozoology and zooarcheology in support of what we call the “one pathology” concept.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":14179,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Osteoarchaeology","volume":"35 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143801735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethics in Osteoarchaeology","authors":"Piers D. Mitchell","doi":"10.1002/oa.3392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.3392","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;While the term “ethic” has variable definitions by different authors, what they share in common is a sense that it provides a system of accepted beliefs that control behavior, based on morals (Peters &lt;span&gt;2013&lt;/span&gt;). Ethics in archaeology and anthropology is an area that has been discussed progressively more over time in recent years (González-Ruibal &lt;span&gt;2018&lt;/span&gt;; Turner, Wagner, and Cabana &lt;span&gt;2018&lt;/span&gt;). This piece explores thoughts on the need for and application of ethical guidelines in osteoarchaeology, how they can be helpful and constructive, but also how there might be differences in opinion among populations in different parts of the world. As for all areas of science, we need a robust set of ethics for how we should study and interpret excavated skeletal material to avoid fraudulent publications or misleading claims from unsound methodology or fabricated data (D'Angelo &lt;span&gt;2012&lt;/span&gt;; Waddington &lt;span&gt;2016&lt;/span&gt;). However, the elements of ethics that apply to human osteoarchaeology go far beyond those of some other branches of the sciences, when the focus of that osteoarchaeological research is the remains of our own species (Clegg &lt;span&gt;2020&lt;/span&gt;; Clough &lt;span&gt;2020&lt;/span&gt;; Squires, Errikson, and Márquez-Grant &lt;span&gt;2020&lt;/span&gt;). Regarding osteoarchaeology, ethical views associated with human remains are generally distinct from those held about the study of nonhuman animals. The perspective that the remains of our own species are different and more important to us than are the remains of those of other mammals is one that is found in many different populations (see for example AAPA &lt;span&gt;2003&lt;/span&gt;; BABAO &lt;span&gt;2019&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ethical norms regarding human remains will not be the same for all populations in different regions of the world. This will depend upon religious beliefs, cultural values, and traditional behaviors for each population (Márquez-Grant and Fibiger &lt;span&gt;2011&lt;/span&gt;; Scarre and Scarre &lt;span&gt;2006&lt;/span&gt;). For example, we might expect populations from countries subjected to colonialism in recent centuries to rightly push back to regain autonomy over their cultural heritage, so having differing views to their colonizers. Countries with a more homogenous integrated population might show less variation in views to those with many distinct minority groups speaking different languages and expressing their unique cultures. Ethical views about human remains may also vary depending upon whether the remains are skeletonized or mummified, or of children as opposed to adults (Squires, Davuidson, and Piombino-Mascali &lt;span&gt;2024&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Europe has a long history of the display of relics or even entire bodies of saints at religious shrines and processions, one which persists on saints days in countries such as Greece and Spain today (Freeman &lt;span&gt;2011&lt;/span&gt;). We also see the open display of human remains in churches in countries such as Italy, which can be visited by all (Zenou &lt;span&gt;2023&lt;/span&gt;). I","PeriodicalId":14179,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Osteoarchaeology","volume":"35 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/oa.3392","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143801728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing CT Scan Parameters for Dry Archaeological Bones: A Qualitative Study as a First Step Towards Standardizing CT Acquisition Protocols","authors":"Antoine Martin-Champetier,&nbsp;Philippe Petit,&nbsp;Alexia Dabadie,&nbsp;Marin Lasorak,&nbsp;Kathia Chaumoitre,&nbsp;Michel Panuel,&nbsp;Yann Ardagna","doi":"10.1002/oa.3390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.3390","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Even though the use of CT scan examinations is often required in paleopathology, the method for performing a CT scan on archaeological dry bones has received little attention. Eight different CT acquisition parameters and positions on the CT table were evaluated using five healthy tibiae (including three immature bones), four healthy vertebrae (including three immature bones), and four pathological mature bones, all in a good state of preservation. The images obtained were blindly evaluated in a psychophysical and subjective manner by four evaluators with varying levels of experience in radiology. The evaluators preferred a tube voltage of 100 kV or less, or expressed no preference, in 90.4% of cases (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). For tube current, no preference was noted in 57.7% of cases (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), but when a preference was given, a value between 100 and 200 mAs was chosen in 95.5% of cases. The thinnest slices and centered positioning within the gantry, both vertically and laterally, were favored in 100% of cases (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). There was no preference for the size of the field of view in 42.3% of cases. The positioning of the bone in the headrest was preferred in 71.2% of cases (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), particularly for immature bones. Preferences regarding the elevation of the bone using a cardboard box were not significant (<i>p</i> = 0.07). We therefore recommend using a tube voltage of 80 kV, a tube current between 100 and 200 mAs, the thinnest possible slice thickness, and a field of view minimized according to the CT scanner's capabilities. Bones should be positioned in the headrest, perfectly centered both vertically and laterally within the gantry. However, these conclusions are based on a limited number of bones and types of bones, all in a good state of preservation, highlighting the need for further research.</p>","PeriodicalId":14179,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Osteoarchaeology","volume":"35 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/oa.3390","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143801486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the Greater Sciatic Notch With 2-D Shape Analysis for Sex Estimation","authors":"Samuel R. Rennie,&nbsp;Heather M. Tamminen","doi":"10.1002/oa.3389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.3389","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A correct biological profile leads to a better understanding of the past and assists in the identification of human remains within bioarchaeology and forensic casework. Sex estimation forms a critical component of a biological profile. With the advancement of technologies such as geometric morphometrics (GMM), new methods and a deeper understanding of morphological features can be investigated digitally. However, how well do these methods compare to standard visual methods and how easy are they to employ? This research investigates the use of 2-D shape analysis and visual morphological methods for sex estimation using the greater sciatic notch (GSN). A total of 202 adult <i>os coxae</i> were photographed and analyzed from the Spitalfields Coffin Plate Collection housed at the Natural History Museum, UK. Each <i>os coxae</i> was analyzed digitally to extract a “line” for elliptical fourier analysis (EFA) and subsequent discriminant function analysis (DFA). <i>Os coxae</i> were also scored using two well established morphological methods for the GSN. This study found an overall accuracy of 82.81% when using the computational method (EFA and DFA). Lower accuracies were found for the visual methods with the Bruzek method correctly classifying 82.17% and the Walker method resulting in a much lower accuracy at 72.77%. The finding of this study showcases the benefits of using more computational methods such as shape analysis/GMM. However, it has a nearly identical overall error rate to the Bruzek method and higher accuracy than the Walker method and therefore is a suitable and accurate method for sex estimation. As these practices are evolving, practitioners will have to balance the cost/benefit (e.g., time, training, and accuracy) of using the different techniques while continuing to refine and combine approaches for optimal results in biological profiling.</p>","PeriodicalId":14179,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Osteoarchaeology","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/oa.3389","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143447068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differences in Dental Size Among the Indigenous Population of the Canary Islands","authors":"Rebeca García-González,&nbsp;Aarón Morquecho Izquier,&nbsp;Jonathan Santana","doi":"10.1002/oa.3385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.3385","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Nonmetric dental traits and odontometrics have demonstrated that pre-European populations of the Canarian archipelago are closely related to Northwest Africans, revealing varying degrees of interisland diversity. However, a comprehensive study of differences across various islands has not yet been conducted. This study aims to analyze the differences in dental size among the island populations of the Canary Islands during the indigenous period. The mesiodistal (MD) and buccolingual (BL) diameters, along with the geometric mean of the permanent teeth (I1-M2), were measured in 347 adult individuals from each of the Canary Islands, excluding Lanzarote. Statistical analyses were performed to identify interisland differences in tooth size and between island populations. Two distinct patterns emerged: the populations of Fuerteventura and Gran Canaria had the largest BL and MD diameters, respectively, whereas the populations of El Hierro and La Palma had the smallest values for most teeth. These differences are statistically significant, especially between Gran Canaria (largest teeth) and El Hierro (smallest BL and MD diameters). Our results indicate heterogeneity in dental size, suggesting genetic differences between the eastern and western islands and limited gene flow among islands after the initial settlement. Furthermore, subsistence practices seem to influence these differences. Overall, the findings provide insights into the interplay of genetic isolation, subsistence strategies, body size variations, and sexual dimorphism.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":14179,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Osteoarchaeology","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143446901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Study of the Skeletal Remains of the 16th Century Italian Commander Alessandro Farnese and His Wife, Maria D'Aviz","authors":"Laura Donato,&nbsp;Nicola Cucurachi,&nbsp;Douglas H. Ubelaker,&nbsp;Emanuele Armocida,&nbsp;Jessika Camatti,&nbsp;Michele Treglia,&nbsp;Luigi Tonino Marsella,&nbsp;Rossana Cecchi","doi":"10.1002/oa.3384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.3384","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Entheseal changes are indicators of persistent and long-term changes induced by occupational activity and refer to marks on the skeleton where a muscle, tendon, or ligament inserts into the periosteum. Their study makes it possible to deduce further information about the person to whom the human bone remains belong. The authors present here the analysis of these markers on the bone remains of two Italian historical figures who lived in the 16th century. In 2021, the exhumation of the remains of Alessandro Farnese and Maria D'Aviz was authorized for study purposes and the skeletal remains were examined. The data collected from the examination of the mortal remains of Alessandro Farnese are compatible with historical data about his biography. As a skilled leader and assiduous sportsman, he showed signs of entheseal changes in his bone tissue attributable to physical activities. On the other hand, the case of Maria D'Aviz differs significantly from that of Alessandro Farnese in that her bone segments show no signs of entheseal changes. The analysis carried out on the remains results to be very useful in verifying the comparison with the elements present in their biography. The possibility of confirming the connection between entheseal changes and lifestyle habits is fundamental to increasing credibility in the application of these elements in the process of identifying nameless bodies in the forensic context.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":14179,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Osteoarchaeology","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143446838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Rule Rather Than the Exception! Multi-Predator Actualistic Accumulations From Cau del Duc (Lleida, Spain) and Their Implications for the Interpretation of the Archaeopaleontological Record","authors":"Julián Mignino,&nbsp;Anna Rufà,&nbsp;Goizane Alonso,&nbsp;Maite Arilla,&nbsp;Ruth Blasco","doi":"10.1002/oa.3383","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.3383","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Numerous zooarchaeological cases have reported the presence of more than one type of predator as causal agents in the formation of the bone record in karstic contexts. However, modern analogs capable of supporting these interpretations from actualistic cases are practically nonexistent. In this paper, we present the analysis of a leporid assemblage accumulated in a cave where the action of different non-human predators converged. The exhaustive taphonomic analyses suggest that these remains were accumulated by more than one type of predator as the majority product of non-ingested remains. In comparison with other studies carried out at the same site, we could affirm that the genesis of this assemblage is due to the predatory action of nocturnal birds of prey and carnivorous mammals that carried their prey to this cave. We discuss these results and provide information to enrich archaeological and paleontological studies in contexts with combined taphonomic problems.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":14179,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Osteoarchaeology","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143446699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}