International journal of exercise science最新文献

{"title":"Effects of Resistance Training Techniques on Metabolic Responses in Trained Males.","authors":"Alysson Enes, Ragami C Alves, Vinicius Zen, Danilo Fonseca Leonel, Gustavo Oneda, Luis H B Ferreira, Luciano R Guiraldelli, Roberto Simao, Guillermo Escalante, Anderson Z Ulbrich, Tacito P Souzajunior","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated the effects of biset, drop-set and traditional resistance training (RT) techniques on metabolic responses in resistance-trained males. Fifteen trained males (age 29.7 ± 6.1 years; body mass 83.4 ± 7.6 kg; RT experience 11.4 ± 6.7 years; one-repetition maximum (1RM) barbell bench press: body mass ratio 1.4 ± 0.1 a.u.) were assigned to three experimental conditions, in a randomized crossover design. The experimental conditions were bi-set (3×10 repetitions at 70%1RM in barbell bench press followed by 10 repetitions at 60%1RM in incline bench press), drop-set (3×10 repetitions at 70%1RM followed by 10 repetitions at 50%1RM in barbell bench press) and traditional RT (3×20 at 60%1RM in barbell bench press). A portable gas analyzer was used to assess energy expenditure and maximal oxygen uptake during the experimental protocols. Blood lactate levels were assessed at baseline and 1, 3, and 5 minutes after the training session. There were no differences for total training volume (<i>p</i> = 0.999). Post hoc comparisons revealed that bi-set elicited higher aerobic energy expenditure (<i>p</i> = 0.003 vs. drop-set; <i>p</i> < 0.001 vs. traditional RT) and aerobic oxygen consumption (<i>p</i> = 0.034 vs. drop-set; <i>p</i> < 0.001 vs. traditional RT) than other RT schemes. There were no differences regarding anaerobic EE between-conditions (<i>p</i> > 0.05). There was a main effect of time and condition for blood lactate levels (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Post hoc comparisons revealed that drop-set training elicited higher blood lactate levels than traditional RT (<i>p</i> = 0.009). The results suggest that RT techniques may have a potential role in optimizing metabolic responses in resistance-trained males.</p>","PeriodicalId":14171,"journal":{"name":"International journal of exercise science","volume":"17 2","pages":"576-589"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11164431/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141300659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Immediate Effects of Dry Cupping the Lumbar Paraspinals on Range of Motion and Temperature.","authors":"Natasha T Scavarelli, Paolo Sanzo","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dry cupping is a therapeutic modality proposed to produce a negative pressure, stretching the skin and underlying tissue. This mechanism is said to promote regional blood flow of oxygenated blood and causing a physiological stretch in the tissue, allowing it to elongate and potentially changing skin temperature. The possible effects of the application to the lumbar spine paraspinal muscles, however, has not been thoroughly examined. The purpose of this pilot study was to explore the immediate effects of dry cupping the lumbar paraspinals on lumbar spine range of motion (ROM) and overlying skin temperature. 30 healthy individuals aged 18-30 years completed the study. The dry cupping was placed on the lumbar paraspinal muscles for 10-minutes. Two plastic cups were placed on the bilateral paraspinals muscles at L1 and L5. Lumbar spine flexion ROM and skin temperature were measured pre- and post-intervention. Descriptive statistics and paired sample <i>t</i>-tests were used to analyze the data (<i>p</i> < .05). There was a statistically significant increase in lumbar spine flexion ROM measured with the Sit and Reach Test, <i>t</i>(29) = 12.62 <i>p</i> = 0.001; <i>d</i> = 2.34, and inclinometry, <i>t</i>(29) = 11.10, <i>p</i> = 0.001; <i>d</i> = 3.86, with a large effect size. There was also a statistically significant decrease in the skin temperature of the lumbar spine paraspinals, <i>t</i>(29) = -2.23, <i>p =</i> 0.034; <i>d</i> = 0.75, with a medium effect size, post-intervention. Dry cupping may be an effective strategy to increase lumbar spine ROM and decrease stiffness, promote recovery, and reduce functional limitations. Future research may examine the difference in effectiveness of static compared to dynamic cupping in a symptomatic population.</p>","PeriodicalId":14171,"journal":{"name":"International journal of exercise science","volume":"17 3","pages":"551-564"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11042842/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140864639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of Lower Leg Compression Garments on Lower Extremity Sports Injuries, Subjective Fatigue and Biomechanical Variables: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis.","authors":"Thierry P C Franke, Hetty Hofstede, Anke G VAN DEN Broek, Bionka M A Huisstede","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objective of this study was to systematically review the literature on the effect of CGs versus non-CGs (such as regular socks) or versus placebo garments on 1) the incidence of lower extremity sports injuries and 2) subjective ratings of fatigue and biomechanical variables in athletes at participating in any sport that required any level of running performance, given that fatigue-related biomechanical alterations may increase the risk of sports injuries. This study was a systematic review with meta-analyses. PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane, PEDro, and Scopus were searched for eligible studies until 7 July 2021. Two reviewers independently assessed the risk of bias using the Cochrane Collaboration's tool for risk of bias. Meta-analyses were performed using a random-effects model. The Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach was used to assess the certainty of evidence for all outcome measures. Twenty-three studies, all with a high risk of bias, were included. Nineteen studies were used in the meta-analyses. No studies focused on the effect of CGs on the incidence of lower extremity sports injuries in athletes. Seventeen studies investigated the effect of CGs on subjective ratings of fatigue, but meta-analysis showed no difference in effectiveness between CGs versus non-CGs (such as regular socks) and versus placebo CGs (low certainty evidence). Because of heterogeneity, pooling of the results was not possible for the biomechanical variables. Nonetheless, low certainty evidence showed no effect of CGs. We identified no evidence for a beneficial or detrimental effect of lower leg CGs on the occurrence of lower extremity sports injuries, subjective ratings of fatigue, or biomechanical variables in athletes at any level of running performance. Based on the variable use of running tests, definitions used for biomechanical variables, and reporting of CG characteristics and more standardized reporting is recommended for future studies evaluating CGs.</p>","PeriodicalId":14171,"journal":{"name":"International journal of exercise science","volume":"17 6","pages":"445-467"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11042856/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140857329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of a Guided Mindful Walk on Mental Health in University Students.","authors":"Ashley A V Burdick, Sarah M Camhi","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>College campuses in the United States are experiencing high levels of mental distress without adequate psychological resources to address the need. In addition, the majority of university students do not meet the physical activity guidelines for mental and physical health. Effective and time efficient resources are needed to address poor mental health and low physical activity among university students on college campuses. Mindful walking may be a promising solution. The purpose was to 1) measure change in mental health and 2) estimate physical activity from participation in a guided mindful walk in a diverse student sample. Students participated in a mindful walking route which included seven stops (0.85 miles) during the Spring 2022 semester. Undergraduate students (<i>n</i> = 44) were mean ± SD age 20.9 ± 3.8 years and 68% female. Validated surveys were given pre- and post-participation measuring mental health constructs of state mindfulness (Toronto Mindfulness Scale; TMS), state anxiety (visual analogue scale), and state stress (Short Stress State Questionnaire; SSSQ). Physical activity was estimated via steps on a Yamax pedometer worn at the hip. After the guided mindful walk, total state mindfulness score significantly improved (mean ± SD) (pre: 27.5 ± 8.2, post: 32.8 ± 9.5; <i>p</i> < 0.001); state anxiety significantly decreased (pre: 3.7 ± 2.4, post: 2.4 ± 2; <i>p</i> < 0.0001) and total state stress score was reduced (pre: 66.1 ± 10.7, post: 63.4 ± 8.3; <i>p</i> = 0.03). Physical activity averaged 1,726 ± 159 steps. Completion of a guided mindful walk can reduce anxiety and stress, while increasing mindfulness among university students.</p>","PeriodicalId":14171,"journal":{"name":"International journal of exercise science","volume":"17 5","pages":"590-601"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11164429/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141300660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Physical Activity Measured by Self-Reported Physical Activity and Wearable Device Xiaomi MI2 Band in Preadolescent School Children - A Pilot Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Aysha Almas, Shiraz Hashmi, Adil Elahi, O M Parkash, Sania Sabir, Romaina Iqbal","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The purpose of this study is to compare physical activity measured by the wearable device Xiaomi Mi2 Band and self-reported physical activity by YPAQ in preadolescent school children. A pilot cross-sectional study was performed on a subsample (5%=n=60) of preadolescent children within a parallel-group feasibility intervention trial (n=1000). All children aged 9-11 years enrolled in the schools were included in the study and children with any physical disability were excluded. Self-reported physical activity was recorded through the modified version of the Youth Physical Activity Questionnaire (YPAQ) and automatic physical activity was measured by the Xiaomi Mi2 band over 7 days. Data from the Xiaomi Mi2 band was synchronized with its mobile application from where data was transferred to an excel sheet. Data on 7-day total physical activity in minutes and 7-day total step count were recorded by the Xiaomi Mi2 band. Student's t-tests were used to determine whether significant differences were present between self-reported physical activity and by Xiaomi Mi2 band. A Bland-Altman method was also used to assess the degree of agreement between the two methods of measuring physical activity. Mean ± SD age of the children was 9.6 (± 1.0) years and 31 (51.7 %) were boys. The mean ± SD time spent in physical activity reported by YPAQ was 457.5 (± 136) minutes and by the Xiaomi Mi2 band was 594.7 (± 183) minutes. The Bland-Altman plot identified a mean bias between the methods (YPAQ and Xiaomi Mi2 band) of -157.6 (95% CI: 296.3, -611.0) minutes of 7-day physical activity. Physical activity measured by a wearable device, the Xiaomi Mi2 band can give overestimated values of physical activity compared to self-reported physical activity in preadolescent school children. However, when PA is measured through step counts by the Xiaomi Mi2 band converted to minutes, it is comparable to PA measured by YPAQ.</p>","PeriodicalId":14171,"journal":{"name":"International journal of exercise science","volume":"17 7","pages":"565-575"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11164430/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141300661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Physical Activity Including Squat Exposure on Trunk Muscle Strength and Labour Outcome in Pregnant Women.","authors":"Rajal Savla, Rajani Mullerpatan, Bela Agarwal, Victoria Kuttan, Sushil Kumar","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Daily living physical activities of rural pregnant women, across most continents in the world, involve adoption of high-flexion postures like deep-squat. Deep-squat elicits substantial activation of major trunk and lower extremity muscles. Adequate strength of trunk muscles is known to facilitate forward-downward propulsion of baby during labour. Therefore, current study aimed to explore influence of overall physical activity including squat exposure on trunk and lower-extremity muscle strength and labour outcomes in rural and urban primigravida women. Twenty-eight primi-gravida women were stratified into 2 groups: rural habitual-squatters (n=14) and urban non-squatters (n=14). Daily squat exposure was measured using MGM-Ground-Level-Activity-Questionnaire; lower-lumbar spine motion with modified-Schober-test; lower-extremity muscle strength using 30-sec-chair-raise-test, trunk muscle endurance with pressure biofeedback, calf muscle endurance was measured using calf raise test. Duration of second stage of labour and type of delivery was recorded. Habitual Squatters (average squat exposure=68.9±25.3 min) demonstrated lower waist: hip ratio (p=0.02); greater overall physical activity level (p=0.001), lumbo-pelvic mobility (p=0.02), lower-extremity muscle strength (p=0.001); and shorter duration of 2nd stage of labour (p=0.001) compared to non-squatters. Excellent positive correlation was observed between daily-squat exposure and back muscle endurance (Spearman's rho=0.98, p=0.001). Normal vaginal delivery was conducted in 83% squatters and in 71% non-squatters. Present findings indicate strong influence of habitual physical activity including squat exposure on improved trunk-lower-extremity strength, lumbo-pelvic mobility and shorter duration of second stage of labor.</p>","PeriodicalId":14171,"journal":{"name":"International journal of exercise science","volume":"17 1","pages":"504-516"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11042859/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140868939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nutrient Intake, Performance, and Body Composition of Preseason Wrestlers.","authors":"Gregory-James A Coapstick, Allison M Barry, Crystal L Levesque, Marni E Shoemaker","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>College athletes, especially in weight class sports, often experience energy deficits. Athletes competing in weight class sports such as wrestling are at greatest risk for deficiencies and little is known about the relationships between body composition, nutrient intake, and performance in these athletes. The purposes of this study were to (1) quantify macronutrient and micronutrient intake of pre-season male collegiate wrestlers and compare to estimated needs, and (2) examine relationships among nutritional intakes, body composition, and performance measurements of strength and anaerobic capacity. Male Division I wrestlers (<i>n</i> = 11, age: 21.3 ± 1.7 years, wrestling experience: 14.9 ± 2.5 years) were recruited during pre-season. Nutrient intake was collected from a 3-day food diary. A 7-site skinfold assessment determined fat-free mass (FFM) to estimate total daily energy expenditure (eTEE). Isokinetic and isometric strength were evaluated by a Biodex dynamometer. Anaerobic capacity was tested on a stationary cycle ergometer. Eight of eleven wrestlers were energy deficient based on estimated needs. Mean intake of four micronutrients fell below the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA). Significant correlations were found between dietary intake, strength and anaerobic performance variables (<i>r</i> = 0.603 - 0.902, <i>p</i> = 0.0001 - 0.05). However, after accounting for FFM, these relationships were no longer significant. Nutrient intake in tandem with body composition affects performance for weight class athletes. Achieving high FFM during the preseason may be advantageous for wrestling performance. Nutrient intake and body composition should be monitored so coaches and health professionals can create individualized recommendations to help athletes optimize performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":14171,"journal":{"name":"International journal of exercise science","volume":"17 2","pages":"517-530"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11042858/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140848874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implementing Meta-Session Autoregulation Strategies for Exercise - A Scoping Review.","authors":"Adam H Ibrahim, Cory T Beaumont, Kelley Strohacker","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Meta-session autoregulation, a person-adaptive form of exercise prescription that adjusts training variables according to daily fluctuations in performance considering an individual's daily fitness, fatigue, and readiness-to-exercise is commonly used in sports-related training and may be beneficial for non-athlete populations to promote exercise adherence. To guide refinement of meta-session autoregulation, it is crucial to examine the existing literature and synthesize how these procedures have been practically implemented. Following PRIMSA guidelines a scoping review of two databases was conducted from August 2021 to September 2021 to identify and summarize the selected measures of readiness-to-exercise and decision-making processes used to match workload to participants in meta-session autoregulatory strategies, while also evaluating the methodological quality of existing study designs using a validated checklist. Eleven studies reported utilizing a form of meta-session autoregulation for exercise. Primary findings include: (i) readiness-to-exercise measures have been divided into either objective or subjective measures, (ii) measures of subjective readiness measures lacked evidence of validity, and (iii) fidelity to autoregulatory strategies was not reported. Results of the risk of bias assessment indicated that 45% of the studies had a poor-quality score. Existing implementations of meta-session autoregulation are not directly translatable for use in health promotion and disease prevention settings. Considerable refinement research is required to optimize this person-adaptive strategy prior to estimating effects related to exercise adherence and/or health and fitness outcomes. Based on the methodological deficits uncovered, researchers implementing autoregulation strategies would benefit reviewing existing models and frameworks created to guide behavioral intervention development.</p>","PeriodicalId":14171,"journal":{"name":"International journal of exercise science","volume":"17 5","pages":"382-404"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11042849/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140852633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials on the Effects of Photobiomodulation Therapy on Running Performance.","authors":"Ana Paula DO Nascimento, Adriano Valmozino DA Silva, Juliano Casonatto, Andreo Fernando Aguiar","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To conduct a meta-analysis to investigate the effects of Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy on running performance.</p><p><strong>Introduction: </strong>PBM has recently been advocated as a valuable non-pharmacological ergogenic strategy, however, the efficacy of PBM on running performance remains unproven.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A computerized literature search was conducted until June 2023. The databases searched were PubMed/Medline, Embase, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science. Inclusion/exclusion criteria were determined through the PICO process. The running variables analyzed were time-trial or time-to-exhaustion. Results were combined with the standardized mean differences (SMD) and the 95% confidence intervals.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twelve studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. No significant effects in favor of PBM were found (SMD = 0.13; <i>p</i> = 0.11). There was no effect considering the presence (SMD = 0.16; <i>p</i> = 0.38) and absence (SMD = 0.11; <i>p</i> = 0.25) of training, and there was no dose-response effect (<i>p</i> = 0.82).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings indicate that PBM alone or combined with a training program does not improve running performance in terms of time-trial and time-to-exhaustion testing. More studies involving PBM plus training and doses higher than 1000 J are needed to determine if PBM is effective in improving running performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":14171,"journal":{"name":"International journal of exercise science","volume":"17 4","pages":"327-342"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11042871/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140851306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maximal Running Speed and Critical Speed Are Positively Related to Phase Angle in Healthy Young Adults.","authors":"Trevor Short, Paulette M Yamada","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Phase Angle (PhA), derived from bioelectrical impedance analysis, is a measurement of cellular resistance to electrical current and a non-invasive tool to monitor neuromuscular performance. The relationship between PhA and components of athletic performance is not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to determine if maximal running speed, critical speed (CS), and/or D prime (D') derived from a 3-minute all-out-test (3MAOT) correlates to PhA, reactance (Xc), or resistance (R). Sixty-one (male n=35, female n=26) healthy young adults (23.4±3.9 years) completed bioelectrical impedance analysis (Inbody770) and a 3MAOT. The correlations between PhA, Xc, and R and 3MAOT results were evaluated using correlations. Simple and multiple linear-regressions were used to test if results from the 3MAOT (maximum running speed, CS, D') could predict PhA. Linear regression analysis indicated that maximum running speed and CS alone explained 32% and 9% of the variance in PhA, respectively (R²=0.32, p<0.05; R²=0.09, p<0.05). Multiple linear regression indicated that maximum running speed, CS, and D' explained 35% of the variance in PhA (R²=0.35; p<0.05). Only maximum running speed remained a significant predictor of PhA after controlling for age (β=0.45; p<0.05), but not after controlling for both age and sex (β=0.14; p>0.05). Since maximum running speed was a stronger predictor of PhA compared to CS (proxy for endurance performance), practitioners should use discernment when using PhA as a readiness tool to monitor endurance performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":14171,"journal":{"name":"International journal of exercise science","volume":"17 4","pages":"405-417"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11042853/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140866038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}