International journal of exercise science最新文献

{"title":"The Relationships Between Upper and Lower Extremity Muscle Strength, Rate of Force Development, and Fatigue in Adults.","authors":"Matthew Langford, Kyle J Hackney, Sarah Andrew, Joshua Batesole, Maren Berntson, Kennedy Black, Tyler Hoang, Lukus Klawitter, William J Kraemer, Ryan McGrath","doi":"10.70252/OWOW3940","DOIUrl":"10.70252/OWOW3940","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Electronic handgrip dynamometry allows for multiple muscle function aspects to be feasibly measured, yet their relationship with lower extremity muscle function is unknown. We sought to determine the relationships between upper and lower extremity mechanical isometric muscle strength, rate of force development (RFD), and endurance by limb dominance in resistance trained adults. The analytic sample included 30 adults aged 32.1 ± 13.5 years. An electronic handgrip dynamometer ascertained upper extremity strength capacity, RFD, and endurance. Lower extremity strength, RFD, and endurance were collected with the isometric feature on an isokinetic knee dynamometer. Limb dominance was self-reported. Pearson correlations were used for the analyses. Each muscle function attribute on the dominant limb of the upper and lower extremities were correlated: <i>r</i> = 0.76 (<i>p</i> < 0.01) for strength, <i>r</i> = 0.37 (<i>p</i> = 0.04) for RFD, and <i>r</i> = -0.48 (<i>p</i> < 0.01) for endurance. Although strength from the non-dominant limbs were correlated (<i>r</i> = 0.67; <i>p</i> < 0.01), no significant correlations were observed for RFD (<i>r</i> = 0.20; <i>p</i> = 0.29) and endurance (<i>r</i> = -0.21; <i>p</i> = 0.26). For adults aged 18-34 years, only upper and lower extremity strength was correlated on the dominant (<i>r</i> = 0.69; <i>p</i> < 0.01) and non-dominant limbs (<i>r</i> = 0.75; <i>p</i> < 0.01); however, strength (<i>r</i> = 0.88; <i>p</i> < 0.01) and endurance (<i>r</i> = -0.68; <i>p</i> = 0.01) were correlated in adults aged 35-70 years. Upper and lower extremity fatigability was likewise correlated in females (<i>r</i> = -0.56; <i>p</i> = 0.01). Our findings suggest that electronic handgrip dynamometry derived strength, RFD, and endurance could be a whole-body indicator of these muscle function attributes given their relationships with the lower extremities. These findings underscore the promise of handgrip dynamometry in routine muscle function assessments across different age groups.</p>","PeriodicalId":14171,"journal":{"name":"International journal of exercise science","volume":"17 4","pages":"1155-1166"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11385288/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142287151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Qualitative Description of Graduate Students' Perceived Decline in Physical Activity from Undergraduate School.","authors":"Kristin M Jett, Bryce T Daniels, Max Brigance, Jessica L Passarelli, Erin K Howie","doi":"10.70252/ORGX1052","DOIUrl":"10.70252/ORGX1052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Many university students, especially graduate students, are experiencing poor physical and psychological health. Thus, universities are initiating programs like Exercise is Medicine-On Campus (EIM-OC) to promote positive physical activity behavior to improve physical and mental health for primarily undergraduate university students. However, the influences on physical activity when transitioning from an undergraduate to a graduate student are unknown. To explore perceptions of if and how the physical activity levels of graduate students changed from their time as undergraduate students while considering environmental and lifestyle factors. METHODS: Using a qualitative, phenomenological research design, a convenience sample of current graduate students enrolled at a large, mid-South university completed a 20-minute interview. Questions included inquiring on current household, occupational, active transportation, leisure time, and overall physical activity during the graduate and past undergraduate programs. All interviews were transcribed, and major themes were derived using thematic analysis. Twenty-one (62% female; 52% master's students) participants completed interviews. Overall, participants perceived their physical activity decreased, including occupational, active transport, and leisure-time physical activity. Major themes discussed by participants included: increased academic and occupational responsibilities, changes in the physical and social environment, increased awareness of health and activity, and life transitions. The decline in physical activity once individuals enter their graduate program necessitates an intervention, like EIM-OC, during or after undergraduate studies to promote the initiation or continuation of regular physical activity to improve graduate students' overall health.</p>","PeriodicalId":14171,"journal":{"name":"International journal of exercise science","volume":"17 5","pages":"1038-1055"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11385291/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142287152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Olympic and Safety Squat Bar Barbells on Force, Velocity, and Rating of Perceived Exertion During Acute High-Intensity Back Squats in Recreationally Trained Men.","authors":"Noah Staheli, Jeffrey C Cowley, Marcus M Lawrence","doi":"10.70252/QTXB6775","DOIUrl":"10.70252/QTXB6775","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study examined using a traditional Olympic (OL) or safety squat bar (SSB) barbell on force, velocity, and perceived exertion during an acute session of high-intensity back squats in adults. Twelve recreationally trained men (23.0±2.6 years; 88.3±19.1 kg) randomly completed two sessions of 3 sets of 6 repetitions at the same absolute load using the OL barbell or SSB barbell. Force and velocity were measured on every repetition and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was assessed for each set. A two-way ANOVA (set x barbell) with repeated measures and Sidak post-hoc test (repetitions set-by-set) or paired t-test (repetitions independent of set) were used (p<0.05). Compared to a traditional OL barbell, using a SSB barbell resulted in no significant differences in peak force (2443.0±46.6 vs 2622.9±65.8 N, respectively; <i>d</i>=0.28) or average set RPE (7.8±0.8 vs 8.0±1.2, respectively; <i>d</i>=0.15) during an acute multi-set high-intensity back squat session. In contrast, compared to a traditional OL barbell, using a SSB barbell resulted in significantly (p<0.05) lower average velocity (0.42±0.04 vs 0.38±0.05 m/s, respectively; <i>d</i>=0.27) during the same parameters. When performing the back squat exercise recreationally resistance-trained adults exhibit similar peak force and perceived effort with OL or SSB barbells, but greater velocities can be achieved with the OL barbell. Practitioners working with adults to develop lower body strength and power with the back squat exercise across multiple sets can interchangeably use the OL or SSB barbells to similarly train force, but training velocity is trivially better with the OL barbell acutely.</p>","PeriodicalId":14171,"journal":{"name":"International journal of exercise science","volume":"17 7","pages":"1120-1133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11385282/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142287156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Muscle Damage and Immune-Endocrine Responses in 20-km Walking Race.","authors":"Bruno M Fidelis, Julio C Correa Molina, Martim G Weber, Eduardo C F Tonani, Matheus G Gois, Solange DE Paula Ramos","doi":"10.70252/PWWR3298","DOIUrl":"10.70252/PWWR3298","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objective of the study was to monitor exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD), inflammatory responses (IL-6, TNFα, and IL-10), and immune-endocrine balance (testosterone, cortisol, and salivary SIgA) in official 20 km walking race competitions. Eight 20 km professional walking racers (<i>n</i> = 6 women), 27 ± 9 years, underwent blood and saliva sampling, evaluation of delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS), and squat (SJ) and countermovement (CMJ) jump tests 2 h before (Pre), immediately after (Post), and 24 and 48 h after the competition. The rate of perceived exertion (RPE) was recorded 20 minutes after the race ended. The race evoked high competitive load (948.3 ± 268.0 a.u.), increased creatine kinase levels at 24 h (<i>p</i> < 0.05), and DOMS at 48 h (<i>p</i> < 0.05), but no significant changes in SJ and CMJ after the race. No significant changes in cytokines were detected. No changes in salivary SIgA secretion rate and inflammatory cytokines were detected (<i>p</i> > 0.05). The race induced increased testosterone (<i>p</i> < 0.05), and cortisol (<i>p</i> < 0.01) levels immediately after the race. Despite the high competitive load, 20-km walking racer athletes presented mild EIMD without impairment in immune-endocrine markers.</p>","PeriodicalId":14171,"journal":{"name":"International journal of exercise science","volume":"17 7","pages":"1167-1182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11385297/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142287158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond the Buzz: Do Energy Drinks Offer More Than Caffeine for Mental and Physical Tasks?","authors":"Flavia Pereira, Cassandra Evans, Jose Rojas, Jason Curtis, Alyana Andal, Hena Thakkar, Robert Rocanelli, Cesar Castillo Rodriguez, Juan Carlos Santana, Lia Jiannine, Jose Antonio","doi":"10.70252/UIEC6951","DOIUrl":"10.70252/UIEC6951","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Energy drinks are marketed for enhancing mental and physical performance, often containing ingredients beyond caffeine. This study investigated whether an energy drink (ED), Gorilla Mind, exerted greater effects on sustained attention, mood, handgrip strength, and push-up performance than a caffeine-matched control drink (CAF) in exercise-trained individuals (n = 21, age: 22 ± 5.9 years). In a randomized, counterbalanced, crossover design, participants first completed tests assessing mood (Profile of Mood States; POMS), sustained attention (Psychomotor Vigilance Test; PVT), handgrip strength (HG), and 1-minute maximum push-up performance (PU). They then consumed either an ED or CAF drink (200mg caffeine) in a randomized order. After 45 minutes, the tests were repeated. Following a 1-week washout period, participants returned to consume the other drink and completed the same protocol. While the ED group improved reaction time (PVT), the Delta score between ED and CAF was not statistically significant (p = 0.3391). No significant differences were found between ED and CAF groups for other measures (POMS: p = 0.152, HG: p = 0.499, PU: p = 0.209). These findings suggest that the additional ingredients in the ED may not offer substantial benefits beyond caffeine for these measures in active individuals. It is important to note that the caffeine dose was, on average, less than 3.0 mg/kg body mass, which may have influenced the outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":14171,"journal":{"name":"International journal of exercise science","volume":"17 1","pages":"1208-1218"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11385283/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142287136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Prevalence of Stress Fractures and the Associated LEAF-Q Responses, Self-Reported Exercise Volume and Dietary Behaviors in Female Recreational Runners.","authors":"Malorie Wilwand, Kelly Pritchett, Marissa Miles, Robert Pritchett, Abigail Larson","doi":"10.70252/CQDN3473","DOIUrl":"10.70252/CQDN3473","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Previous research suggests a high prevalence of low energy availability (LEA) and stress fractures (SF) among competitive female endurance athletes. However, much less is known about these issues among recreational female runners. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and number of self-reported SF and risk of LEA among noncompetitive, recreationally active female runners, aged 18 - 25 years. Additionally, it compared characteristics between females with a history of multiple SF vs. one or no SF, and between those 'at risk' vs. 'not at risk' of LEA. Female recreational runners (n=485) completed an online survey that included the Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q) and the Disordered Eating Screening Assessment (DESA-6). Thirty-three percent of participants reported ≥ 2 SF. Eighty-two percent of the ≥ 2 SF group were classified as 'at risk' of LEA (LEAF-Q score ≥ 8). In addition, ≥ 2 SF was associated with higher total LEAF-Q score, self-reported intentional food restriction for weight loss, and self-reported current eating disorder while weekly exercise duration was inversely associated with ≥ 2 SF. In conclusion, one-third of participants had multiple SF with a majority (82%) of this group classified as 'at risk' of LEA. Screening tools such as the LEAF-Q and DESA-6 are useful tools to identify characteristics associated with multiple SF in this demographic, especially questions regarding food restriction and the presence of a current or previous eating disorder.</p>","PeriodicalId":14171,"journal":{"name":"International journal of exercise science","volume":"17 2","pages":"1092-1104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11385279/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142287145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Friend Social Network Size Moderates the Association Between Age and Physical Activity Across Adulthood.","authors":"Ashley Kuzmik, Yin Liu, Yendelela Cuffee, Lan Kong, Christopher N Sciamanna, Liza S Rovniak","doi":"10.70252/UIET7593","DOIUrl":"10.70252/UIET7593","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Both physical activity and social network size decline as people age. However, limited research has examined if social network size and contact frequency differentially influence physical activity across the adult lifespan. This study aimed to assess if these social network characteristics moderated the relationship between age and physical activity level across adulthood. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine the main-effect association between age, past-week physical activity, and past-year physical activity, as well as the moderating effect of social network characteristics (i.e., friend network size, friend contact frequency, relative network size, and relative contact frequency) on age-physical activity associations. The results revealed that friend network size had moderated associations between age and past-week physical activity (β = -7.03; <i>p</i> = .025, f² = 0.13) and past-year physical activity (β = -585.52; <i>p</i> = .017, f² = 0.15). Specifically, adults who were older and had smaller friend networks performed more minutes of moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) over the past week and past year; on the other hand, adults who were younger and had larger friend networks performed more minutes of MVPA over the past week and past year. Relative network size, friend contact frequency, and relative contact frequency did not moderate the relationship between age and past-week physical activity and past-year physical activity. These findings suggested that building friend networks throughout adulthood may help promote active living across the adult lifespan.</p>","PeriodicalId":14171,"journal":{"name":"International journal of exercise science","volume":"17 5","pages":"1068-1082"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11385292/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142287153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reliability of the Instrumented Modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction on Balance Using a Virtual Balance Device.","authors":"Sonia N Young, Elizabeth S Norris, Thomas B Shifflett, Daniel B Nisbet, Brady E Saunders, Caleb Z Driver","doi":"10.70252/AMXQ4966","DOIUrl":"10.70252/AMXQ4966","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The purpose of this study was to evaluate the test-retest reliability of the instrumented version of the modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction on Balance (i-mCTSIB) using the VirtuSense VirtuBalance System™ (VSTBalance), a virtual balance device, in healthy young adults. Fifty-four subjects aged 20-27 years (Mean age 23.07, SD ± 1.6), participated in the study. A one-group design was utilized. Three trials of the i-mCTSIB were performed on two separate days to measure the mean sway velocity of the trunk under four conditions. Within-day reliability of trials 1-3 was estimated with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC_3,1) and between-day reliability was estimated using the averages of trials 1-3 on day 1 and day 2 (ICC_3,3). Within-day reliability was moderate on day 1 (ICC = 0.511-0.672) and day 2 (ICC = 0.539 -0.677). Between-day reliability was moderate to good (ICC = 0.705-0.810). The lower bounds of the confidence intervals of within-day reliability estimates were 0.341-0.548, while the lower bounds of the confidence interval for the between-day reliability estimates were 0.390-0.671. Reliability of the VSTBalance for balance assessment using the i-mCTSIB test is moderate to good. Between-day reliability was higher than within-day reliability. When using the VSTBalance to assess balance with the i-mCTSIB, clinicians should provide practice of each condition contained in the test to improve reliability. The higher between-day reliability as compared to within-day reliability suggests that clinicians should use the averages of three trials when assessing balance performance change across time for each condition of the i-mCTSIB test when assessing balance using the VSTBalance.</p>","PeriodicalId":14171,"journal":{"name":"International journal of exercise science","volume":"17 1","pages":"1183-1192"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11385286/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142287141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do Surrogate Markers of Cardiorespiratory Fitness Predict Individual Changes in VO_2peak? A Randomized Controlled Trial.","authors":"John R M Renwick, Nicholas Preobrazenski, Michael D Giudice, Brendon J Gurd","doi":"10.70252/PVYG1833","DOIUrl":"10.70252/PVYG1833","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The purpose of the current study was to test the hypothesis that individual response classification for surrogate markers of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) will agree with response classification for VO_2peak. Surrogate markers of CRF were time to fatigue on treadmill test (TTF), time trial performance (3kTT), resting heart rate (RHR), submaximal heart rate (SubmaxHR), and submaximal ratings of perceived exertion (SubmaxRPE). Twenty-five participants were randomized into a high-intensity interval training (HIIT: <i>n</i> = 14) group or non-exercise control group (CTL: <i>n</i> = 11). Training consisted of four weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) - 4x4 minute intervals at 90-95% HR_max 3 times per week. We observed poor agreement between response classification for VO_2peak and surrogate markers (agreement < 60% for all outcomes). Although surrogate markers and VO_2peak correlated at the pre- and post-intervention time points, change scores for VO_2peak were not correlated with changes in surrogate markers of CRF. Interestingly, a significant relationship (<i>r</i> ² = 0.36, <i>p</i> = 0.02) was observed when comparing improvements in estimated training performance (VO₂) and change in VO_2peak. Contrary to our hypothesis, we observed poor classification agreement and non-significant correlations for changes scores of VO_2peak and surrogate markers of CRF. Our results suggest that individuals concerned with their VO_2peak response seek direct measurements of VO₂.</p>","PeriodicalId":14171,"journal":{"name":"International journal of exercise science","volume":"17 4","pages":"1134-1154"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11385293/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142287147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Remote Versus In-Person Training on Metabolic Profiles and Body Composition of Physically Inactive Adults: Randomized Clinical Trial.","authors":"Jhonatan C Peña, William F Martin, Luis A Cardozo, John Fredy Rodriguez, Cristian Peña, Luisa F Cardenas, Luis A Tellez","doi":"10.70252/CHLS5341","DOIUrl":"10.70252/CHLS5341","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The COVID-19 pandemic has pushed the population to adopt increasingly sedentary lifestyles. Faced with this problem, remote training appears as a practical and inexpensive strategy to promote physically active lifestyles. The aim of this research was to compare the effects of remote versus in-person training on metabolic profiles and body composition of physically inactive adults. This research was conducted through a randomized, single-blind clinical trial with balanced block randomization. The sample consisted of 30 physically inactive subjects of both sexes between 18 and 30 years of age. The sample was selected using a voluntary public call. The 30 subjects were randomized into three groups of 10 people each. One group trained for 36 sessions remotely, and the other did so in person. The control group did not have a training plan. The variables evaluated pre- and post-intervention were body composition by bioimpedance, grip strength through dynamometry, primary outcome, and metabolic profile assessed from a capillary sample using the CARDIOCHEK equipment. In the remote training group, significant gains were evident in the variables of weight (<i>p</i> = 0.042, <i>d</i> = 1.119), muscle percentage (<i>p</i> = 0.032, <i>d</i> = 0.499), and fat percentage (<i>p</i> = 0.001, <i>d</i> = 1.132), visceral fat (<i>p</i> = 0.032, <i>d</i> = 0.424), total cholesterol (<i>p</i> = 0.001, <i>d</i> = 1.213), HDL (<i>p</i> = 0.001, <i>d</i> = 0.534), LDL (<i>p</i> = 0.001, <i>d</i> = 0.973), triglycerides (<i>p</i> = 0.001, <i>d</i> = 0.583), and grip strength (<i>p</i> = 0.001, <i>d</i> = 1.201). When comparing the effects between the remote and in-person training groups, it is evident that the improvements were similar in all variables, except for glucose, in which the in-person group had a greater value reduction.</p>","PeriodicalId":14171,"journal":{"name":"International journal of exercise science","volume":"17 4","pages":"1016-1025"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11382774/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142287148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}