International Journal of Environmental Research最新文献

{"title":"Hydration and Pb Stabilization Mechanisms of Fly Ash–Slag-Based Mine Backfilling Binders","authors":"Chutong Zhao, Xiaona Wang, Yi Rao, Chunjiang Yu, Zhongli Luo, Jia Li, Amirhomayoun Saffarzadeh, Chuanfu Wu, Wen Ni, Qunhui Wang","doi":"10.1007/s41742-024-00642-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-024-00642-1","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>To completely replace Portland cement for mine backfilling, MSWI fly ash (FA) and solid metallurgical wastes (ground granulated blast furnace slag, steel slag and flue gas desulphurisation gypsum) were used to prepare fly ash-slag-based binder (FBB). The effect of FA content on the hydration and Pb stabilization mechanisms of the FBB was investigated. When a small amount (15%) of FA was added to FBB, hydration product formation and compressive strength were inhibited during early curing (7 d). However, the additional Ca²⁺, SO₄²⁻ and OH⁻ carried by FA could partially promote the formation of ettringite, so that the compressive strength of 28 d was comparable to that of the treatment without FA addition (32.5 MPa). When a high amount of FA (30%) was added, the hydration process was strongly inhibited throughout the entire curing period, and the leaching concentration of Zn (1052 μg/L) exceeded the limits of the GB/T 30760–2014 standard (1000 μg/L). Pb²⁺ was also found to replace Ca²⁺ in ettringite to form insoluble Pb-ettringite and Pb₂(SO₄)O precipitates, resulting in remarkable Pb stabilisation in system. Therefore, if the amount of FA incorporated is appropriate, the use of FA as an additional cementitious material for mine backfilling is an ideal method for recycling FA.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical Abstract</h3>","PeriodicalId":14121,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Research","volume":"145 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141866546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pollution Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Dujiangyan Irrigation District, China","authors":"Yang Qiao, Hongling Yin, Shuyu Lin, Xiaoke Guo, Hui Zhang, Geng Ge, Yuxiang Lu","doi":"10.1007/s41742-024-00644-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-024-00644-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Dujiangyan Irrigation District is the largest irrigation district in China. To understand heavy metal pollution and its potential hazards, the contents and distribution of typical heavy metals in rivers, soils and plant samples from 19 sites were studied and their ecological risks and health risks were evaluated. The results showed that the concentrations of nine heavy metals in the river water did not exceed the safe values (GB 3838-2002). They showed a trend of the highest in the middle reaches followed by the upstream and downstream areas, and the concentration in the dry season (winter) was higher than that in the wet season (summer). The average values of heavy metals in the soil were 0.3–3.08 times the background values in Chengdu. The highest average enrichment factor was Cd (7.52). The Nemerow pollution index indicated that the quality of the river water was at a clean level. However, the heavy metals in the soil at sites B1 and B3 were at a heavy pollution level. The potential ecological hazard index also showed that Cd in the soils of the study area at sites B1 and B3 was very highly hazardous and 26% of the sample area was at a highly hazardous level. The cumulative carcinogenic health risks due to total heavy metals exceeded the safety limits for both children and adults. Furthermore, the risks were higher in children than in adults. This study provides theoretical support for dealing with heavy metal pollution in the irrigation district.</p>","PeriodicalId":14121,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Research","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141866710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal Distribution, Characterization, Indexing and Risk Assessment of Micro- and Nanoplastics in Coastal Sediments: a Case Study from Istanbul","authors":"Ceyhun Akarsu, Vildan Zülal Sönmez, Nüket Sivri","doi":"10.1007/s41742-024-00649-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-024-00649-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NaPs) in coastal regions, particularly in sediments, have gained increasing attention. However, in Türkiye, research on sediment pollution by MPs and NaPs is still limited. To fill this knowledge gap, the distribution, composition, and ecological impact of MPs and NaPs were investigated for the first time in the literature over a one-year period at three sampling stations on the south coast of Istanbul. The average total particle concentration was 1364.17 ± 600.51 particles.kg⁻¹ dw sediment. Most of the MPs detected in the sediments were in the form of fibers with a size of 100–250 µm and were black and transparent. The study found that NaPs accounted for only 17%, 13.8% and 11.8% of the particles collected at stations S₁, S₂ and S₃, respectively. According to the FTIR results, polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate were the most abundant compared to polypropylene, polyamide and other polymers. The hazard index was classified as level V with a value of 17,261. This classification emphasizes the urgent need for further comprehensive studies on the risk assessment of MPs and NaPs. Scanning electron microscopy results showed microorganisms on the particle surface, indicating the MP-associated passing-through mechanism. Moreover, energy dispersive spectroscopy detected several unexpected elements such as Nb, Sr, Mo, Bi, Ta and Rn on MP and NaP surfaces. The results indicate that MP and NaP pollution in Istanbul’s coastal sediments may pose a major risk to the environment through the leaching of inherent/adsorbed elements and therefore requires future investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":14121,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Research","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141866711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing Environmental Sustainability: A Study on Energy and Resource Efficiency through Technological Innovation in China","authors":"Gang Du, Dingwen Si, Maaz Ahmad, Xiao Gu","doi":"10.1007/s41742-024-00645-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-024-00645-y","url":null,"abstract":"<span>AbstractSection</span> Abstract <p>Energy efficiency leads to the sustainable utilization of energy resources by adopting efficient technology, which is a decisive factor for environmental sustainability. This study proposed both renewable and non-renewable energy types to measure energy efficiency and environmental sustainability in China. Furthermore, this study adds technology as an auxiliary factor for energy efficiency and sustainability to resource efficiency. Therefore, the study espouses the N-ARDL technique for asymmetric short and long run positive–negative shocks from 1985 to 2020. The asymmetric outcomes indicate that the positive and negative effects of economic growth and positive technological innovation shocks assist in mitigating carbon secretions, whereas technological innovation is not environmentally efficient during negative shocks. Simultaneously, energy efficiency is measured using both renewable and non-renewable energy factors. The positive shock in coal consumption is alarming for environmental efficiency, whereas its negative shock efficiently mitigates carbon secretions and assists environmental sustainability. However, both positive and negative shocks related to renewable energy are environmentally friendly and support environmental efficiency in China. Therefore, renewable energy is considered an energy-efficient source during asymmetric shocks, whereas non-renewable energy is only efficient during negative shocks, suggesting the sustainable utilization of coal resources. Furthermore, resource rents are inefficient during positive shocks and cause environmental deprivation, whereas they are environmentally efficient during negative shocks. These findings suggest that the Chinese government should take steps to improve environmental monitoring and enhance transparency. Further, Fintech projects under green growth and energy initiatives need further improvements to gain energy as well as resource and environmental efficiency.</p>\u0000<span>AbstractSection</span> Highlights <ul>\u0000<li>\u0000<p>Resource rents during negative shock is considered as resource-efficient and environmentally efficient.</p>\u0000</li>\u0000<li>\u0000<p>Energy efficiency is measured by both renewable and non-renewable energy factors.</p>\u0000</li>\u0000<li>\u0000<p>The positive shock in coal consumption is alarming for environmental efficiency, while its negative shock is efficiently mitigating carbon secretions.</p>\u0000</li>\u0000<li>\u0000<p>Renewable energy’s is considered an energy-efficient source and both positive and negative shocks are environmental-led and support environmental efficiency in China.</p>\u0000</li>\u0000<li>\u0000<p>Findings illustrate that positive-negative effect of economic growth and positive technological innovation shock assist in mitigating carbon secretions.</p>\u0000</li>\u0000</ul>\u0000<span>AbstractSection</span> Graphical Abstract ","PeriodicalId":14121,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Research","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141777405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Municipal Solid Waste Management and Health Risks: Application of Solid Waste Safety Plan in Novi Sad, Serbia","authors":"Giovanni Vinti, Bojan Batinić, Valerie Bauza, Thomas Clasen, Terry Tudor, Christian Zurbrügg, Mentore Vaccari","doi":"10.1007/s41742-024-00643-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-024-00643-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Inadequate solid waste management (SWM) can cause environmental contamination and health risks. Minimizing the health risks from SWM practices requires the identification of linkages between potential sources of exposure, environmental transport pathways, and adverse health outcomes. A safety planning approach can represent an innovative tool for reducing such risks. In previous research, we introduced the solid waste safety plan (SWSP) concept, only focusing on the health risk ranking assessment matrix. Here, we demonstrate the application of the SWSP framework in a case study of the municipal landfill of Novi Sad, Serbia. We identify potential hazards and assessed the likelihood and severity for them, using a combination of quantitative and semi-quantitative approaches to estimate risk levels for each identified hazard. Hazards deemed high and very high risks for the community and workers include groundwater contamination from leachate, airborne contaminants from combustion and non-combustion processes, and worker injuries associated with waste combustion. Control measures for each are identified, together with a corresponding cost analysis. Adding a final top cover to the landfill and introducing a collection, transport, and treatment system for the biogas would address hazards presenting high health risks but are also among the highest costs. While we demonstrate the approach and utility of an SWSP in a research context, future work is needed to assess the use of the SWSP by local communities or SWM utilities.</p>","PeriodicalId":14121,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Research","volume":"113 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141777404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developing an Ensemble Machine Learning Approach for Enhancing Flood Damage Assessment","authors":"Mohammad Roohi, Hamid Reza Ghafouri, Seyed Mohammad Ashrafi","doi":"10.1007/s41742-024-00647-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-024-00647-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Climate change has caused fundamental changes in the pattern of rainfall worldwide. Climate change can alter precipitation patterns, consequently intensifying the frequency and severity of flash floods in specific regions, including Iran. It is important for communities to be prepared for these events and to take steps to mitigate their impact. Full control or damage management of the resulted floods through structural measures is not always feasible due to economic, technological, environmental and social limitations. Therefore, often non-structural measures play an important role in reducing probable damages and casualties. The significance of advanced systems for both short- and long-term flood forecasting cannot be overstated. In this article, short-term flood prediction model is discussed using Ensemble Prediction Systems (EPSs) Machine Learning algorithms (ML) and HEC-HMS hydrological model. Also, in order to achieve high accuracy in the assessment of flood-damaged areas, remote sensing techniques have been used. The results show that the use of EPS improves the speed and accuracy of the daily prediction model (<i>R</i>^<i>2</i> = 0.8). Also, with the use of Sentinel-1 radar satellite images and the simultaneous use of supervised learning algorithms, a suitable estimate of the evaded area has been made for seven selected floods in the Kan basin, which is a mountainous region in the north of Tehran, in 2015–2022 period.</p>","PeriodicalId":14121,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Research","volume":"168 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141777407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interactions Between Biochar and Nano(Micro)Plastics in the Remediation of Aqueous Media","authors":"Stuart Cairns, Diana Meza-Rojas, Peter J. Holliman, Iain Robertson","doi":"10.1007/s41742-024-00635-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-024-00635-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Plastic is a material that has become ubiquitous since entering the marketplace in the 1930s and 1940s; as a result, the presence of nano and microplastics (NMPs) are pervasive in natural environments affecting air, soil and water ecosystems. These NMPs are varied in size (categorised as either microplastics at 5 mm–1 µm or nanoplastics at &lt; 1 µm), shape and chemical composition. They represent a potential threat to aquatic life and human health through ingestion and inhalation. The toxicity of NMPs is attributed to chemical additives introduced during production and the absorbance of inorganic and organic chemical contaminants in environmental settings. This review is designed to discuss the use of biochar as a natural adsorbent for the remediation of water contaminated with NMPs. Biochar is a sustainable, affordable material which can remediate water and contribute to ecosystem restoration. Whilst it is well established as a material to sorb organic and inorganic contaminants, its use to remove NMPs is in its infancy and as such this review sets out to outline the mechanisms and modifications of biochar to remove NMPs from aqueous environments. Although removal mechanisms in laboratory settings are becoming clearer this review highlights that remediative studies need to be undertaken in conjunction with the systematic investigation of the effect of key environmental parameters on remediation and the use of environmentally aged NMPs. The future direction of this discipline also needs to incorporate field trials alongside laboratory work to develop a stronger understanding of the viability of biochar to remove NMPs from waterways.</p>","PeriodicalId":14121,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Research","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141777498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-Species Probiotics Ameliorate Salinity-Induced Growth Retardation In Striped Catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus","authors":"Md Meftahul Zannat, Md Fazle Rohani, Re-One Zannat Jeba, Md Shahjahan","doi":"10.1007/s41742-024-00636-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-024-00636-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Salinity is regarded as one of the most crucial environmental parameters and salinity mediated stress adversely affect the aquaculture production. Probiotics might alleviate the salinity stress in fish. Here, we investigated the role of probiotics on growth (weight gain, specific growth rate), survivability, feed utility (feed conversion ratio), hemoglobin, glucose, structure of erythrocytes (cellular and nuclear abnormalities), and gut morphology of striped catfish (<i>Pangasianodon hypophthalmus</i>) reared in different salinities. The fingerlings (8.10 ± 0.20 g) were evenly distributed four different salinities (0, 4, 8 and 12 ppt) in three replicates with and without probiotics supplementation for 56 days. Multi-species probiotics containing <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> (5 × 10⁹ cfu/ml), <i>B. thuringiencis</i> (4 × 10⁹ cfu/ml), <i>Lactobacillus plantarum</i> (5.8 × 10⁹ cfu/ml), and <i>L. buchneri</i> (6.5 × 10⁹ cfu/ml) were used as 1.0 mL/L at the alternate day. The results of this study indicated that survivability, growth and feed utility were negatively affected with the increased salinity, however multi-species probiotics significantly ameliorated the negative effects of salinity. Moreover, multi-species probiotics significantly improved hemoglobin (g/dL) and glucose (mg/dL) level at different salinity in comparison with the non-probiotics treated groups. Frequencies of cellular and nuclear abnormalities of erythrocytes were increased significantly with the increase of salinity in non-probiotics groups, while those significantly declined in multi-species probiotics treated groups. Increased salinity level suppressed the immune response indices, while probiotics supplementation significantly improved the gut immune response irrespective of salinity level. Taken altogether, the current study revealed that application of multi-species probiotics can be an effective tool to reduce salinity stressors and improve growth and health status by upgrading hemato-biochemical profile and intestinal morphology of <i>P. hypophthalmus</i> at higher salinity.</p>","PeriodicalId":14121,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Research","volume":"296 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141777500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation on Heterostructured SeO2–TiO2 Nanofluoroprobe for Highly Selective and Sensitive Detection of a Neonicotinoid Insecticide, Imidacloprid in Soil and Water Matrixes","authors":"Jitesh Kumar, Aarti Sharma, Priti Bansal, Dhiraj Sud, Ritu Rai, Anna Hnydiuk-Stefan","doi":"10.1007/s41742-024-00637-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-024-00637-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Heterostructured SeO₂–TiO₂ nanoparticles were used as a highly sensitive and selective fluoroprobe for the detection and determination of neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid. The sonication-assisted co-precipitation technique was used to create nanoparticles, which were then characterized using UV–Vis, SEM–EDS, HRTEM, XRD, and TGA. These analyses revealed that the nanoparticles had globular morphology, a crystallite size of 14 nm, a bandgap of 2.45 eV, and stability at high temperatures. Fluorescence emission at 548 nm wavelength exhibits high sensitivity and selectivity for imidacloprid over other pesticides with complete fluorescent quenching at 2 × 10^–4 M concentration of imidacloprid. Stern–Volmer equation and thermodynamic parameters applied to the experimental data over a temperature range of 20–50 °C provide the K_sv value in the range of 1.56 × 10⁵ to 2.69 × 10⁵ M⁻¹ and indicate strong interactions, dynamic, spontaneous, and endothermic quenching process. Furthermore, the excellent salient features and notably the unaffected performance even in the presence of various anions, fertilizer, and binary mixture of pesticides often sprayed on plants, will pave the way for the development of rapid, affordable, selective fluoroprobe for onsite monitoring of imidacloprid. The reliability for determination is also examined for spiked soil samples to develop a hybrid SeO₂–TiO₂ nanoparticles fluoroprobe as a simple alternative to existing techniques for the detection of imidacloprid.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000","PeriodicalId":14121,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Research","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141777499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating Litter Production Amount and Quality for Eldar Pine and Umbraculifera Elm Trees in the Historic City of Yazd","authors":"Bahman Kiani, Samira Nasiri, Hamidreza Azimzadeh, Afagh Tabandeh, Mohammad Esmaeilpour","doi":"10.1007/s41742-024-00641-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-024-00641-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study aimed to estimate the amount and quality of litter produced by pine and elm trees in the green space of the historic city of Yazd. Litterbags were used to collect the leaves for a year while the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, sulfur, carbon, magnesium, and potassium levels was measured monthly for both species. The annual mean weight of all components of litter was found to be 4056.56 g for pine and 4106.67 g for elm trees. The results showed that the greatest fall of pine needles was recorded in September, while the highest fall of elm leaves was measured in November. The specific leaf area of elm and pine was calculated to be 169.38 and 29.96 cm²/g, respectively. The leaf area index for pine and elm was 0.91 and 7.99, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between pine and elm trees in the leaf amount and total litter. However, the crown area of pine and elm trees had a direct effect on the amount of total litter produced (R² = 0.72 and 0.60 respectively). There was a significant difference between the two species in organic matter percentage, while there was no significant difference in the carbon, calcium, and magnesium content. The specific leaf area of elm was higher than pine, making it better in this index. According to the amount of annual litter production of two species calculated in this research, it can be said that in the city of Yazd, pine and elm trees produce at least 158.9 and 804.5 tons of litter per year respectively. Since the minimum cost of litter collection per hectare of tree plantations in the city is $150, collecting pine and elm litter will cost the municipality $14,700 and $73,500, respectively. Our study showed that contrary to popular belief, pine needles play an important role in total leaf litter produced in arid regions like Yazd. Also, the process of collecting dead leaves continues throughout the year, especially in summer in arid areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":14121,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Research","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141777501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}