International Journal of Hydrology最新文献_第9页

Agricultural reuse: comparison between Brazilian and international quality standards 农业再利用:巴西与国际质量标准的比较

International Journal of Hydrology Pub Date : 2021-02-08 DOI: 10.15406/IJH.2021.05.00262

Natasha Berendonk Handam, Ana Luiz Almeida da Silva, A. S. Martins, José Augusto Albuquerque Dos Santos

{"title":"Agricultural reuse: comparison between Brazilian and international quality standards","authors":"Natasha Berendonk Handam, Ana Luiz Almeida da Silva, A. S. Martins, José Augusto Albuquerque Dos Santos","doi":"10.15406/IJH.2021.05.00262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/IJH.2021.05.00262","url":null,"abstract":"Reused water is increasingly requested by farmers worldwide, but there is no legislation in Brazil that contains all the parameters for assessing its quality. This study aimed to compare the legal provisions in Brazil related to the quality parameters of reused water for agriculture (microbiological, physical and chemical) with those described in the main regulations of the United States, drawing a parallel with the Brazilian reality. The study is descriptive, based on queries and collections of regulations in electronic documentary data source on Google Scholar. The existing parameters described in the Brazilian regulations for agricultural reuse have been compared with the standards established in the international regulations of the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the World Health Organization. The main results showed that there is a discrepancy between internationals and Brazilian legislations according to physical, chemical and microbiological parameters. Therefore, the work suggests a creation of new Brazilian legislations about agricultural reuse whereas the control of hydraulic pollutants and water reuse is immature comparing to internationals levels.","PeriodicalId":14063,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrology","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88771040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Annual effective dose from radon-222 concentration levels in underground water in bungoma south sub - county, Kenya 肯尼亚邦戈马南部副县地下水氡-222浓度水平的年有效剂量

International Journal of Hydrology Pub Date : 2021-01-25 DOI: 10.15406/IJH.2021.05.00261

C. Wanyama, George Wangila Butiki, J. Makokha, F. Masinde

{"title":"Annual effective dose from radon-222 concentration levels in underground water in bungoma south sub - county, Kenya","authors":"C. Wanyama, George Wangila Butiki, J. Makokha, F. Masinde","doi":"10.15406/IJH.2021.05.00261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/IJH.2021.05.00261","url":null,"abstract":"This research measured the concentration levels of radon in groundwater and determined the ingestion and inhalation dose. The study used RAD7 detector with RAD7-H2O accessory from Durridge Company to determine the radon levels. Thirty water samples in granitic dominated regions were collected from various areas of Bungoma County: ten from boreholes (BH), ten from hand dug wells (WL) and ten from springs (SP). The water samples were collected in 250 ml bottles which were tightly covered with lid to avoid radon leakage. The highest value was 303±4.00 KBq/m3 recorded in Kanduyi well and the lowest was 126±11.4kBq/m3 from where most of the samples recorded a high radon concentration with a mean of 269±5.25 KBq/m3 in wells, 213±7.96 KBq/m3 in boreholes and 290±7.70 KBq/m3 in springs. The average ingestion dose was found to be 1.5±0.07mSv/yr, 1.9±0.09 mSv/yr and 2.1±0.1 mSv/yr. The average annual effective dose rate for the samples collected were 2±0.1 mSv/yr for boreholes, 2.6±0.13 mSv/yr for wells and 2.7±0.14 mSv/yr for springs. The samples reported an average value of AED higher than the world average of 1.15 mSv/yr but below the exception limit of recommended action level of 10 mSv/yr hence the radon concentration levels in underground water in the study area has minimal health implications to the population.","PeriodicalId":14063,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrology","volume":"08 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86033121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Geographic information system (GIS) based soil loss estimation using RUSLE model for soil and water conservation planning in anka_shashara watershed, southern Ethiopia 基于地理信息系统(GIS)的埃塞俄比亚南部anka_shashara流域水土保持规划土壤流失量估算

International Journal of Hydrology Pub Date : 2021-01-20 DOI: 10.15406/IJH.2021.05.00260

M. Bekele

{"title":"Geographic information system (GIS) based soil loss estimation using RUSLE model for soil and water conservation planning in anka_shashara watershed, southern Ethiopia","authors":"M. Bekele","doi":"10.15406/IJH.2021.05.00260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/IJH.2021.05.00260","url":null,"abstract":"Water induced soil erosion has been continued to threaten the land resources in sub humid northwestern highlands of Ethiopia. Human-induced land cover (LC) changes due to improper land management practices are contributing factors in deteriorating soil quality. Soil and water conservation measures have been implemented without site-specific scientifically quantified soil erosion data and priority bases in this regard; this study was conducted with a view to quantifying soil erosion in Anka-Shashara watershed. To do this, we have opted to use the RUSLE model based on geographic information systems. By collecting data on rainfall, soils, vegetation, slopes and conservation practices separately as a layer and determining the pixel values for each of these factors, a quantified assessment of erosion in the basin is obtained. The result reveals that the mean annual soil loss (15.22t/ha/yr) of the most parts of study area falls in tolerable levels and almost 66% (1594 ha), moderate level about 23% and 10% at high level of watershed. The soil loss of watershed is classified in to four main classes. None to Slight rates of soil erosion (0-10t/ha) is cover the almost 66% of watershed moderate about 23% and high about 10% of erosion rate as seen from the erosion rate distribution map. The upstream of catchment needs management and protection of those existing resources and the fundamental attention for SWC as recommended bases. Therefore, to reduce sedimentation problem and ensue sustainability of the watershed need to special attention for implementing recommended SWC intervention at the earlier.","PeriodicalId":14063,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrology","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77560704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 8

Return to neptunism: review article 回到海王星:回顾文章

International Journal of Hydrology Pub Date : 2021-01-14 DOI: 10.15406/IJH.2021.05.00259

Y. Golubchikov

{"title":"Return to neptunism: review article","authors":"Y. Golubchikov","doi":"10.15406/IJH.2021.05.00259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/IJH.2021.05.00259","url":null,"abstract":"The article tries to revive the traditions of neptunizm. The neptunist Cuvier believed that «the fossil is the key to the past. The past is characterized by a radical break with the present, perhaps it even proceeded according to another physical laws. This is evidenced by the fossils. With the modern action of physical forces, all the deceased remnants decompose. Fossils could have formed during catastrophically rapid burial with reliable isolation from oxygen. The present is the key to the past according to the lawyer Lyell. The past is like the present. It contains an incredible amount of time and years. All processes were going with the same energy as they do now and were not overshadowed by any gigantic disaster. Lyell's statements entered science under the name of the principle of actualism. He gave a paradigmal form not only to the earth sciences, but to all of science, and formed the basis of the evolutionary doctrine. The fundamental dogma of randomness of both natural and all historical processes is the basis of modern scientific ideology. This randomness has no purpose and cannot have. Nevertheless, paradoxically, it predetermines the evolutionary progress of all things. With the appearance of the anthropic principle the teleologism regains its completeness and direction. The anthropic principle is teleological. Since the entire Universe and the biosphere are attuned to human nature, the more such attunement can be expected from earthly nature. There are opportunities for harmonizing human with natural landscapes for health-improving purposes. Nothing was known about the subtlest adjustment of the Universe for humans, or about the incredible complexity of the biosphere even 50-70 years ago. The universe could be explained by evolution and actualism. The discovered incredible complexity of the world brings religion and science closer together. A catastrophic and probably anti-random picture of the planet's history is emerging more and more clear. In this light, the power of science is seen again not in confrontation with religion, but in harmonization with it.","PeriodicalId":14063,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrology","volume":"02 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80102466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Assessment of water quality bounamoussa river in el tarf region using water quality index (Algeria) 用水质指数评价el tarf地区bounamoussa河水质(阿尔及利亚)

International Journal of Hydrology Pub Date : 2020-12-31 DOI: 10.15406/IJH.2020.04.00258

L. Zaoui

{"title":"Assessment of water quality bounamoussa river in el tarf region using water quality index (Algeria)","authors":"L. Zaoui","doi":"10.15406/IJH.2020.04.00258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/IJH.2020.04.00258","url":null,"abstract":"Water quality is an important standard in matching water require and contribute. Abundant degree of freshwater is prominent for biological requirements and is a vital surface of incorporated environmental managing and sustainable development. The quality of water indices evaluation enterprise particular value which reduce the immense quantity of parameters and simply characterize data. The aim objective of the present study is to assess the suitability of surface water of Bounamoussa River situated in El-Tarf city located in the Algerian's extreme northeast, for drinking purpose based on calculated water quality index standards. Per methodology, WQI is a significant parameter to check the quality of water, and its calculation was carried out by using relations given in the water quality index computation which twelve selected parameters (pH, EC,TH, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, NH4, SO4, NO2, NO3) have been considered, which were measured at nine stations along the river during two sampling campaigns (winter and summer seasons). The results showed that the computed WQI values of Bounamoussa River surface water extend from 32,80 to 65,77 with an average 46,76 in winter and fluctuate from 35,86 to 97,46 with an average of 47,25 in summer, in general, the study region in both seasons is under excellent to good category. Water from almost all the sampled sites can be careful as suitable for drinking purposes. It’s recommended to continue monitoring the water of this ecosystem to facilitate the establishment at all levels to supervise and defend the natural resources of the region.","PeriodicalId":14063,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrology","volume":"117 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80474136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Baur dam breach analysis using various manning’s roughness values 鲍尔大坝决口分析使用各种曼宁的粗糙度值

International Journal of Hydrology Pub Date : 2020-12-29 DOI: 10.15406/IJH.2020.04.00257

J. Prasad

{"title":"Baur dam breach analysis using various manning’s roughness values","authors":"J. Prasad","doi":"10.15406/IJH.2020.04.00257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/IJH.2020.04.00257","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the importance of flood mapping in terms of saving downstream agricultural area. Flood can cause high impact on the nearby crops productivity which further affects the country’s economy. The Baur dam has a Culturable Command Area of 31453,6572 hectares. It’s key focus is on describing the importance of Manning’s roughness value in dam breach modelling and shows it’s bad impact on downstream areas of dam. In this work hypothetical breach modelling of Baur dam is performed by using Hydrologic Engineer’s Centre- River Analysis System (HEC-RAS). Details about study area, breach parameters, modelling procedure, and outflow flood values are also described in this paper. Flow hydrographs are plotted at different Manning’s roughness value for the two populated downstream areas of dam and it has been observed from results that as roughness value increases flow decreases which justifies Manning’s theory. As a Final result Inundation maps are plotted with the detail of inundated area values for different Manning’s values so that the effect of roughness can be analysed numerically on study area. The Manning’s roughness value of 0.030 causes 37.75km2 inundated area in the downstream of dam.1","PeriodicalId":14063,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrology","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83872109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Some important elements of soil-water relationship in managing oil palms planted on acid sulfate soils 硫酸酸性土壤中油棕管理中水土关系的几个重要因素

International Journal of Hydrology Pub Date : 2020-12-22 DOI: 10.15406/IJH.2020.04.00256

U. Pupathy, T. Sabrina, S. Paramananthan, Rosazlin Abdullah

{"title":"Some important elements of soil-water relationship in managing oil palms planted on acid sulfate soils","authors":"U. Pupathy, T. Sabrina, S. Paramananthan, Rosazlin Abdullah","doi":"10.15406/IJH.2020.04.00256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/IJH.2020.04.00256","url":null,"abstract":"Oil palms (Elaeis guineensis) are generally able to grow economically and feasibly on various soil types, mostly in tropical countries. However, oil palms planted on acid sulfate soils were producing lesser Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB) as compared to those on non-acid sulfate soils. The poor performance of oil palms planted on acid sulfate was mainly attributed to the presence of excess sulfates, which limits the FFB yields and vegetative growth.1 Generally, acid sulfate soils have significant amounts of free and absorbed sulfate. Jarosite generally occurs as pale yellow mottles along old root channels and on ped faces in acid sulfate soils. pH in these horizon is less than 4.0.2,3 These soils often are also high in Aluminium (Al), Al saturation and often with phosphorus (P) fixation capacity. These acid sulfate soils are known for having poor values for organic matter, bases, cation exchange capacity, water retention, water holding capacity and microbial activity, which contributes towards their low soil fertility and hence limitations in soil productivity. Of these limitations, Al toxicity and excess sulfates are two major constraints to FFB yields in oil palms. The important relationship of soil and water for managing a sustainable productivity of oil palms on acid sulfate soil are discussed in details in this paper.","PeriodicalId":14063,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrology","volume":"128 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91455033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Cellulose-based membrane for adsorption of dye in batik industry wastewater 纤维素基膜对蜡染工业废水中染料的吸附

International Journal of Hydrology Pub Date : 2020-12-14 DOI: 10.15406/IJH.2020.04.00255

F. A. Syamani

{"title":"Cellulose-based membrane for adsorption of dye in batik industry wastewater","authors":"F. A. Syamani","doi":"10.15406/IJH.2020.04.00255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/IJH.2020.04.00255","url":null,"abstract":"Filtering is a commonly applied physical method. Based on the size of the filtered particles, the types of filtering used are divided into four, namely microfiltation (100 nm-10 μm), ultrafiltration (2100 nm), nanofiltration (1-2 nm) and reverse osmosis-RO (0.1-1 nm).7 Among the four types of membranes, the nanofiltration membrane is the most efficient, because its structure can filter wastewater into usable water.8 The waste water for the batik industry in Malaysia contains a lot of Remazol and Vinyl Sulphone dyes. Filtering using a nanofiltration membrane made of aromatic polyamide with nonwoven and fibreglass wounded fibres support can filter water with Remazol Turquiose Blue dye more effectively than water with Remazol Yellow and Remazol Red dyes, which are characterized by the lowest color intensity after the filtering process.9 The use of fiberglass in membrane technology requires quite high production costs, encouraging the search for alternative materials with more economical production costs, for example the use of cellulose. One of the materials used in the process of filtering wastewater is a cellulose-based membrane. This paper is a mini review of cellulose-based membranes for filtering waste water from the batik industry, especially waste caused by synthetic dyes.","PeriodicalId":14063,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrology","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83348934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

Geographical and hydrological effects of nubian sandstone formations on ground water in Khartoum State – Sudan 苏丹喀土穆州努比亚砂岩地层对地下水的地理和水文影响

International Journal of Hydrology Pub Date : 2020-11-06 DOI: 10.15406/IJH.2020.04.00254

Mohammed Ahmed Haj Alzubair

{"title":"Geographical and hydrological effects of nubian sandstone formations on ground water in Khartoum State – Sudan","authors":"Mohammed Ahmed Haj Alzubair","doi":"10.15406/IJH.2020.04.00254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/IJH.2020.04.00254","url":null,"abstract":"The research deals with the geographical and hydrological location of Khartoum state within the scope of the Nubian sandstone extension, and the effects of this on groundwater. To achieve this, 9 samples were analyzed from the wells dug in Omdurman, Khartoum and Bahri to identify the structure and composition of layers and depths of water, in addition to 30 other samples for chemical analysis And the physical of some elements to know the specifications of water and its suitability for human use. The research concluded with a number of results, including that there is a difference in the components of the Nubian sandstone, as its percentage in Omdurman is 67%, the number of layers 10 and Khartoum 71% and the number of layers 16, and in Bahri 82% and the number of layers 21 and thus it is higher than Omdurman and Khartoum. Water levels vary even within the region from one well to another in Omdurman, which is located at depths of 490, 690, and 800 feet, and in Bahri, it is located at depths of 530, 690, and 725 feet, and the hose is located at depths of 340, 505, and 585 feet. Soluble, nitrite and mineral compounds are good according to Global standards for water except for a few of them, with the high level of ammonia in Omdurman and Khartoum higher than 0.1mg/l, which is an indicator of pollution.","PeriodicalId":14063,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrology","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84021810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Filtration capacity of a gravel inlet system under low accumulation conditions 碎石入口系统在低堆积条件下的过滤能力

International Journal of Hydrology Pub Date : 2020-10-14 DOI: 10.15406/IJH.2020.04.00253

A. Ranaivoson, J. Moncrief

{"title":"Filtration capacity of a gravel inlet system under low accumulation conditions","authors":"A. Ranaivoson, J. Moncrief","doi":"10.15406/IJH.2020.04.00253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/IJH.2020.04.00253","url":null,"abstract":"Filtration models were applied to a gravel inlet system to estimate attachment and/or detachment of particles onto collectors (gravel grain). Two methods were used to estimate total solidstrapping efficiency at the gravel inlet: mass concentration and particle count. The first method provided trapping estimate between 11% and 22% based on two averaging computations. The second method, particle count, showed that detachment of total solids occurred mostly with the clay size category and early duringrainfall events. Detachment reveals the quality of effluent and can be interpreted as particles being detached either from previous total solids deposit or not being retained by the collector. Based on a model by Rajagopalan and Tien, trapping ability of gravel inlet was expected to be relatively low (<50%) for particles and aggregates smaller than 100 μm. Five rainfall events in 2002 were analyzed and showed that the first event had a retention capacity of 32% with a significant statistical difference between pairs of samples from “above” and “below” the gravel, based on a paired t-test. The following rainfall events had not seen any significant difference based on the same statistical test between the above and below water samples; however, the pattern of retention within pairs of samples showed that large filtration values were associated with incoming large solids concentrations, which, in turn, are related to rainfall bursts. The laser diffractometer technique allowed the particle count method to estimate number of particles retained or detached with respect to the gravel media. Particle count was obtained by direct measurement in the fine silt and clay size region and by extrapolation of measured data for large size in the silt-sand region including small particles and aggregates. Two rainfall events (August 3 and 21) showed important detachment based on particle counting method.","PeriodicalId":14063,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrology","volume":"2012 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88170214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0