Environmental Sciences and Ecology: Current Research (ESECR最新文献

{"title":"Tropical Agriculture and Emissions of Green House Gases: the Case of Brazil","authors":"Pimentel, Carlos","doi":"10.54026/esecr/1041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54026/esecr/1041","url":null,"abstract":"The activity of atmospheric Greenhouse Gases (GHGs), such as Water Vapor (H2O), Carbonic Gas (CO2), Methane (CH4), Nitrogen Oxides (NxO), and Ozone (O3), became an object of study because of their concentration rise in the atmosphere, increasing air temperature, drought events, and other factors stresses. However, most studies of their effects on agriculture were done in a temperate climate, especially in the northern hemisphere, with only a few studies in the tropics. For example, there are only two seasons in a tropical environment, the dry and the rainy season. In the tropics, there is an increase in anthropogenic and natural fires and, consequently, GHGs formation during the winter (dry season) due to biomass burning, considered the principal source of GHGs in the tropical climate. The concentration of GHGs in the atmosphere, produced principally during the dry season, is still high at the beginning of the rainy season. In addition to CO2 produced by biomass burning, there was an increase in Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), and NxO formed naturally in the Amazonian forest or due to biomass burning. VOCs and NxO, in ambient with high Ultraviolet Radiation (UV), generate O3, toxic to all living beings. The beginning of the summer (rainy season) is the principal sowing season in Brazil, but the GHGs are still high, causing effects on crops. Therefore, the GHGs, CO2, CH4, VOCs, NxO, and O3, are produced in tropical countries, like Brazil, but from different sources than in temperate climates. In tropical agriculture, CO2 air concentration increases from biomass burning, Amazonian Forest respiration, agriculture, soil respiration (microorganisms and roots), fossil fuel burning, growing plants and microorganisms during the wet season, etc. CH4 concentration increases from the Amazonian forest (Wetlands), flooded land (Pantanal in the Cerrado biome), oceans, enteric fermentation (cattle and thermites), garbage dump, biomass burning, etc., O3 air concentration increases from biomass burning, Amazonian forest, lightning, etc., VOCs concentration increases from biomass burning, Amazonian forest (Produces more than 80% of Global Isoprene), etc. NxO air concentration increases from biomass burning, Amazonian Forest (Wetland), nitrogen fertilization, smaller than in developed countries, rapid organic matter decomposition due to microbial activity all year long in tropics, etc.","PeriodicalId":140386,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Sciences and Ecology: Current Research (ESECR","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114074889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate Crunch Time","authors":"S. Shayegh","doi":"10.54026/esecr/1033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54026/esecr/1033","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":140386,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Sciences and Ecology: Current Research (ESECR","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126042351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of the Low Toxic Cross Polar Air Transport using Innovative Hydrogen Projection for Large Aircraft and Airships","authors":"P. L","doi":"10.54026/esecr/1037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54026/esecr/1037","url":null,"abstract":"The new shortly and low cost Regular Airlines Cargo & PAX directions via Arctic Cross Polar Air Transportation Routes of the future High Ecology Efficiency and Safety ICAO Strategy will be base on the more perspective for Trans Continental Airlines Operations by IATA International Law Regulations and World Climate Protect Law. Using the more shortly directions of Trans Polar Flight for Long-Haul Aircrafts (LHA) Routes by leader Airlines Sky Teams with Aeroflot are request to find new Geometrical Layout of Aircraft Design Industrial Projections & Products Lines. The increase in the dimension of LHA came into conflict with modern Airport Infrastructure and led to the search for alternative Arctic Planes & Dirigibles Options for constructively layout circuit solutions with protection of minimum weight and drag issues in order to deal with this contradiction. Computer Digital Aircraft Structural-Parametric Analysis of the influence of Aviation Infrastructure Constraints in the basing of LHA on the choice of alternative Design Options for Lift Fuselage Body or Flying-V layout was carried out.","PeriodicalId":140386,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Sciences and Ecology: Current Research (ESECR","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134414595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimal Design of Green Tech Hybrid Electric Integrated Aircraft and Solar Disk Airships for Short Arctic Air Transport Corridors","authors":"P. L","doi":"10.54026/esecr/1036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54026/esecr/1036","url":null,"abstract":"The Ecology Decarburization issues decision may focus priority to the complex Design Analysis of the more Optimal Structure of the Large E-Aircraft and E-Airship for decrease of the Weight and Engine Power with Hybrid Electric Propulsion (HEP) systems are very actually today for Worldwide Ecology Program. The Method of Aircraft layout from the virtual mass center is given, which allows us to obtain the Aircraft layout from the conditions of Infrastructural Constraints in the terminal configurations of the Modern Air Transportation Infrastructure and IATA/ICAO Regulation. Calculate Method is proposed for the synthesis of new circuit solutions for an Aircraft passenger compartment and may be use to any Solar E-Dirigibles Projections future. A Geometrical representation of the concept of LHA with large passenger capacity made with a Drop-Shaped Fuselage in the Aerodynamic balancing Flying Wing Body Scheme is given. The new Body Plane E-Aircraft and Lighter-then-Air (LTA) Vehicles with cover of Solar Film Component Systems will be more innovation projections for High Safety Green Tech Air Transportation.","PeriodicalId":140386,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Sciences and Ecology: Current Research (ESECR","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134137768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physicochemical Properties and Heavy Metal Concentration in Borehole Water of Boko Haram Affected Areas of Madagali and Michika, Adamawa State, Nigeria","authors":"Richard R. Muita","doi":"10.54026/esecr/1034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54026/esecr/1034","url":null,"abstract":"The impacts of increased water levels in Kenyan lakes are a major problem that is affecting communities and their livelihoods. Upsurge in water levels of the Rift Valley Lakes is one of the recent climate extremes witnessed over Eastern Africa where the rises appear to be consistent with the occurrence of enhanced seasonal rains between 2016 and 2020. Considering that many explanations have been provided as possible causes, there is still little empirical evidences. This study aimed at assessing the link between meteorological factors and the rises in lake levels in order to see if these can explain the causes. Further using surface observations potential to predict the water levels was examined. Datasets on rainfall, temperature and water levels from four Lakes in Kenya were used to establish the changes in these variables using statistical methods. Generalized Linear Models were used to predict the water levels in the study lakes. Results indicate that rainfall and temperature as well as other climate drivers has been changing over the last recent years with increased precipitation being consistent with the observed high stands in the Rift Valley lakes. Specifically, the results of the forecasted levels indicate substantial and slight increase for lake levels in Naivasha while the Lake Baringo levels are predicted to rise sharply within the study data periods.","PeriodicalId":140386,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Sciences and Ecology: Current Research (ESECR","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134139257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Rising Water Levels of Rift Valley Lakes in Kenya: The Role of Meteorological Factors","authors":"Richard R. Muita","doi":"10.54026/esecr/1035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54026/esecr/1035","url":null,"abstract":"The impacts of increased water levels in Kenyan lakes are a major problem that is affecting communities and their livelihoods. Upsurge in water levels of the Rift Valley Lakes is one of the recent climate extremes witnessed over Eastern Africa where the rises appear to be consistent with the occurrence of enhanced seasonal rains between 2016 and 2020. Considering that many explanations have been provided as possible causes, there is still little empirical evidences. This study aimed at assessing the link between meteorological factors and the rises in lake levels in order to see if these can explain the causes. Further using surface observations potential to predict the water levels was examined. Datasets on rainfall, temperature and water levels from four Lakes in Kenya were used to establish the changes in these variables using statistical methods. Generalized Linear Models were used to predict the water levels in the study lakes. Results indicate that rainfall and temperature as well as other climate drivers has been changing over the last recent years with increased precipitation being consistent with the observed high stands in the Rift Valley lakes. Specifically, the results of the forecasted levels indicate substantial and slight increase for lake levels in Naivasha while the Lake Baringo levels are predicted to rise sharply within the study data periods.","PeriodicalId":140386,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Sciences and Ecology: Current Research (ESECR","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132570181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate Bridge Fund: Tackling Climate Migration in Bangladesh by Bridging Stakeholder Gaps","authors":"G. Rabbani","doi":"10.54026/esecr/1031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54026/esecr/1031","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change is already happening. In the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) indicates that about 72 million people will be displaced with 0.5-metre sea level rise if there is no investment in adaptation. In the case of a 2.0-metre rise, that number of people will be pushed to 187 million. IPCC also provides evidence on increased displacement and migration due to floods and droughts in many countries including Bangladesh. It has been reported “22% of households affected by tidal-surge floods and 16% of households that were affected by riverbank erosion moved to urban areas in Bangladesh”","PeriodicalId":140386,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Sciences and Ecology: Current Research (ESECR","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115124475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biological and Molecular Evidence for the Existence of Bruchid Ecotypes in the Nigerian Cowpea Ecosystem","authors":"L. Jackai","doi":"10.54026/esecr/1030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54026/esecr/1030","url":null,"abstract":"The oviposition, growth and development of six populations of Callosobruchus maculatus (IT, PH, UM, MD‐1, MD‐2, MD‐3) from different localities in Nigeria were studied on a resistant (TVu 2027) and susceptible (Ife Brown) cowpea cultivar and four cultivars of African yam bean, Progenies obtained by cross‐mating individuals from the different populations were also studied.. Oviposition was highest in the MD insect beetle population and lowest in the UM population. IT and PH populations had the highest adult emergence and shortest development times on the resistant control. Genomic differences among bruchid populations were confirmed by the Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprinting technique with PH population being the most distant. All progenies with IT as the female parent also had better emergence and shorter development time than their reciprocal crosses or those involving other populations, but this varied with the fitness of the male parent. The UM population averaged <10% adult emergence on TVu 2027 compared to 71.9 % on the susceptible control, but was better adapted to the AYB (66 % emergence) than were other populations. These results suggest possible existence of ecotypes, of this bruchid species in Nigeria with potentially important implications for the development and deployment of resistant cowpea varieties.","PeriodicalId":140386,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Sciences and Ecology: Current Research (ESECR","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128569200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Importance of Nano Fertilizers in Sustainable Agriculture","authors":"C. P.","doi":"10.54026/esecr/1029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54026/esecr/1029","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":140386,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Sciences and Ecology: Current Research (ESECR","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131191444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tolerance to Human Presence, a Comparison between Rural and Urban Birds in Southeastern Brazil","authors":"M.B.F. de Toledo","doi":"10.54026/esecr/1023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54026/esecr/1023","url":null,"abstract":"Green urban areas such as parks, squares, gardens, and forest fragments present a large diversity of uses and conservation objectives. These spaces provide resources for many species of birds that are confronted with the necessity of living in proximity to humans. It is assumed that bird species that acquire resources in urban environments live in a constant state of fear to guarantee survival and reproduction. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the tolerance of birds with respect to human presence in two distinct conditions, rural areas (low level of human presence) and urban areas (high level of human presence). The fieldwork was conducted in a city in the Southeast region of Brazil, and the methodology used the alert distance and flight initiation measurements based on the approach of an observer to the individual bird being focused. Our results suggest that individuals observed in urban areas rely on shorter alert and escape distances, especially males, adults, and birds that forage in interspecific flocks. We discuss the challenges and strategies with respect to escape characteristics of urban birds, with special focus on the economic escape theory. In general, our results support those from studies conducted in other urban areas in different biogeographic regions, and they will aid in comprehending the impacts caused by the increase in urban areas around the world.","PeriodicalId":140386,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Sciences and Ecology: Current Research (ESECR","volume":"355 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124485343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}