International Journal of Engine Research最新文献

{"title":"Assessment of a 1-D diesel engine model for accurate response in transient simulations","authors":"Roberto Finesso, Omar Marello, Loris Ventura","doi":"10.1177/14680874241256024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14680874241256024","url":null,"abstract":"The complexity of modern powertrains with their embedded control systems has increased in the last years, due to the tightening of emission regulations. Therefore, virtual calibration and Model-in-the-Loop testing can provide a great support for their preliminary assessment, in order to reduce the experimental effort. To this purpose, highly accurate engine models are required, not only at steady-state conditions, but also in transient operation. The present paper addresses the assessment and validation of a fast-running 1-D model of a diesel engine for heavy-duty applications, focussing on the transient response. In particular, a baseline model with satisfactory accuracy at steady-state operation, but not in transient conditions, is analysed and assessed with the aim of reproducing the true dynamic response of the real engine installed at the test bench, as well as the behaviour of the embedded air-path controllers. The entire methodology for the model assessment is presented step by step, and common challenges and potential pitfalls that researchers may encounter when calibrating simulation models are discussed. Finally, the impact of the test bench layout on the engine dynamic response is also evaluated and discussed.","PeriodicalId":14034,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engine Research","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141505537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simultaneous improvements of thermal efficiencies and smoke emissions in semi-premixed diesel combustion with dual-injectors and a spatially divided combustion chamber","authors":"Kazuki Inaba, Yoshimitsu Kobashi, Gen Shibata, Kazuhiro Hayashida, Hideyuki Ogawa","doi":"10.1177/14680874241255985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14680874241255985","url":null,"abstract":"To simultaneously establish the high thermal efficiencies and the low smoke emissions in the semi-premixed diesel combustion with a twin peaked heat release consisting of the first-stage premixed combustion and the second-stage spray diffusive combustion, a combination of dual-injectors and a newly designed divided combustion chamber was proposed and the combustion characteristics were investigated. The divided chamber with a lip at the middle of the side wall can prevent the second fuel spray from entering the burned region of the premixture from the first-stage injection, realizing a suitable spatial distribution of spray flames and suppressing the soot formation. The dual-injectors can independently provide the fuel sprays into the upper and the lower layers of the divided chamber with the optional quantities and timings for the first and second injections, establishing the optimum combustion phasing. The distributions of the equivalence ratios and the soot formation characteristics in the divided chamber as well as in an ordinary re-entrant chamber as a reference were analysed with CFD simulations, showing that the soot formation is smaller in the divided chamber. The second-stage spray diffusive combustion is improved as well as the late afterburning and the combustion duration are reduced with the suppression of interference between the spray flames in the divided chamber. The cooling loss in the divided chamber is smaller due to the weaker gas motion and the lower heat transfer coefficient. The experiments also showed that the thermal efficiencies are better and the smoke emissions are lower in the divided chamber at medium loads. However, at higher loads, the smoke emissions increase due to the offset injector arrangement, and the CFD analysis showed that lower smoke emissions can be expected with optimization of the injector arrangement to locate the injector for the second fuel injection at the centre of cylinder.","PeriodicalId":14034,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engine Research","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141505570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of performance and knock phenomena in a converted spark-ignition medium-duty engine fueled with different LPG formulations","authors":"Vicente Bermudez, Ricardo Novella, Josep Gomez-Soriano, Sebastian Tolvett","doi":"10.1177/14680874241252051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14680874241252051","url":null,"abstract":"Since traditional fuels are being phased out, engine conversions to more sustainable fuels are being performed to address local regulations. Due to its potential to reduce CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> and local pollutants, liquified petroleum gas (LPG) stands out as an alternative fuel for internal combustion engines. LPG chemical structure allows for higher compression ratios (CR) and improved thermal efficiency. However, studies indicated that increasing the CR may lead to knocking combustion. In this investigation, an engine conversion to LPG was analyzed using two LPG formulations, commercial propane (93.91% propane) and autogas (38.42% propane − 60.37% butane). First, using a numerical methodology previously proposed for estimating the event of knock based on the thermochemical characteristics of the fuel. Low-order methods are utilized in combustion simulations to estimate autoignition delay (AID) and laminar flame speed (s<jats:sub>L</jats:sub>). Second, an experimental validation was performed with a 4-cylinder turbocharged SI engine. It was tested with three different CRs: 12.45:1, 11.05:1, and 9.86:1. Simulation indicates that autogas exhibits a significantly higher tendency to knock compared to commercial propane. Experimental results confirm the occurrence of knocking when using autogas with a CR of 12.45:1, resulting in a 29% reduction in the engine maximum torque compared to commercial propane. Reducing compression to 9.86:1 minimizes the occurrence of undesired knocking. It also leads to a decrease in thermal efficiency by 3.8% for autogas and 4.5% for commercial propane.","PeriodicalId":14034,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engine Research","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141194026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Piston ring and cylinder liner scuffing analysis in dual-fuel low-speed engines considering liner deformation and tribofilm evolution","authors":"Bugao Lyu, Xianghui Meng, Chuanjuan Wang, Yi Cui, Cheng’en Wang","doi":"10.1177/14680874241248878","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14680874241248878","url":null,"abstract":"The piston ring and cylinder liner (PRCL) system in larger-bore low-speed marine engines frequently experiences scuffing failures, which significantly decrease the engine reliability. To understand this failure mechanism, a scuffing failure model subjected to the PRCL system was developed considering multidisciplinary coupling effects that integrate asperity contact, hydrodynamic lubrication, tribochemistry reactions, thermal effects, friction, and surface wear. The impacts of large-scale deformation and gas-combustion mode on the scuffing performances of the PRCL system were examined. The key findings indicate that the larger-scale liner deformation can markedly reduce oil film thickness and exacerbate local asperity contact, influencing the evolution of the tribofilm by increasing the removal process. Under gas-combustion mode, the oil film thickness is even lower, and the asperity contact pressure further increases due to a more starved lubrication state and higher combustion temperature. This leads to tribofilm breakdown and severe wear near the ring opening area, which are aligning with the full-scale experimental results with scuffing failure.","PeriodicalId":14034,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engine Research","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140939586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Control of combustion distributions in compression-ignition engines using rate-constrained model predictive control with reference preview","authors":"Omar Ahmed, Robert Middleton, Anna Stefanopoulou, Kenneth Kim, Chol-Bum Kweon","doi":"10.1177/14680874241246590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14680874241246590","url":null,"abstract":"To support the transition toward sustainable alternative fuels, advanced combustion control strategies can enable operation of compression-ignition engines with a wide range of fuels under challenging inlet conditions. This work presents a rate-constrained model predictive controller that uses state estimate feedback and integral tracking to control combustion phasing distributions by coordinating fuel injection timing with the power supplied to an electrically heated in-cylinder ignition assist device. The controller was validated in simulation using a statistical virtual engine that replicates both transient and steady-state stochastic combustion behavior. This virtual engine was tuned with data from experiments conducted at a low pressure-temperature inlet condition that induced highly variable combustion behavior akin to operating with a low cetane fuel. The controller achieves rapid tracking of combustion phasing step commands by supplying ignition assist power when needed to support fuel injection timing. All the while, it maintains closed-loop combustion variability at less than 6% higher than the open-loop system variability, and enforces ignition assist power range and rate constraints to reduce thermo-mechanical stress on the actuator. Furthermore, reference tracking is ensured even if combustion sensitivity to the ignition assist actuator deviates by as much as 83% from the controller’s internal model, without the need for retuning control parameters. Finally, the controller can coordinate actuators early and speed up tracking when a reference trajectory is previewed ahead of time, and its horizons can be tuned in a manner that maintains desirable control performance without compromising on computational tractability.","PeriodicalId":14034,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engine Research","volume":"304 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140939685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ammonia fueled engine with diesel pilot ignition: Approach to achieve ultra-high ammonia substitution","authors":"Yuxiao Qiu, Yanyuan Zhang, Yongsheng Shi, You Zhang, Zezhong Wang, He Lin, Dong Han, Zhen Huang","doi":"10.1177/14680874241248507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14680874241248507","url":null,"abstract":"Ammonia is a hydrogen-rich zero-carbon fuel, and is one of the most promising approaches to realize energy decarbonization in the fields of industry and transportation. Efficient operation and emissions control have been the primary obstacle to develop engines with high ammonia energy share. In this study, the combustion and emissions of an ammonia-fueled engine with diesel pilot ignition are investigated, and the target is to achieve ultra-high ammonia substitution with acceptable thermal efficiency. The ammonia energy share is first increased from 30% to 90% at an intermediate load, with a split diesel injection triggering ammonia combustion. It found that the increased ammonia energy share reduces the indicated thermal efficiency from 48.3% to 38.9% with high unburned ammonia emissions. The NOx emissions exhibit a turning point with increased ammonia substitution, which indicates that the NOx emissions transition from the thermal-dominated to the fuel-dominated regime. The diesel pilot injection strategy is then optimized, by advancing the main injection timing and changing the pre-injection amount and the interval between two injection events. Optimized diesel injection controls the ignition timing and combustion process, thereby improving thermal efficiency and emissions at high ammonia energy shares. An ultra-high ammonia energy share of 95% could be finally achieved, and the thermal efficiency is 40.2%. It is also noted that as engine load increases, engine thermal efficiency at an ammonia energy share of 80% could be elevated to 44.2%.","PeriodicalId":14034,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engine Research","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140812099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coupling analysis of cylinder block for two-stroke aviation piston engine","authors":"Zhongjian Pan, Qinghua He, Yi Li, Lei Guo","doi":"10.1177/14680874241246894","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14680874241246894","url":null,"abstract":"The aluminum alloy block is a component of aircraft piston engine, and it is prone to fatigue cracks when working in a thermal mechanical coupling state for a long time. Establish a GT-POWER simulation model for a certain type of engine, verify the accuracy of the model, obtain boundary parameters such as temperature and pressure of the engine block under harsh operating conditions through the model, and divide the cylinder wall into gradients based on the engine operating conditions to obtain the surface heat transfer coefficient of the block, and then obtain the temperature field distribution of the engine body. The coupling analysis of the cylinder burst pressure and temperature field of the engine block under harsh working conditions showed that the maximum stress of the engine block was 292.55 MPa and the maximum deformation was 0.39 mm, with thermal load being the main factor causing deformation. Conduct a complete engine bench test, and under the 1000 h bench durability test, there are no cracks on the engine block, indicating that the design and analysis meet the requirements.","PeriodicalId":14034,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engine Research","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140584027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of enhanced combustion strategies and optimized ignition timing for achieving high thermal efficiency and low N2O emissions of marine ammonia engine at full-load condition","authors":"Yuanxin Gao, Yongming Feng, Xuefei Wu, Yuanqing Zhu, Tong Wang, Jinbo Qu, Junting Liu","doi":"10.1177/14680874241242904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14680874241242904","url":null,"abstract":"To meet the requirement of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the application of carbon-free fuel ammonia in marine engines has gained importance. However, the use of ammonia as fuel leads to low thermal efficiency and high emissions of pollutants in engines. Increasing the rate of combustion of the fuel mixture in the engine helps to solve this problem. Therefore, the influence of hydrogen volume fraction (X<jats:sub>H2</jats:sub>) and oxygen volume fraction (X<jats:sub>O2</jats:sub>) in the main chamber, via numerical simulations, on the combustion and emission characteristics of a marine ammonia engine featuring a pre-chamber. Further analysis was conducted via adjustments in the start of ignition (SOI) to optimize both engine performance and emissions. The results showed that the increase of both X<jats:sub>H2</jats:sub> and X<jats:sub>O2</jats:sub> contributed to the improvement of indicated thermal efficiency (ITE) and the reduction of N<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O emissions. However, this is usually accompanied by higher NO<jats:sub>x</jats:sub> emissions, especially in the case of high X<jats:sub>O2</jats:sub>. In addition, adjusting the SOI resulted in the engine ITE is greater than 47.6% in each case and reduces GHG emissions by about 80% (&lt;40 ppm N<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O). Finally, chemical kinetic analysis showed that oxygen-enriched or hydrogen-enriched conditions did not change the main reaction pathway.","PeriodicalId":14034,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engine Research","volume":"227 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140613749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of the effect of injection rate shaping on combustion and emissions in heavy-duty diesel engine under steady and transient conditions","authors":"Haibo Sun, Zunqing Zheng, Jincheng Li, Gang Li, Xiaohui Wang, Mingfa Yao","doi":"10.1177/14680874241241562","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14680874241241562","url":null,"abstract":"The fuel injection rate (ROI) is a crucial factor that affects the combustion and emissions of diesel engines. This study focuses on the injection pressure in a common rail system, which is divided into a high-pressure section and a low-pressure section. A control-oriented ROI shaping (ROIs) model is developed based on the switching strategy between high and low injection pressure. Three types of ROI were generated, namely ROIB (conventional ROI), boot-ROI (low followed by high injection pressure), and anti-boot-ROI (high followed by low injection pressure) respectively. The 1-D and 3-D numerical simulations are conducted to analyze the impact of the shaped ROI on combustion and emissions for steady condition and transient condition. In terms of overall results, boot-ROI shows significant advantage among the three types of ROI. For the steady condition, the boot-ROI was able to increase the IMEP (indicated mean effective pressure) (1.57 bar) at high load conditions with almost unchanged NOx emission. For low load conditions with delayed SOI (start of injection), the exhaust temperature is close to that of the ROIB with a reduction of 0.51 g/kW·h in NOx emissions. For transient condition, the boot-ROI also shows its advantage. It was found to improve the BSFC (brake specific fuel consumption) with almost unchanged NOx emission during load-down process. And in load-up process, the BSFC and soot emission also could be improved with slightly increase in NOx emission through advance of SOI when boot-ROI was adopted. The one-dimensional model using boot-ROI reduces fuel consumption by 2 g/kW·h in experiment with WHTC cycles, with slightly higher soot emission and similar NOx emission.","PeriodicalId":14034,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engine Research","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140583942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Practical low-temperature gasoline combustion for very high efficiency off-road, medium- and heavy-duty engines","authors":"John E Dec, Dario Lopez Pintor, Ram Vijayagopal","doi":"10.1177/14680874241244550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14680874241244550","url":null,"abstract":"Low-temperature gasoline combustion (LTGC) with additive-mixing fuel injection (AMFI) is a new combustion strategy that has been demonstrated to deliver 9%–25% better brake thermal efficiency than similar-sized market-leading diesel engines over the operating map. Moreover, the LTGC-AMFI engine shows near-zero smoke, and NOx emissions are 4–100 times lower than those of a diesel, sufficiently low that no aftertreatment, or only passive NOx aftertreatment, would be sufficient (diesel exhaust fluid is not required). LTGC-AMFI combustion is based on kinetically controlled compression ignition of a dilute charge with a variable amount of low-to-moderate fuel stratification. Fast combustion control is provided by adding minute amounts of an ignition-enhancing additive into the fuel each engine cycle to control its reactivity. This strategy was used to operate a medium-duty (MD) LTGC-AMFI engine at loads from idle to 16.3 bar BMEP and speeds from 600 to 2400 rpm with regular E10 gasoline, which covers nearly the entire operating map of a typical MD engine. Turbine-out temperatures were sufficient for an oxidation catalyst to control hydrocarbon and CO emissions. Autonomie simulations over the GEM ARB Transient and the GEM 55 mph Cruise driving cycles for class-6 trucks using this technology showed fuel economies of 8.1 and 11.4 mpg-gasoline-equivalent, respectively, corresponding to 18.6% and 13.4% improvements over a similar-size diesel engine. Engine-out NOx emissions were 0.024 and 0.01 g/bhp-h, respectively, well below current U.S. emission standards. These results show that switching from diesel to LTGC-AMFI engines would greatly reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for off-road, MD and HD applications, which will continue to rely on combustion engines because electrification is not practical in the foreseeable future. With their reduced fuel consumption, the lower cost of gasoline compared to diesel fuel, and much lower aftertreatment costs, LTGC-AMFI engines also offer a significantly lower total cost of ownership.","PeriodicalId":14034,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engine Research","volume":"121 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140584022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}