International Journal of Engine Research最新文献_第10页

Multiple-objective optimization of direct dual fuel stratification (DDFS) combustion at different loads 不同负荷下直接双燃料分层（DDFS）燃烧的多目标优化

IF 2.5 4区工程技术

International Journal of Engine Research Pub Date : 2023-11-24 DOI: 10.1177/14680874231204662

Yizi Zhu, Yanzhi Zhang, Zhixia He, Qian Wang, Weimin Li

{"title":"Multiple-objective optimization of direct dual fuel stratification (DDFS) combustion at different loads","authors":"Yizi Zhu, Yanzhi Zhang, Zhixia He, Qian Wang, Weimin Li","doi":"10.1177/14680874231204662","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14680874231204662","url":null,"abstract":"The operating parameters of the direct dual fuel stratification (DDFS) strategy in a heavy-duty engine are optimized across a full load range by utilizing a combination of three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulation and genetic algorithm. After obtaining the optimized results, sensitivity analyses were conducted on the operating parameters at various loads using the Pearson method. The results show that the DDFS strategy can attain stable and efficient combustion across the entire full-load range after optimization. At low-to-medium loads, the engine’s performance is predominantly influenced by initial operating parameters, while both initial and injection parameters play critical roles at high loads. The sensitivities of operating parameters increase as load increases, with the operating parameters having higher sensitivities having more concentrated distributions, while those with lower sensitivities have more dispersed distributions. The optimal conditions for low-to-medium load combustion generally involve a premixed-dominated combustion regime with some degree of reactivity stratification, which is strongly influenced by charge thermodynamics. Increasing the proportion of high-reactivity diesel fuel can improve combustion efficiency and stability, particularly under low-load conditions. Under high-load conditions, the optimal combustion strategy involves using a significant amount of direct-injected gasoline to achieve a more distinct stratified and diffusion combustion regime, which helps mitigate excessive heat release rates. However, this approach may result in reduced fuel economy compared to the optimal strategy for low-to-medium loads. As a consequence, the role of charge thermodynamics becomes less significant while the injection strategy becomes more critical for achieving optimal combustion at high loads.","PeriodicalId":14034,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engine Research","volume":"8 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139241453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Thermal efficiency optimization of a single cylinder gasoline engine based on active jet ignition 基于主动喷射点火的单缸汽油发动机热效率优化

IF 2.5 4区工程技术

International Journal of Engine Research Pub Date : 2023-11-20 DOI: 10.1177/14680874231208346

Ziqing Zhao, Y. Qi, Zhi Wang

引用次数: 0

Effects of ammonia energy fractions, diesel injection timings, and loads on combustion and emission characteristics of PFI-DI ammonia-diesel engines 氨能量分数、柴油喷射时间和负荷对 PFI-DI 氨柴油发动机燃烧和排放特性的影响

IF 2.5 4区工程技术

International Journal of Engine Research Pub Date : 2023-11-15 DOI: 10.1177/14680874231207435

Can Yang, Zhongxuan Wang, Jianwei Li, Xiaobei Cheng

{"title":"Effects of ammonia energy fractions, diesel injection timings, and loads on combustion and emission characteristics of PFI-DI ammonia-diesel engines","authors":"Can Yang, Zhongxuan Wang, Jianwei Li, Xiaobei Cheng","doi":"10.1177/14680874231207435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14680874231207435","url":null,"abstract":"Partially replacing diesel with carbon-free ammonia fuel is gaining more interest in tackling the issue of greenhouse gas emissions in freight transportation applications. But in ammonia-diesel dual-fuel engines, the combustion and emissions are of particular complexity, with complicated trade-offs among the rough combustion, the thermal efficiency, and the CO2/N2O/NO+NO2/NH3 emissions. To this end, this paper conducts systematical experimental tests on a modified PFI-DI single-cylinder heavy-duty diesel engine with ammonia injected in the intake manifold and diesel directly injected into the cylinder, containing ammonia energy fraction ranging from 0% to 50%, engine loads from IMEP 0.5 to 1.3 MPa, and sweeping diesel injection timing. Results show that the heat release of ammonia-diesel dual-fuel combustion (ADDC) possesses two exothermic stages, and as the ammonia energy fraction increases, the heat release process of ADDC in the first stage is intensified and that in the second stage is just the opposite, which causes rougher combustion but lower indicated thermal efficiency (ITE). Increasing the ammonia energy fraction also makes NO+NO2 and CO2 emissions reduced but NH3 and N2O emissions increased. N2O emissions with stronger greenhouse gas impact usually offset the reduction of CO2. Advancing diesel injection timing can improve ITE, but the cost is the rapidly increasing PPRR and NO+NO2 emissions. Besides, as the engine load increases, the ignition delay gets shortened and the combustion process becomes concentrated and efficient, the resistance to ammonia in ADDC gets better, and NH3 emissions are reduced at the cost of more NO+NO2 emissions.","PeriodicalId":14034,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engine Research","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139274478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Three-stage hyperelliptic Kalman filter for health and performance monitoring of aeroengine under multi-source uncertainty 用于多源不确定性条件下航空发动机健康和性能监测的三级超椭圆卡尔曼滤波器

IF 2.5 4区工程技术

International Journal of Engine Research Pub Date : 2023-11-15 DOI: 10.1177/14680874231198734

Ruiqian Sun, Lin-Feng Gou, Zong-Yao Liu, Xiao-Bao Han

{"title":"Three-stage hyperelliptic Kalman filter for health and performance monitoring of aeroengine under multi-source uncertainty","authors":"Ruiqian Sun, Lin-Feng Gou, Zong-Yao Liu, Xiao-Bao Han","doi":"10.1177/14680874231198734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14680874231198734","url":null,"abstract":"Aeroengine operation is inevitably subject to multi-source uncertainty, which consists of epistemic uncertainty related to the aeroengine and stochastic uncertainty associated with the control system. This paper presents a solution for health and performance monitoring under multi-source uncertainty to ensure the safety and reliability of aeroengine whole-life operation in complex environments. Based on the hyperelliptic Kalman filter (HeKF), optimal health monitoring is achieved by treating health parameters as the augmented state. Meanwhile, the conservativeness-reduced output prediction is realized with the extra estimation of the unknown state function bias caused by probabilistic system parameters. Considering the computational effort can be significantly reduced by designing a multi-stage filter, the three-stage hyperelliptic Kalman filter (ThSHeKF) is finally developed, achieving high accuracy health parameter estimation and adaptive performance prediction under multi-source uncertainty. Open-loop and closed-loop numerical simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed ThSHeKF-based health and performance monitoring with high estimation accuracy. Furthermore, compared to the most commonly used extended Kalman filter (EKF), Monte Carlo (MC) experiments shows that the proposed ThSHeKF is less conservative, has better robustness, and is superior in adaptive monitoring under multi-source uncertainty.","PeriodicalId":14034,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engine Research","volume":"36 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139275636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Biomimetic swirl device and hydrogen enrichment effects on LPG fueled engine 仿生漩涡装置和氢气富集对液化石油气燃料发动机的影响

IF 2.5 4区工程技术

International Journal of Engine Research Pub Date : 2023-11-15 DOI: 10.1177/14680874231209399

Sahar Hadjkacem, M. A. Jemni, Zied Driss, M. Abid

{"title":"Biomimetic swirl device and hydrogen enrichment effects on LPG fueled engine","authors":"Sahar Hadjkacem, M. A. Jemni, Zied Driss, M. Abid","doi":"10.1177/14680874231209399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14680874231209399","url":null,"abstract":"Inspired by the humpback-whale flipper which enables robust aerodynamic force production, we propose a biomimetic blade design for small Biomimetic Swirl Device (BSD) added on gaseous engine inlet system. Such system can achieve robustness in aerodynamic performance for the intake flow. Therefore, the BSD design has an important impact on swirl generation inside the engine cylinder which its geometry was defined by a wavelength, leading edge radius and amplitude. For this reason, a numerical analysis method, by means a computational fluid dynamics 3D modeling technique, was utilized to study the in-cylinder flow characteristics investigating the optimal BSD geometry. Moreover, the effect of Hydrogen on in-cylinder flow characteristics of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) bi-fuel engine has been examined using the BSD. In this research, five designs of the BSD with the dimensionless amplitude A* varied at 0.08, 0.12, 0.16, 0.2 and 0.24 were compared with the model without BSD to investigate its effect on the air-LPG flow inside the combustion chamber. The results showed that the BSD with A* = 0.2 created more turbulence, in-cylinder velocity, swirl in the combustion chamber than the other designs. Simulation results indicated also that LPG-30% H2 blend with BSD added gives the optimal in-cylinder flow characteristics of the TKE, the velocity and the swirl ratio.","PeriodicalId":14034,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engine Research","volume":"14 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139271712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Comparative evaluation of different operating parameters on performance, combustion, and emission characteristics in gasoline compression ignition (GCI) engine by using carbon neutrally biofuels 使用碳中性生物燃料对汽油压缩点火(GCI)发动机的性能、燃烧和排放特性进行了不同操作参数的比较评估

4区工程技术

International Journal of Engine Research Pub Date : 2023-11-14 DOI: 10.1177/14680874231208338

Wenbin Zhao, Shijie Mi, Haoqing Wu, Yaoyuan Zhang, Yong Qian, Xingcai Lu

{"title":"Comparative evaluation of different operating parameters on performance, combustion, and emission characteristics in gasoline compression ignition (GCI) engine by using carbon neutrally biofuels","authors":"Wenbin Zhao, Shijie Mi, Haoqing Wu, Yaoyuan Zhang, Yong Qian, Xingcai Lu","doi":"10.1177/14680874231208338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14680874231208338","url":null,"abstract":"The stringent emission regulations and energy shortage put forward strict requirements for highly efficient and clean combustion for internal combustion engines. The gasoline compression ignition (GCI), which is a new advanced combustion concept, can obtain high efficiency and low emissions simultaneously without many modifications of standard diesel engines. However, little research has been carried out to synergistically optimize the operation parameters in a wide load range, especially fueled with the carbon neutrally biofuels. Therefore, in this paper, the effects of various operating parameters on engine performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of the gasoline compression ignition (GCI) strategy fueled with a blend of butanol and biodiesel were investigated. Specifically, the impact of butanol energy ratio, fuel direct injection timing, and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) at the indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) of 4, 8, and 14 bar and the butanol energy ratio of 60%, 70%, and 80% were examined. Result shown that the increase in butanol energy ratio decreased the fuel reactivity and worsen the combustion process, while the lower butanol energy was also disadvantage to the engine performance. The indicated thermal efficiency could achieve 48.5% when the butanol energy ratio was 70% at medium engine load. The earlier fuel injection timing was needed at low engine load, the EGR was necessary to inhibit the in-cylinder pressure rise at high engine load, in which the EGR rates of 20% at the IMEP of 8 bar and 30% at the IMEP of 14 bar could achieve the optimum engine performance, respectively. Meanwhile, the nitrogen oxides emissions shown a greatly decrease with the EGR rates increase, and it was less than 200 ppm at the IMEP of 14 bar when the EGR rates were 50%.","PeriodicalId":14034,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engine Research","volume":"48 50","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134902340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Development of turbocharged engine bench test adapted to multiple driving cycles for lubricants fuel economy 多工况下涡轮增压发动机润滑油燃油经济性台架试验的研制

4区工程技术

International Journal of Engine Research Pub Date : 2023-11-14 DOI: 10.1177/14680874231210076

Hong Ye, Mo Yimin, Kong Xiangkui

{"title":"Development of turbocharged engine bench test adapted to multiple driving cycles for lubricants fuel economy","authors":"Hong Ye, Mo Yimin, Kong Xiangkui","doi":"10.1177/14680874231210076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14680874231210076","url":null,"abstract":"Aimed to more truly and stably measure the fuel economy of a vehicle under different driving cycles, simultaneously reduce prime cost and short experimental period. An engine fuel economy test method and bench which could adapt to multiple cycle conditions was developed. The fuel economy test of a certain SUV under NEDC/WLTC was carried out, and the transient operating parameters of the engine were collected. The engine fuel economy test bench was established and accurately controlled according to transient parameters. The FEI of five different formulations of engine oils was tested. The results indicate that the actual bench parameters are in good agreement with the target transient parameters. Multiple FC measurements of baseline oil and multiple FEI measurements of high reference oil show that the engine bench has good repeatability. The data fluctuation degree of bench test is obviously smaller than that of vehicle test. The correlation coefficients of comprehensive FEI between bench test and vehicle test are 95.25% (NEDC) and 96.39% (WLTC). It means that the bench test can completely replace the vehicle test for fuel economy analysis. The FEI of No.3 oil which has the best fuel improvement are 1.888% (NEDC) and 1.248% (WLTC) respectively. Compared with the vehicle test, the engine bench testing can save 75% of the time. The fuel economy bench and test methods are also suitable for the verification of fuel economy improvement of other engine optimization measures under different driving cycles. The development period of engine technologies can be shortened, and the test cost can be reduced.","PeriodicalId":14034,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engine Research","volume":"50 25","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134902806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Optimization of direct injection mixture formation for dual-fuel low speed marine engine using novel compound electric gas injection devices 采用新型复合电燃气喷射装置优化双燃料低速船用发动机直喷混合气形成

4区工程技术

International Journal of Engine Research Pub Date : 2023-11-02 DOI: 10.1177/14680874231206868

Xinyu Fan, Quanshui Huang, Hongyan Pang

{"title":"Optimization of direct injection mixture formation for dual-fuel low speed marine engine using novel compound electric gas injection devices","authors":"Xinyu Fan, Quanshui Huang, Hongyan Pang","doi":"10.1177/14680874231206868","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14680874231206868","url":null,"abstract":"For two-stroke low speed marine engines, using a natural gas-diesel dual-fuel mode can effectively reduce emissions such as NO X , SO X , and CO 2 , making it an important approach to promote the low-carbon and environmentally friendly development of the shipping industry. To address the issues of abnormal combustion and gas leakage faced by low-pressure gas direct injection, a novel compound electric gas injection device is proposed, which is designed with a coaxial arrangement of a moving coil actuator and a moving iron actuator. Based on this new device, a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of the low speed marine engine operating process is established to simulate the distribution characteristics of the in-cylinder flow field under 16 different scenarios, including different injection side-slip angles and lower deflection angles, and to clarify the impact of these factors on the formation, diffusion, and evolution of the mixture. Based on this, an evaluation system was established from two dimensions: mixture uniformity and gas leakage rate. An improved multi-attribute decision-making TOPSIS algorithm based on the entropy weight method was used to define the attribute importance using information entropy, and to construct an optimization evaluation model for the spatial arrangement of the injection device. The optimal arrangement angle was calculated, in which a side-slip angle was 20° and a lower deflection angle was 10°. This method avoids the problem of unreasonable decisions caused by subjective factors such as designer preferences and experience, effectively improving the in-cylinder mixture uniformity and reducing gas leakage rate.","PeriodicalId":14034,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engine Research","volume":"3 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135933854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A method to quantify the advantages of a variable valve train for CI engines 一种量化CI发动机可变气门机构优点的方法

4区工程技术

International Journal of Engine Research Pub Date : 2023-10-31 DOI: 10.1177/14680874231204113

Giordano Moretto, Severin Hänggi, Andyn Omanovic, Alois Amstutz, Christopher Onder

{"title":"A method to quantify the advantages of a variable valve train for CI engines","authors":"Giordano Moretto, Severin Hänggi, Andyn Omanovic, Alois Amstutz, Christopher Onder","doi":"10.1177/14680874231204113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14680874231204113","url":null,"abstract":"Today’s CI engines are subject to strict regulations of pollutant emissions and ambitious fuel consumption targets. Therefore, the interaction between the engine and the exhaust aftertreatment system (ATS) has become increasingly important. Numerous studies have shown that a variable valve train (VVT) improves the interaction between engine and ATS. However, most of these studies either quantify the advantage on a specific engine or only present complex CFD models, such that the results are not easily transferable to different engines. Thus, engine manufacturers cannot directly use these results to assess the advantage of various VVT strategies for their engines. In this paper, we propose a cycle-discrete cylinder model based on first principles which allows to simulate various VVT strategies. In contrast to present methods based on CFD, the proposed cylinder model can be realized with the equations presented. Furthermore, the model is identified with measurement data of an engine without a VVT. A separate engine, which is retrofitted with a fully VVT, is used to validate the proposed modeling approach. Using the identified model in combination with a mean-value model of the air path, we are able to simulate the effects of early intake valve closing, early exhaust valve opening, and cylinder deactivation for a complete CI engine that has no VVT installed. The model is then used to highlight the advantage of a VVT for two scenarios at part-load operation. At cold start, where the temperature of the ATS must be increased quickly, variable valve timing achieves higher enthalpy flows to the ATS while also lowering engine-out NOx emissions when compared to a standard engine strategy. If the ATS is at the operating temperature, cylinder deactivation achieves significantly higher enthalpy flows which prevents the ATS from cooling down. In addition, cylinder deactivation also lowers fuel consumption and engine-out NOx emissions.","PeriodicalId":14034,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engine Research","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135872170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Fuel-air mixing in motored CFR engine at research octane number (RON) relevant condition 研究了内燃机中辛烷值(RON)的相关条件

4区工程技术

International Journal of Engine Research Pub Date : 2023-10-31 DOI: 10.1177/14680874231206198

Atmadeep Bhattacharya, Karri Keskinen, Martti Larmi, Pinaki Pal, Yuri Kroyan, Teemu Sarjovaara, Ossi Kaario

{"title":"Fuel-air mixing in motored CFR engine at research octane number (RON) relevant condition","authors":"Atmadeep Bhattacharya, Karri Keskinen, Martti Larmi, Pinaki Pal, Yuri Kroyan, Teemu Sarjovaara, Ossi Kaario","doi":"10.1177/14680874231206198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14680874231206198","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a three-dimensional (3-D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study of a motored cooperative fuel research (CFR) engine at research octane number (RON) relevant condition. The boundary conditions for 3-D simulations were generated with a one-dimensional GT-Power model. For the first time in literature, a carburetor was added to a virtual CFR engine model with 3-D CFD. Therefore, the proposed setup can simulate the fuel and thermal stratifications inside the engine cylinder with realistic detail. The transient simulations in this work were performed within the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) framework with a Realizable k-ε turbulence model. Major conclusions from the present work are: (1) The in-cylinder flow of the CFR engine is swirl-dominated due to the existence of the intake valve shroud. (2) There is a significant amount of liquid droplets entering the cylinder during the intake stroke. The maximum instantaneous amount of liquid for 50% PRF 87 (containing 87% iso-octane and 13% n-heptane (v/v)) and 50% ethanol mixture is indicated to be around 26% of total injected fuel mass. (3) The heat of vaporization (HoV) of the fuel is responsible for creating both temperature and charge stratification inside the cylinder.","PeriodicalId":14034,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engine Research","volume":" 17","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135813599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0