International Journal of Engine Research最新文献

{"title":"Development of a semi-empirical physical model for transient NO_x emissions prediction from a high-speed diesel engine.","authors":"Abdullah Bajwa, Gongyi Zou, Fengyu Zhong, Xiaohang Fang, Felix Leach, Martin Davy","doi":"10.1177/14680874241255165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14680874241255165","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With emissions regulations becoming increasingly restrictive and the advent of real driving emissions limits, control of engine-out NO_x emissions remains an important research topic for diesel engines. Progress in experimental engine development and computational modelling has led to the generation of a large amount of high-fidelity emissions and in-cylinder data, making it attractive to use data-driven emissions prediction and control models. While pure data-driven methods have shown robustness in NO_x prediction during steady-state engine operation, deficiencies are found under transient operation and at engine conditions far outside the training range. Therefore, physics-based, mean value models that capture cyclic-level changes in in-cylinder thermo-chemical properties appear as an attractive option for transient NO_x emissions modelling. Previous experimental studies have highlighted the existence of a very strong correlation between peak cylinder pressure and cyclic NO_x emissions. In this study, a cyclic peak pressure-based semi-empirical NO_x prediction model is developed. The model is calibrated using high-speed NO and NO₂ emissions measurements during transient engine operation and then tested under different transient operating conditions. The transient performance of the physical model is compared to that of a previously developed data-driven (artificial neural network) model, and is found to be superior, with a better dynamic response and low (<10%) errors. The results shown in this study are encouraging for the use of such models as virtual sensors for real-time emissions monitoring and as complimentary models for future physics-guided neural network development.</p>","PeriodicalId":14034,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engine Research","volume":"25 10","pages":"1835-1848"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11419946/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142346195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An efficient product design tool for aftertreatment system","authors":"Zhiqiang Liu, Yiqiang Liu, Fucheng Zhao, Ruiping Wang","doi":"10.1177/14680874241274057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14680874241274057","url":null,"abstract":"A numerical simulation technique based on the conservation of mass and energy in the gas phase has been developed to optimize the aftertreatment system with the lowest costs. Both oxygen storage capacity model and catalyst deterioration model have been integrated into the three-way catalyst performance model. Applications have been discussed, including XY-L 1.5L I3 gasoline turbocharged direct injection (GTDI) production hybrid vehicle, BY-L 1.5L I4 GTDI hybrid vehicle, XY-L (overseas version) 1.5L I4 GTDI hybrid vehicle, and G-L7 1.5L I4 GTDI hybrid vehicle. Vehicle tests in support of the proposed model have been described. The developed model covers the complete range of the cold start, high temperature and volume flow conditions. To optimize a three-way catalyst performance, this work simulated the effect of air fuel ratio, space velocity, temperature, biasing adjustment on the catalyst efficiency. The simulations presented the technique’s capability of well predicting emissions on fresh and full useful life aged aftertreatment systems, respectively, and carried out under transient conditions. The investigation indicated that excess fueling was used upon engine start to heat the catalyst up to its full operating temperature of greater than 350°C. The model results prompted a redesign of the I3 and I4 1.5L GTDI China 6b, Euro VId and Tier 3/SULEV30 exhaust systems over the world light vehicle test procedure (WLTP) and federal test procedure (FTP) cycles, respectively, for example, the model suggested that the latest design for the SULEV30 aftertreatment system on XY-L (overseas version) 1.5L I4 GTDI hybrid vehicle with the revised calibrations in the areas of cold-start and closed-loop fuel treated emissions of NMOG, NOx, and CO to the 70% of the SULEV30 standards with a $64 cost reduction relative to the baseline.","PeriodicalId":14034,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engine Research","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142247433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computational investigation of a methanol compression ignition engine assisted by a glow plug","authors":"Xinlei Liu, Jaeheon Sim, Vallinayagam Raman, Yoann Viollet, Abdullah S AlRamadan, Emre Cenker, Hong G Im","doi":"10.1177/14680874241276061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14680874241276061","url":null,"abstract":"This work explores the feasibility of pure methanol combustion in a light-duty diesel engine assisted by a glow plug (GP). The simulations represented a mild engine load with an indicated mean effective pressure of 7 bar. An extensive computational study was conducted, and the successful operation of the pure methanol compression ignition engine was demonstrated. The effects of the GP position, spray umbrella angle, the relative angle (RA) between the glow plug and jet trajectory, and the injection strategy on the engine performance were evaluated. The autoignition of methanol-air mixture was found to primarily occur at an equivalence ratio between 0.2 and 0.4. However, an even richer mixture accompanied the lower temperature due to intense heat absorption of evaporation, significantly prolonging the ignition delay. Therefore, to improve the ignition and combustion heat release processes, RA was optimized to adequately control the mixture distribution around the GP. At each position of the GP, the optimum RA differed due to the complex flow and air-fuel mixing within the combustion chamber, which became smaller (from 12.5° to 5°) when the GP was moved anticlockwise from the intake port to the exhaust port regions. Furthermore, a split injection strategy was proposed to ensure the successful ignition of the methanol jets. The engine performance exhibited a high sensitivity to the pilot and main injection timings. A small pilot mass fraction of no higher than 20% was recommended to mitigate fuel jet-GP interaction and fuel impingement in the squish region.","PeriodicalId":14034,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engine Research","volume":"80 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142247434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transient NOx emission modeling of a hydrogen-diesel engine using hybrid machine learning methods","authors":"Saeid Shahpouri, David Gordon, Mahdi Shahbakhti, Charles Robert Koch","doi":"10.1177/14680874241272898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14680874241272898","url":null,"abstract":"One promising approach to reduce carbon foot print of internal combustion engines (ICEs) is using alternative fuels like hydrogen, particularly by converting medium and heavy-duty diesel engines to dual-fuel hydrogen-diesel engines. To minimize elevated NOx emissions from hydrogen-fueled engine, fast and accurate emission models are essential for engine model-based control and for engine calibration and optimization using hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) setups. In this study, a fast-response NOx emissions sensor is used to measure the transient NOx emissions from a dual-fuel hydrogen-diesel engine. Subsequently, steady-state models (SSMs), quasi steady-state models (QSSMs), and transient sequential models (TSMs) in the form of black-box (BB) and gray-box (GB) models are developed for transient NOx emissions prediction. GB models utilize both information from a one dimensional (1D) physical engine model and experimental data for training, while BB models only use experimental data. SSMs are optimized artificial neural networks (ANNs) trained using steady-state data, QSSMs are optimized ANNs trained using transient data, and TSMs are time-series networks trained using transient data. Long short-term memory (LSTM) and gated recurrent unit (GRU) networks are used as the time-series deep learning networks. The results showed that the 1D physical model has the poorest performance with successive model performance improvement from SSM to QSSM and from QSSM to TSM. The developed BB TSM model in this study can predict transient NOx emissions with an R<jats:sup>2</jats:sup> value greater than 0.96 at 89,000 predictions per second which makes this model suitable for real-time engine model-based control where computational efficiency is crucial. The developed GB TSM model can predict transient NOx emissions with an R<jats:sup>2</jats:sup> value greater than 0.97 but it is computationally more expensive. The extra accuracy of the GB TSM models makes them the best choice for HIL setups where more computational power is available, and accuracy is more crucial.","PeriodicalId":14034,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engine Research","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142247432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A consistent model of the initiation, early expansion, and possible extinction of a spark-ignited flame kernel","authors":"Marco Pretto, Pietro Giannattasio, Enrico De Betta, Fabio Bozza","doi":"10.1177/14680874241272812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14680874241272812","url":null,"abstract":"Modelling the establishment and growth of spark-ignited (SI) flame kernels has always been a topic of great interest, especially due to their key role in affecting the performance of SI engines. A major issue is that the unsteady conditions and the small kernel size hinder the application of the typical (both linear and non-linear) flame stretch correlations, valid only long after the ignition stage. Overcoming such limitations, this work presents a novel, mathematically consistent, and compact model that enables prediction of flame kernel initiation and early expansion, including its possible extinction. Firstly, spark-driven initiation models from literature are discussed, and an effective flame kernel initiation method is proposed. Then, the expansion model is defined complementing the mass, energy, and species conservation equations for the spherical kernel with the reactant and temperature profiles outside of it using the theory of transient thermodiffusive flames. After accounting for the convective flow caused by the combustion-induced density reduction and the variable thermodynamic properties of the reacting fuel/air mixture, the result is a two-equation model that predicts the kernel expansion even up to its possible extinction due to flame stretch. After calibration of the expansion model, successful validation is achieved against literature data on lean propane/air flames, and the influence of the model parameters is examined in detail. The proposed expansion model is formulated also aiming for inclusion into the simulation of combustion in SI engines, enabling more accurate predictions at part loads, as well as more effective estimation of the cycle-to-cycle variation thanks to the good model sensitivity to the parameters most affecting the ignition.","PeriodicalId":14034,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engine Research","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142247477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrostatic battery for emissions control (ESBEC): Further development and testing with diesel emissions","authors":"Taewon T. Han, Gediminas Mainelis","doi":"10.1177/14680874241274039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14680874241274039","url":null,"abstract":"We recently developed a novel diesel emissions control device, Electrostatic Screen Battery for Emissions Control (ESBEC), where an electrostatic mechanism removes diesel exhaust particles onto metal screens. In this study, we made the following improvements to the initial ESBEC’s design: (1) used metal collection screens of different porosity for a more even distribution of captured diesel exhaust throughout ESBEC, (2) redesigned screen holders for easy assembly of ESBEC, (3) heat-resistant materials were used to build the current model, which is 3 in. in diameter and 4 in. in length. ESBEC was investigated in a laboratory to optimize the screen porosity and configuration. Then, in the field, it was challenged with diesel particulate matter (DPM) exhausted from a diesel electric power generator. The DPM mass concentrations produced by the generator varied from 38 to 187 mg/m<jats:sup>3</jats:sup>, and air flow rates passing through ESBEC varied from 219 to 410 L/min. The testing was intermittently performed over 49 h. In addition, ESBEC’s particle collection efficiency was compared to that of a traditional diesel particulate filter (DPF). We also explored various washing methods to effectively remove DPM captured by ESBEC. When challenged with DPM, ESBEC showed collection efficiency of ∼100% for 26 h, during which 60 g of DPM was captured. For comparison, the collection efficiency of DPF was ∼77%. After the total run time of 46 h, the collection efficiency of ESBEC decreased to CARB (California Air Resources Board) Level 3 (85%), with 102 g DPM accumulated. When ESBEC was operated beyond 46 h, its collection efficiency was &lt;85%. However, washing screens for 5 min in isopropyl alcohol restored the collection efficiency to 86%. Future studies will examine the performance of ESBEC when it is installed in an actual diesel-powered vehicle.","PeriodicalId":14034,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engine Research","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142198853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Collaborative effects of fuel properties and EGR on the efficiency improvement and load boundary extension of a medium-duty engine","authors":"Xumin Zhao, Guangmeng Zhou, Hu Wang, Zhongjie Zhang, Zunqing Zheng, Mingfa Yao","doi":"10.1177/14680874241274035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14680874241274035","url":null,"abstract":"EGR dilution combustion has problems such as weakened anti-knock capability at high load, slow combustion speed and poor combustion stability, which results in limitations in the thermal efficiency improvement and load boundary extension of medium-duty highly-downsized engines. It is necessary to combine EGR dilution and other measures to collaboratively control the in-cylinder thermodynamic state and combustion process. The experimental investigations in this study isolate the effect of the ethanol blending ratio in ethanol gasoline on the anti-knock performance, combustion performance and thermal efficiency, and verifies the potential of collaborative optimization of fuel properties and EGR in improving the thermal efficiency and extending the load boundary for a medium-duty highly-downsized engine. The results show that as the load increases, the improvement effect of increasing the blending ratio of ethanol in the anti-knock performance, combustion speed, and the turbine inlet temperature reduction will become more obvious. At high load, using E20 fuel can improve the EGR tolerance, advance the spark timing and CA50, and thus increase the BTE. As the speed decreases, the thermal efficiency improvement effect of E20 fuel gradually increases, and the improved load range extends. The collaborative optimization of E20 fuel and EGR can further extend the high thermal efficiency area of the engine. And the Max. achievable load is 0.11 MPa higher than that of E10, which effectively extends the upper load limit during the stoichiometric combustion.","PeriodicalId":14034,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engine Research","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142225400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wastegate control strategy in electrically assisted turbochargers: A formula student car case study","authors":"Mohamed Shoman, Walid Aboelsoud, Ahmed Mohamed Taher Alaa Eldein Hussin, Mohamed Abdelaziz","doi":"10.1177/14680874241272762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14680874241272762","url":null,"abstract":"The pursuit of reduced carbon emissions has spurred powertrain innovations, especially in the automotive sector. This study aims to numerically analyze the electrically assisted turbocharging (eTurbo) on internal combustion engines (ICEs) with a specific focus on optimizing wastegate control across diverse engine speeds. Results highlight the significant influence of wastegate settings on critical parameters such as brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), power, and torque. Through meticulous simulations and validation, the study identifies optimal wastegate configurations for different engine speeds. Precision control is shown to have a profound impact on BSFC, power, torque, and overall efficiency. Additionally, findings underscore the dynamic nature of eTurbo performance, emphasizing the importance of customized control strategies. The naturally aspirated model is validated with real-world data from a Honda CBR600RR engine integrated into a Formula Student vehicle powertrain, meeting competition regulations. Torque measurements obtained from a chassis dynamometer reveal a maximum relative error of 8%. A dynamic control strategy is proposed to adapt wastegate adjustments in real-time based on engine conditions, aiming to enhance system efficiency and performance, contributing to improved engine efficiency and sustainable transportation solutions. The steady state simulation results demonstrate that wastegate adjustments significantly improve performance, enhancing engine brake power, volumetric efficiency, Engine Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC), and Equivalent Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (EBSFC). EBSFC exhibits nuanced changes based on wastegate configurations and engine speeds. At a turbocharger speed of 140,000 rpm, the EBSFC drops by 2.8% at 40% wastegate opening and 10,000 rpm engine speed, while it drops by 2.5% at 20% wastegate opening and 12,000 rpm.","PeriodicalId":14034,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engine Research","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142225396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The loosening mechanism of tin-bronze bushing assembled by interference at connecting rod small end of heavy-duty diesel engines","authors":"Hongyu Fu, Hao Zhang, Limin Zhang, Penghao Niu, Xukang Liu, Oleksandr Stelmakh","doi":"10.1177/14680874241272922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14680874241272922","url":null,"abstract":"The commonly used spinning tin-bronze bushings assembled by interference sometimes fail causing the bushings to rotate or even come out from connecting rod small end. Previous studies have shown this failure to be related to the abnormal temperature of small end. Test samples with same material and process as the connecting rod small end were designed. The residual stress on inner surface and pressing force of bushings were tested before and after local heating. The results showed that the residual stresses on inner surface and maximum pressing force decrease with the increase of maximum temperature and thermal cycles when the temperature of bushing bottom reaches 160°C. A quarter model of connecting rod was applied to reveal the loosening mechanism. It is found that plastic deformation occurs around oil holes, resulting in variations in the stress field of bushing. It lessens the bonding force between bushing and connecting rod small end. Meanwhile, the residual stresses on inner surface decrease and then surface hardness of this area reduces, which makes it easier to adhere with piston pin and generate large friction. These results are crucial for the material and structure design of connecting rod small end bushings.","PeriodicalId":14034,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engine Research","volume":"313 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142225398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel direct injection electro-hydraulic model-based controller for high efficiency internal combustion engines","authors":"Pier Paolo Brancaleoni, Davide Viscione, Giacomo Silvagni, Vittorio Ravaglioli, Enrico Corti, Gian Marco Bianchi, Matteo De Cesare, Federico Stola","doi":"10.1177/14680874241272851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14680874241272851","url":null,"abstract":"During the past years, automotive industries developed several technologies suitable to increase efficiency and reduce emissions from Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs). Among them, the adoption of high-pressure injection systems is considered crucial to optimize air-fuel mixture formation. However, the use of these technologies also promotes the formation of particulate matter (PM Particulate Matter), which is a direct result of charge stratification and fluid film on the cylinder walls. Therefore, to obtain a proper mixture formation without the risk of wall impingement, the utilization of consecutive injections is mandatory. Since modern Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) systems are typically characterized by electrical-actuated injectors connected to a single high-pressure rail, a deep understanding of electrical and hydraulic effects among two close injection events becomes essential. This paper analyzes the combinations of electrical and hydraulic effects that occur in a high-pressure GDI system performing multiple injections. By using a specifically developed open vessel flushing bench, the injection system has been characterized in terms of pressure wave propagation as well as electrical distortions of the driving current profile of the injectors. The analysis of the experimental data has allowed for the calibration of the residual magnetization characteristic map in addition to the development of a pressure wave propagation control-oriented model. Finally, a Magnetization and Pressure Wave (MPW) correction strategy, easily implementable on an Electronic Control Unit (ECU) without the need for additional sensors, has been proposed. By running the MPW strategy, the error between the actual and expected injected mass has been reduced below 5% in all tested conditions.","PeriodicalId":14034,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engine Research","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142225408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}