International Journal of Infectious Diseases最新文献

{"title":"Retraction notice to \"Risk factors for symptoms of infection and microbial carriage among French medical students abroad\" [International Journal of Infectious Diseases, volume 100 (2020) 104–111]","authors":"Thi Loi Dao , Naomie Canard , Van Thuan Hoang , Tran Duc Anh Ly , Tassadit Drali , Laetitia Ninove , Florence Fenollar , Didier Raoult , Philippe Parola , Pierre Marty , Philippe Gautret","doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107806","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107806","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14006,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 107806"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143629087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent trends in hospitalizations for respiratory syncytial virus after the COVID-19 pandemic and before routine immunization: Seasonality and severity updates from the 2023/2024 season in Tuscany, Italy","authors":"Vieri Lastrucci ,&nbsp;Martina Pacifici ,&nbsp;Monia Puglia ,&nbsp;Giorgia Alderotti ,&nbsp;Elettra Berti ,&nbsp;Guglielmo Bonaccorsi ,&nbsp;Maria Moriondo ,&nbsp;Massimo Resti ,&nbsp;Diego Peroni ,&nbsp;Marco Martini ,&nbsp;Francesco Nieddu ,&nbsp;Marina Vignoli ,&nbsp;Chiara Azzari ,&nbsp;Rosa Gini ,&nbsp;Marco Del Riccio ,&nbsp;Fabio Voller","doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107879","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107879","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) epidemiology was disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic. This study investigates the 2023/2024 RSV season in Tuscany, Italy, to assess trends in seasonality and incidence of RSV-associated hospitalizations compared with pre-pandemic and prior post-pandemic seasons.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We analyzed RSV-associated hospitalizations in Tuscany during the 2023/2024 season, just before the implementation of routine immunization with nirsevimab, with a dynamic cohort consisting of all resident children aged ≤2 years, using regional registries. Seasonality was assessed using the 60% mean detection threshold method, and incidence rate ratios and risk ratios were used to compare hospitalization incidence and risk of severe hospitalization (intensive care unit, continuous positive airway pressure, or mechanical ventilation) with pre-pandemic seasons, 2017/2018 and 2018/2019, respectively.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Among 64,963 children aged &lt;2 years, 724 were hospitalized for RSV. The epidemic began in week 42 of 2023, peaked in week 52, and ended in week 12 of 2024 (18 weeks total). Incidence remained significantly higher than pre-pandemic levels (incidence rate ratio 3.0, 95% confidence interval 2.7-3.4), whereas severity risk was comparable to pre-pandemic seasons.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Seasonality in 2023/2024 aligned more closely with pre-pandemic patterns, but incidence remained elevated, likely due to immunity debt at the population level. Monitoring RSV epidemiology is essential as new preventive measures, such as nirsevimab and vaccines, are introduced.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14006,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"154 ","pages":"Article 107879"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143633766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of dolutegravir-based vs boosted darunavir-based first-line 3-drug regimens in people with HIV with advanced disease: a trial emulation.","authors":"Roberta Gagliardini, Andrea Giacomelli, Cristina Mussini, Stephen R Cole, Jessie K Edwards, Carmela Pinnetti, Alessandro Raimondi, Spinello Antinori, Silvia Nozza, Valentina Mazzotta, Giulia Carla Marchetti, Sergio Lo Caputo, Alessandro Tavelli, Antonella d'Arminio Monforte, Andrea Antinori, Alessandro Cozzi-Lepri","doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107883","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>No randomized comparisons exist between dolutegravir (DTG) and boosted-darunavir (DRV/b) for people initiating treatment with advanced HIV.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>ART-naïve people with HIV (PWH) with CD4 <200 cells/mm³ or AIDS who started a first-line three-drug regimen with DTG or DRV/b were included. The primary outcome was a composite endpoint of newly diagnosed AIDS, serious non-AIDS events (SNAE), death, virological failure (VF) or discontinuation of the anchor drug due to failure or toxicity. A marginal structural Cox regression model was used to estimate the effect of starting DTG vs DRV/b-based regimens.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 1,323 advanced ART-naïve PWH were included, 895 starting DTG and 428 DRV/b. The unweighted risks of the composite endpoint by 48 months were 21.1% (95% CI: 18.1;24.1%) for DTG versus 37.9% (95% CI: 32.7;43.2%) for DRV/b (p<0.001). First-line treatment with DTG showed a lower risk of experiencing the composite endpoint than DRV/b (wHR of DTG vs DRV/b 0.47, 95% CI: 0.35;0.64, p<0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Under the stated assumptions, this analysis indicates that in ART-naïve PWH with advanced disease, ART initiation with DTG vs. DRV/b-based regimens leads to a 50% reduction in the risk of AIDS/SNAE/death/VF/discontinuation. This observed difference is partly explained by discontinuation of the anchor drug.</p>","PeriodicalId":14006,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":" ","pages":"107883"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143633763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic tests for tuberculosis infection and predictive indicators of disease progression: utilizing host and pathogen biomarkers to enhance the TB elimination strategies.","authors":"Tonino Alonzi, Elisa Petruccioli, Alessandra Aiello, Federica Repele, Delia Goletti","doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107880","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107880","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tuberculosis (TB) remains the leading cause of death worldwide from a single infectious disease. An estimated quarter of the world's population, about 2 billion people, has an immune response to Mtb without clinical, microbiological, or radiological signs of TB disease. This condition is known as TB infection (TBI) and carries a lifelong risk of reactivation with 5-10% of individuals eventually developing TB disease during their lifetime. IGRA and skin-tests are World Health Organization (WHO)-approved tests for TBI diagnosis and allow to identify those needing TB preventive therapy. The WHO End TB Strategy proposes several approaches to mitigate the global burden of TB. Achieving the goal of TB elimination requires improved early diagnosis of TBI individuals at risk of developing TB disease, provision of preventive therapy, and development of new diagnostic tests to address the current limitations. This review provides an update on the tests currently used for TBI diagnosis and offers an overview of experimental tests based on either host response analysis or pathogen detection. Additionally, we briefly report experimental tests, such as those based on host RNA signatures, which can help identifying TBI individuals at high risk of progressing towards TB disease. Although these experimental tests show promise, further investigation and randomized clinical trials are required to establish reliable proof-of-concept.</p>","PeriodicalId":14006,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":" ","pages":"107880"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143630411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Prevalence of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 infection among blood donors in mainland China: A meta-analysis” [Int J Infect Dis. 2014 Aug: 25;94–9]","authors":"Xin Li,&nbsp;Yuanzhong Chen,&nbsp;Zhengjun Wu,&nbsp;Na Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107872","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107872","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14006,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"154 ","pages":"Article 107872"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143601620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Population-level respiratory virus–virus interactions, Puerto Rico, 2013-2023","authors":"Zachary J. Madewell ,&nbsp;Joshua M. Wong ,&nbsp;Maile B. Thayer ,&nbsp;Vanessa Rivera-Amill ,&nbsp;Diego Sainz de la Peña ,&nbsp;Jorge Bertrán Pasarell ,&nbsp;Gabriela Paz-Bailey ,&nbsp;Laura E. Adams ,&nbsp;Yang Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107878","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107878","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Understanding virus–virus interactions is important for evaluating disease transmission and severity. Positive interactions suggest concurrent circulation, while negative interactions indicate reduced transmission of one virus when another is prevalent. This study examines interactions among seven respiratory viruses using a Bayesian approach that accounts for seasonality and long-term trends.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We analyzed data from 43,385 acute febrile illness cases in the Sentinel Enhanced Dengue Surveillance System in Puerto Rico (2013-2023). Viruses studied included influenza A (IAV), influenza B (IBV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human parainfluenza viruses 1 and 3 (HPIV-1, HPIV-3), human adenovirus (HAdV), and human metapneumovirus (HMPV). Wavelet coherence analysis investigated synchronous or asynchronous viral co-variation, while a Bayesian hierarchical model estimated pairwise interactions.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Among 43,385 participants, 26.0% tested positive for at least one virus, with IAV (9.5%), HAdV (4.1%), RSV (3.6%), and IBV (3.6%) being most frequent. Coinfections occurred in 0.5% of cases, often involving HAdV. Wavelet coherence identified significant synchronization among RSV/HMPV, HPIV-1/HMPV, and other virus pairs, with minimal coherence during the COVID-19 pandemic. Bayesian modeling suggested five virus–virus associations: four positive (RSV/HPIV-3, HMPV/HPIV-1, IBV/HAdV, IBV/HMPV) and one negative (IAV/HAdV). However, when restricting the analysis to the prepandemic period, fewer associations remained statistically credible.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Respiratory viruses in Puerto Rico demonstrate patterns of co-circulation that may reflect complex interactions, but these associations appear context-dependent. Findings highlight the need for continued surveillance to better understand virus–virus dynamics and their implications for public health interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14006,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"154 ","pages":"Article 107878"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143624560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sero-epidemiology of measles immunoglobulin G antibodies among newborns from South-East Asia and sub-Saharan Africa: an observational, multicenter study","authors":"Carine Bokop ,&nbsp;Nisha Dhar ,&nbsp;Alane Izu ,&nbsp;Musa Mohammed Ali ,&nbsp;Godwin Akaba ,&nbsp;Hellen C. Barsosio ,&nbsp;James A Berkley ,&nbsp;Manisha Madhai Beck ,&nbsp;Tolossa E Chaka ,&nbsp;Clare L. Cutland ,&nbsp;Phurb Dorji ,&nbsp;Adama Mamby Keita ,&nbsp;Feleke Belachew Lema ,&nbsp;Nubwa Medugu ,&nbsp;Salim Mwarumba ,&nbsp;Stella Mwakio ,&nbsp;Stephen Obaro ,&nbsp;Eyinade K Olateju ,&nbsp;Rani Diana Sahni ,&nbsp;Samir K Saha ,&nbsp;Gaurav Kwatra","doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107882","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107882","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>To investigate the transplacental acquisition of measles immunoglobulin (Ig)G in newborns at delivery in Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Kenya, Nigeria, Mali, and South Africa.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Archived cord serum, from a multicenter study on Group B <em>Streptococcus</em>, were tested for measles IgG using a commercial enzyme link immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We tested 323 randomly selected samples from each of the sites. Models using various measles antibody decay rates in infancy were explored.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Overall, 2,907 cord serum samples were analyzed. At birth, 49.9% of newborns were measles IgG seronegative. Measles seronegativity ranged from 21.7% in Nigeria to 73.4% in Bhutan. The adjusted odds of seronegativity in infants of mothers born after measles vaccination implementation was 1.78 times that for infants born to unvaccinated mothers (adjusted odds ratio 1.78; 95% confidence interval 1.43-2.21; <em>P</em> &lt;0.001). Modeling measles-IgG kinetics predicted that 70.8%, 88.3%, and 100% of infants would be seronegative by 2, 4, and 6 months, respectively, without further exposure.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Our findings suggest low transplacental acquisition of measles IgG in newborns, which is likely to yield susceptibility to measles infection at a very young age. The currently recommended measles vaccine schedules in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), with the first dose recommended from 9 months of age and onward, warrant reconsideration, including the need for earlier dosing schedules.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14006,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"154 ","pages":"Article 107882"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143624561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic response to an empirical praziquantel treatment in long-staying sub-Saharan African migrants with positive Schistosoma serology and chronic symptoms: A prospective cohort study in Spain","authors":"Sílvia Roure ,&nbsp;Xavier Vallès ,&nbsp;Olga Pérez-Quílez ,&nbsp;Israel López-Muñoz ,&nbsp;Lluís Valerio ,&nbsp;Laura Soldevila ,&nbsp;Anna Chamorro ,&nbsp;Elena Abad ,&nbsp;Alaa H.A. Hegazy ,&nbsp;Gema Fernández-Rivas ,&nbsp;Ester Gorriz ,&nbsp;Dolores Herena ,&nbsp;Elia Fernández-Pedregal ,&nbsp;Sergio España-Cueto ,&nbsp;Josep M. Llibre ,&nbsp;Mar Isnard ,&nbsp;Josep Maria Bonet ,&nbsp;Oriol Estrada ,&nbsp;Núria Prat ,&nbsp;Bonaventura Clotet","doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107873","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107873","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Sub-Saharan African migrants may be experiencing imported schistosomiasis, which can evolve into chronic schistosomiasis. Positive response to empiric treatment with praziquantel may indicate the presence of persistent infection.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We tested the response to praziquantel in a cohort of sub-Saharan African migrants with probable chronic schistosomiasis. The tests were administered at baseline and 6 and 12 months.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of the 187 eligible participants, 149 completed the follow-up. Of these, 119 (79.9%) were males and 65 (43.6%) were from Senegal. The median age was 43 years (interquartile ranges 35-51 years) and their duration of residence in Europe was 17 years (interquartile ranges 12-21 years). The most prevalent clinical symptom was chronic abdominal pain (N = 96, 64.4%), pelvic pain in males (N = 55, 46.6%), and dysmenorrhea (N = 21; 70.0%) in females. We observed a significant decrease (<em>P</em> &lt;0.001) in the number of signs and symptoms at 12 months, and 70.3% showed a total resolution of the symptoms and significant decreases in transaminase levels, eosinophilia, and abnormal glomerular filtration rates. The rates of clearance in positive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunochromatography tests were 54.7% and 24.3%.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The positive response to praziquantel suggests that chronic schistosomiasis is a prevalent condition among long-staying African migrants. These results need to be confirmed in randomized clinical trials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14006,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"154 ","pages":"Article 107873"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143624562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use among PrEP-eligible men who have sex with men: A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Yuyan Zhao ,&nbsp;Huishan Li ,&nbsp;Yiting Huang ,&nbsp;Ziwei Zhou ,&nbsp;Zhuoqian He ,&nbsp;Bruce Agins ,&nbsp;Jason J. Ong ,&nbsp;Huachun Zou ,&nbsp;Yangyang She ,&nbsp;Hongbo Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107874","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107874","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Scaling up pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is critical to combating the AIDS epidemic, especially among PrEP-eligible men who have sex with men (MSM). This study summarizes the global proportion of PrEP-eligible MSM with PrEP use and highlights the contextual differences in eligibility criteria for PrEP across studies.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A literature search was conducted in four databases in July 2023. We determined the proportion of PrEP-eligible MSM with PrEP use and its 95% confidence interval (CI) using a random-effects meta-analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>50 eligible studies involving 96,151 PrEP-eligible MSM were included. The overall pooled estimate of PrEP-eligible MSM with a history of PrEP use and current PrEP use was 19.3% (95% CI 13.9-26.2) and 21.8% (95% CI 17.6-26.7) with <em>β</em> regressions indicating an increasing trend. Subgroup analyses showed lower PrEP use among young MSM, and differences in PrEP use by research year, country income level, policy support and WHO region. Variations in eligibility criteria for PrEP were observed across studies.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>An overall increase in PrEP use among PrEP-eligible MSM was observed, with differences in PrEP use mainly by age. Emphasis on identifying PrEP-eligible MSM, particularly young MSM and removing financial barriers for effective implementation. Global PrEP criteria should be more standardized and based on the latest science.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14006,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"154 ","pages":"Article 107874"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143624558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Host-directed therapy in diabetes and tuberculosis comorbidity, towards global TB elimination.","authors":"Steven G Smith, Ruth Bowness, Jacqueline M Cliff","doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107877","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107877","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Host-directed therapy could potentially revolutionise tuberculosis control, as adjunct to traditional antibiotics for the treatment of tuberculosis disease, and as a strategy to prevent disease progression following Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. The growing type 2 diabetes pandemic is hampering tuberculosis control worldwide, as people with diabetes have an increased risk of developing tuberculosis disease as well as worse treatment outcomes. Pulmonary tuberculosis is characterised by an inflammatory response which can cause alveolar tissue destruction and cavitation, and this inflammation is exacerbated in people with tuberculosis-diabetes comorbidity. Thus, the reduction of the inflammatory response is a key goal of host-directed therapy to dampen immunopathology, but it is vital that the inflammatory response is not suppressed too much or the immune system will not be able to react to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and mycobacterial replication will intensify. Furthermore, the type I interferon response and host cell metabolism are further dysregulated in tuberculosis-diabetes comorbidity, likely contributing to poor treatment outcomes. Achieving the right balance in terms of modulating the inflammatory and immune responses, both quantitatively and temporally, is more complex in tuberculosis-diabetes comorbidity and this population should be included specifically in clinical trials of new regimen. In this regard, mathematical modelling has a key role in elucidating which biological pathways should be targeted in different people. Host-directed therapy for people with tuberculosis-diabetes comorbidity will reduce immunopathology and post-tuberculosis lung disease, as well as boost microbiological cure and treatment outcomes, and thus help in the fight towards global tuberculosis elimination.</p>","PeriodicalId":14006,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":" ","pages":"107877"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143604973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}