International Journal of Infectious Diseases最新文献

{"title":"Point-of-care testing reduces antibiotic prescribing in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Xiying Li ,&nbsp;Shengyue Qiu ,&nbsp;Chaojie Liu ,&nbsp;Manzhi Zhao ,&nbsp;Xinyi Yang ,&nbsp;Haohai Xia ,&nbsp;Ruonan Wang ,&nbsp;Shanquan Chen ,&nbsp;Jie Chen ,&nbsp;Jinkun Zheng ,&nbsp;Gordon Liu ,&nbsp;Shifang Yang ,&nbsp;Lianping Yang ,&nbsp;Christopher C Butler","doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107889","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107889","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Challenges in identifying the causes of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) have led to overuse of antibiotics. The advantages of point-of-care testing (POCT) may help to identify pathogens and use antibiotics more appropriately.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We conducted a systematic review to evaluate the effect of POCT to guide antibiotic prescriptions for AECOPD. Adhering to a protocol (CRD42024555847), we searched eligible studies. The outcomes included antibiotic-related and clinical outcomes. We evaluated the risk of bias and performed meta-analyses with subgroup based on the type and testing timing of POCT.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 18 studies evaluating 4346 AECOPD patients were included. Overall, POCT significantly reduced the number of AECOPD patients given antibiotic prescriptions by 16% (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.001). Additionally, antibiotic treatment was reduced by 1.19 days (<em>P</em> = 0.04). There was no detrimental impact on clinical outcomes, such as the length of hospital stay (<em>P</em> = 0.19). Our results proved robust to sensitivity analyses.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>We offered reasonable evidence for using POCT to reduce antibiotic exposure for AECOPD without adversely affecting clinical outcomes. As diagnostic techniques become increasingly important in combating antimicrobial resistance, the use of POCT should be encouraged.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14006,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 107889"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143669765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The first reported case of monkeypox virus clade Ⅰb infection in china—clinical presentation and epidemiologic implications","authors":"Weizhe Pan ,&nbsp;Rui Ge ,&nbsp;Guoying Zhu ,&nbsp;Yangyang Tian ,&nbsp;Yong Yan ,&nbsp;Xiaofei Fu ,&nbsp;Wei Jiang ,&nbsp;Dongfang Zhong ,&nbsp;Zhongwen Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107881","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107881","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recently, Monkeypox Virus (MPXV) clade Ib has caused serious health hazards in several countries. Herein, we report the first case of a clade Ib MPXV infection in China. MPXV was detected in a 28-year-old female on January 2, 2025. Whole-genome sequencing analysis revealed the strain to be clade Ib. The case presented with headache and disseminated rashes, with symptoms resolving symptomatic treatment and scabs shedding prior to discharge. Epidemiological studies and laboratory tests suggested transmission through close contact with a man who recently came from the Democratic Republic of Congo. Significantly, although some environmental samples tested positive, all contacts reminded negative, indicating that absence of secondary transmission. Furthermore, the clinical presentation of this case showed different manifestations from clade IIb MPXV infections. Epidemiological patterns also suggested sexual transmission served as the predominant route for clade Ib MPXV spread. These findings provide critical insights to enhance early detection strategies and inform targeted intervention measures aimed at curbing disease progression while mitigating risks of wider community spread.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14006,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 107881"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143663429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"World TB Day 2025 Theme \"Yes! We Can End TB: Commit, Invest, Deliver\" can be made a reality through concerted global efforts to advance diagnosis, treatment and research of tuberculosis infection and disease.","authors":"Delia Goletti, Alberto Matteelli, Jacqueline M Cliff, Graeme Meintjes, Steve Graham, Hanif Esmail, Shui Shan Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107892","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107892","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14006,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":" ","pages":"107892"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143663437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determinants of HIV-1 transmission clusters and transmitted drug resistance in men who have sex with men: A multicenter study in Portugal (2014-2019)","authors":"Ricardo Abrantes ,&nbsp;Victor Pimentel ,&nbsp;Cruz Sebastião ,&nbsp;Mafalda N.S. Miranda ,&nbsp;Sofia Seabra ,&nbsp;Ana Rita Silva ,&nbsp;António Diniz ,&nbsp;Bianca Ascenção ,&nbsp;Carmela Piñeiro ,&nbsp;Carmo Koch ,&nbsp;Catarina Rodrigues ,&nbsp;Cátia Caldas ,&nbsp;Célia Morais ,&nbsp;Domitília Faria ,&nbsp;Elisabete Gomes da Silva ,&nbsp;Eugénio Teófilo ,&nbsp;Fátima Monteiro ,&nbsp;Fausto Roxo ,&nbsp;Fernando Maltez ,&nbsp;Fernando Rodrigues ,&nbsp;Ana B. Abecasis","doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107888","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107888","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>In the EU/EEA, men who have sex with men (MSM) is a priority group for the prevention and control of HIV-1 infection. In Portugal, the 2023 HIV incidence rate was 8.2 per 100,000 inhabitants, with 876 new infections, 41.7% in MSM. We aim to characterize HIV-1 transmission clusters (TC) and transmitted drug resistance (TDR) and its sociodemographic, behavioral, clinical, and viral genomic determinants in MSM newly diagnosed in Portugal between 2014 and 2019.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of 340 MSM newly diagnosed with HIV-1 infection at 17 hospitals in Portugal were included. TC was identified with branch support ≥90% and 1.5% genetic distance. Logistic regression models were used to examine factors associated with TC and TDR.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>We identified 38 TC with 104 MSM, which includes 81 (26.6%) of the 305 MSM from our sample included in cluster analysis. The overall prevalence of TDR was 8.2%. Only HIV-1 subtype C was significantly associated with TDR. Overall, 10.5% of the clusters had at least 1 surveillance drug resistance mutation. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of TDR or the proportion of Portuguese and migrant MSM inside and outside clusters. Age at diagnosis, district of residence, unprotected sex with a woman, HIV testing, presenter status, and HIV-1 subtype were significantly associated with TC.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Specific subgroups of MSM are contributing to HIV-1 clustered transmission in Portugal. However, no association was found between TDR and sociodemographic or behavioral factors. Directed prevention measures should focus on those subgroups.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14006,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 107888"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143663422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk factors associated with Helicobacter pylori infection in the urban population of China: A nationwide, multi-center, cross-sectional study","authors":"Liang Wang ,&nbsp;Zheng-Kang Li ,&nbsp;Jin-Xin Lai ,&nbsp;Yu-Ting Si ,&nbsp;Jie Chen ,&nbsp;Eng Guan Chua ,&nbsp;Ling-Yan Dai ,&nbsp;Qiong Dai ,&nbsp;Xu-Bo Dai ,&nbsp;Zhao-Hui Deng ,&nbsp;Hong Du ,&nbsp;Qi Fang ,&nbsp;Cui Feng ,&nbsp;Min He ,&nbsp;Guo-Chu Hu ,&nbsp;Yi-Zhong Hu ,&nbsp;Hui Huang ,&nbsp;Yan-Jiang Huang ,&nbsp;Fen Li ,&nbsp;Jun-Hong Li ,&nbsp;Bing Gu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107890","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107890","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>To assess the risk factors associated with <em>Helicobacter pylori</em> infection in the urban Chinese population.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The study was conducted from March to November 2023, including 12,902 urban participants aged 18-60 years across 52 cities distributed over 26 provinces in China. Risk factors included socioeconomic status, lifestyles, and public understanding. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to calculate corrected odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>According to multivariate logistic regression, risk factors associated with significantly higher <em>H. pylori</em> infection rates included residency in developing (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.13-1.43) and undeveloped cities (OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.02-1.29), obesity (OR 1.37, 95% CI 1.05-1.78), alcohol consumption (OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.05-1.29), tea consumption (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.01-1.21), and soft drink consumption (OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.09-1.40). Conversely, individuals with moderate awareness (OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.71-0.88) and high awareness (OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.48-0.69) of <em>H. pylori</em> had lower infection rates.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Our findings highlight the importance of promoting a healthy lifestyle and improving the understanding of <em>H. pylori</em> in reducing the infection rate of the bacterial pathogen in the urban Chinese population.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14006,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"154 ","pages":"Article 107890"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143648478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Progression of lymphatic filariasis antigenaemia and microfilaraemia over 4.5 years in antigen-positive individuals, Samoa 2019-2023","authors":"Helen J. Mayfield ,&nbsp;Benn Sartorius ,&nbsp;Ramona Muttucumaru ,&nbsp;Sarah Sheridan ,&nbsp;Maddison Howlett ,&nbsp;Beatris Mario Martin ,&nbsp;Shannon M. Hedtke ,&nbsp;Emma Field ,&nbsp;Robert Thomsen ,&nbsp;Satupaitea Viali ,&nbsp;Patricia M. Graves ,&nbsp;Colleen L. Lau","doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107891","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107891","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>The first round of triple-drug mass drug administration (MDA) for lymphatic filariasis (LF) in Samoa was in 2018. This study aims to i) examine progression of LF antigen (Ag) and microfilaria (Mf) in Ag-positive individuals from 2019-2023; and ii) compare Ag/Mf prevalence in household members of Mf-positive vs Mf-negative participants.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In 2023, we tested Ag-positive participants (indexes) from a 2019 survey in Samoa, and their household members. We tested for Ag (Alere/Abbott Filariasis Test Strip) and Mf. We examined changes in Ag/Mf status in index participants and compared Ag/Mf prevalence between household members of Mf-positive and Mf-negative indexes.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>We recruited 91 indexes and 317 household members. In 2023, all 17 Mf-positive indexes remained Ag-positive and 11/15 with Mf results (73.3%) were Mf-positive. Of 74 Mf-negative indexes, 79.7% remained Ag-positive in 2023 and 31.1% became Mf-positive. Household members of Mf-positive indexes were more likely to be Ag-positive (odds ratios 3.3, 95% CI 1.0-10.3) compared to those of Mf-negative indexes.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Our results raise concerns regarding long-term effectiveness of a single-dose of triple-drug MDA for sustained clearance of Mf in Samoa. Guidelines for follow-up and treatment of Ag/Mf-positive people and household members are urgently required.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14006,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 107891"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143648393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retraction notice to \"Risk factors for symptoms of infection and microbial carriage among French medical students abroad\" [International Journal of Infectious Diseases, volume 100 (2020) 104–111]","authors":"Thi Loi Dao ,&nbsp;Naomie Canard ,&nbsp;Van Thuan Hoang ,&nbsp;Tran Duc Anh Ly ,&nbsp;Tassadit Drali ,&nbsp;Laetitia Ninove ,&nbsp;Florence Fenollar ,&nbsp;Didier Raoult ,&nbsp;Philippe Parola ,&nbsp;Pierre Marty ,&nbsp;Philippe Gautret","doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107806","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107806","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14006,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 107806"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143629087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent trends in hospitalizations for respiratory syncytial virus after the COVID-19 pandemic and before routine immunization: Seasonality and severity updates from the 2023/2024 season in Tuscany, Italy","authors":"Vieri Lastrucci ,&nbsp;Martina Pacifici ,&nbsp;Monia Puglia ,&nbsp;Giorgia Alderotti ,&nbsp;Elettra Berti ,&nbsp;Guglielmo Bonaccorsi ,&nbsp;Maria Moriondo ,&nbsp;Massimo Resti ,&nbsp;Diego Peroni ,&nbsp;Marco Martini ,&nbsp;Francesco Nieddu ,&nbsp;Marina Vignoli ,&nbsp;Chiara Azzari ,&nbsp;Rosa Gini ,&nbsp;Marco Del Riccio ,&nbsp;Fabio Voller","doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107879","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107879","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) epidemiology was disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic. This study investigates the 2023/2024 RSV season in Tuscany, Italy, to assess trends in seasonality and incidence of RSV-associated hospitalizations compared with pre-pandemic and prior post-pandemic seasons.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We analyzed RSV-associated hospitalizations in Tuscany during the 2023/2024 season, just before the implementation of routine immunization with nirsevimab, with a dynamic cohort consisting of all resident children aged ≤2 years, using regional registries. Seasonality was assessed using the 60% mean detection threshold method, and incidence rate ratios and risk ratios were used to compare hospitalization incidence and risk of severe hospitalization (intensive care unit, continuous positive airway pressure, or mechanical ventilation) with pre-pandemic seasons, 2017/2018 and 2018/2019, respectively.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Among 64,963 children aged &lt;2 years, 724 were hospitalized for RSV. The epidemic began in week 42 of 2023, peaked in week 52, and ended in week 12 of 2024 (18 weeks total). Incidence remained significantly higher than pre-pandemic levels (incidence rate ratio 3.0, 95% confidence interval 2.7-3.4), whereas severity risk was comparable to pre-pandemic seasons.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Seasonality in 2023/2024 aligned more closely with pre-pandemic patterns, but incidence remained elevated, likely due to immunity debt at the population level. Monitoring RSV epidemiology is essential as new preventive measures, such as nirsevimab and vaccines, are introduced.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14006,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"154 ","pages":"Article 107879"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143633766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of dolutegravir-based vs boosted darunavir-based first-line 3-drug regimens in people with HIV with advanced disease: A trial emulation","authors":"Roberta Gagliardini ,&nbsp;Andrea Giacomelli ,&nbsp;Cristina Mussini ,&nbsp;Stephen R. Cole ,&nbsp;Jessie K. Edwards ,&nbsp;Carmela Pinnetti ,&nbsp;Alessandro Raimondi ,&nbsp;Spinello Antinori ,&nbsp;Silvia Nozza ,&nbsp;Valentina Mazzotta ,&nbsp;Giulia Carla Marchetti ,&nbsp;Sergio Lo Caputo ,&nbsp;Alessandro Tavelli ,&nbsp;Antonella d'Arminio Monforte ,&nbsp;Andrea Antinori ,&nbsp;Alessandro Cozzi-Lepri ,&nbsp;Icona Foundation Study Group","doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107883","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107883","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>No randomized comparisons exist between dolutegravir (DTG) and boosted-darunavir (DRV/b) for people initiating treatment with advanced HIV.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve people with HIV (PWH) with CD4 &lt; 200 cells/mm³ or AIDS who started a first-line three-drug regimen with DTG or DRV/b were included. The primary outcome was a composite endpoint of newly diagnosed AIDS, serious non-AIDS events (SNAE), death, virological failure (VF), or discontinuation of the anchor drug due to failure or toxicity. A marginal structural Cox regression model was used to estimate the effect of starting DTG vs DRV/b-based regimens.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 1323 advanced ART-naïve PWH were included, 895 starting DTG and 428 DRV/b. The unweighted risks of the composite endpoint by 48 months were 21.1% (95% CI: 18.1; 24.1%) for DTG vs 37.9% (95% CI: 32.7; 43.2%) for DRV/b (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.001). First-line treatment with DTG showed a lower risk of experiencing the composite endpoint than DRV/b (wHR of DTG vs DRV/b 0.47, 95% CI: 0.35; 0.64, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Under the stated assumptions, this analysis indicates that in ART-naïve PWH with advanced disease, ART initiation with DTG vs DRV/b-based regimens leads to a 50% reduction in the risk of AIDS/SNAE/death/VF/discontinuation. This observed difference is partly explained by discontinuation of the anchor drug.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14006,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 107883"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143633763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic tests for tuberculosis infection and predictive indicators of disease progression: Utilizing host and pathogen biomarkers to enhance the tuberculosis elimination strategies.","authors":"Tonino Alonzi, Elisa Petruccioli, Alessandra Aiello, Federica Repele, Delia Goletti","doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107880","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107880","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tuberculosis (TB) remains the leading cause of death worldwide from a single infectious disease. An estimated quarter of the world's population, about 2 billion people, has an immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) without clinical, microbiological, or radiological signs of TB disease. This condition is known as TB infection (TBI) and carries a lifelong risk of reactivation with 5%-10% of individuals eventually developing TB disease during their lifetime. Interferon-γ release assay and skin-tests are World Health Organization (WHO)-approved tests for TBI diagnosis and allow to identify those needing TB preventive therapy. The WHO End TB Strategy proposes several approaches to mitigate the global burden of TB. Achieving the goal of TB elimination requires improved early diagnosis of TBI individuals at risk of developing TB disease, provision of preventive therapy, and development of new diagnostic tests to address the current limitations. This review provides an update on the tests currently used for TBI diagnosis and offers an overview of experimental tests based on either host response analysis or pathogen detection. Additionally, we briefly report experimental tests, such as those based on host RNA signatures, which can help identifying TBI individuals at high risk of progressing toward TB disease. Although these experimental tests show promise, further investigation and randomized clinical trials are required to establish reliable proof-of-concept.</p>","PeriodicalId":14006,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":" ","pages":"107880"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143630411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}