International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research最新文献

{"title":"Lowering Sodium Intake: Reduction and Substitution for Cardiovascular Health.","authors":"Nan Hu, Rachael McLean","doi":"10.31083/IJVNR36289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31083/IJVNR36289","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Clinical and epidemiological evidence supports sodium reduction as an effective strategy to lower blood pressure and reduce the risk of stroke, cardiovascular disease, and overall mortality. High sodium (salt) intake is a well-established contributor to elevated blood pressure and adverse cardiovascular outcomes. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that adults should consume less than 5 g of table salt per day; however, the global average intake is estimated at around 10.78 g/day. The primary sources of dietary sodium vary by region: in high-income countries, the majority of salt intake comes from processed foods and meals prepared outside the home, while in many low-and middle-income countries, sodium is mainly added during home cooking or comes from condiments such as soy sauce and fish sauce. This review discusses the effects of high dietary sodium on blood pressure and vascular health, along with global consumption trends, regional disparities, and key nutritional sources. In addition to reducing sodium, adopting a salt-sensitive, whole-diet approach, such as increasing fruit and vegetable intake to boost potassium, can further protect cardiovascular health. Potassium-enriched, low-sodium salt substitutes are increasingly used in food production. Emerging strategies, including flavor enhancers, bitter blockers, spatial salt distribution, and microencapsulation, also help enhance saltiness perception while lowering sodium content. The review also summarizes national guidelines and those by the WHO, highlights selected country strategies, and calls for coordinated global and national efforts to reduce sodium intake and improve cardiovascular health worldwide.</p>","PeriodicalId":13884,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research","volume":"95 3","pages":"36289"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144560083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research Advances in Hydration Status and Kidney, Liver, and Cardiovascular Health, and Tailored Water Intake Recommendations for Chinese Children.","authors":"Menglong Li, Bingqing Wu, Mengying Guan, Huiming He, Jiaming Liu, Dayong Huang, Yifei Hu","doi":"10.31083/IJVNR33504","DOIUrl":"10.31083/IJVNR33504","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Suboptimal hydration status has increasingly been recognized as a risk factor for the progression of chronic diseases. A nationwide survey conducted in China found that 82% of children aged 6 to 17 years failed to meet the recommended daily total water intake of 1600-2500 mL. On average, boys consumed 1603 ± 731 mL per day, while girls consumed 1487 ± 661 mL per day, placing them at a higher risk of dehydration. Worldwide studies have suggested associations between dehydration and chronic kidney disease, steatotic liver disease, and cardiovascular diseases in adults. However, there is a lack of evidence concerning hydration status and target organ damage in the pediatric population. Only a limited number of studies have suggested that suboptimal hydration status is associated with transient renal impairment, an increased risk of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), and decreased ventricular structure and function in children. This article reviews the association between hydration status and target organ damage in both adult and pediatric populations and summarizes tailored water intake recommendations for Chinese children. We aim to advance research on hydration status and kidney, liver, and cardiovascular health, especially in the pediatric population.</p>","PeriodicalId":13884,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research","volume":"95 3","pages":"33504"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144560101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global Burden of Diseases Associated With Iron Deficiency: GBD 2021.","authors":"Shanshan Huang, Hui Li, Li Zhang, Huihua Chen, Chen Gao","doi":"10.31083/IJVNR31351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31083/IJVNR31351","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Iron deficiency is a major global public health concern associated with various adverse outcomes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study utilized the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD 2021) to analyze the contemporary burden of iron deficiency-associated diseases. We conducted an epidemiological analysis using Bayesian age-period-cohort methods for forecasting, decomposition analysis to assess the impact of aging, population growth, and epidemiological shifts, and slope/concentration indices to assess health inequalities.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Between 1990 and 2021, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to iron deficiency increased (2021: 34,519,623, 95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 23,607,706.06-48,762,323.14), despite a decline in age-standardized rates (ASR) (451.58 per 100,000; 95% UI: 308.48-639.42) with an estimated annual percentage change of -0.87 (95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.91 to -0.83). The burden was highest in low socio-demographic index regions, with 13,893,312.7 DALYs (95% UI: 9,567,547.98-19,440,905.71), an ASR of 735.34 per 100,000 (95% UI: 506.01-1027.57), and an annual percentage change (EAPC) of -1.36 (95% CI: -1.41 to -1.32). Deaths totaled 18,628.31 (95% UI: 9082.46-27,243.01), with a mortality rate of 1.77 per 100,000 (95% UI: 0.86-2.60), primarily from maternal health disorders and dietary iron deficiency. Population growth and epidemiological shifts were key contributors to the disease burden.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings highlight the persistent global burden of iron deficiency and the need for targeted interventions, particularly in low socio-demographic index regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":13884,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research","volume":"95 3","pages":"31351"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144560082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-Term Health Effects of Vitamins and Nutrients.","authors":"Syed Hassan Ali, Muhammad Liaquat Raza","doi":"10.31083/IJVNR36666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31083/IJVNR36666","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13884,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research","volume":"95 2","pages":"36666"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144017690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of the L-Carnitine Supplementation on Obesity Indices: An Umbrella Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Fatemeh Hamedi-Kalajahi, Meysam Zarezadeh, Mahsa Malekahmadi, Parsa Jamilian, Parmida Jamilian, Roghayeh Molani-Gol, Alireza Ostadrahimi","doi":"10.31083/IJVNR40033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31083/IJVNR40033","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>Obesity, one of the most frequent health risks, represents a global public health problem. The potential impact of L-carnitine, a vital nutrient for energy metabolism, on weight loss is worth considering. However, given the inconclusive results from recent meta-analyses on L-carnitine, we conducted an umbrella meta-analysis of placebo-controlled and controlled trials to evaluate the effect of L-carnitine on anthropometric indices.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data synthesis: A comprehensive search approach using the relevant keywords was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus databases, and Google Scholar up to March 2023. Meta-analyses published in English that provided quantitative statistical analyses regarding the effects of L-carnitine on body weight, waist circumference (WC), and body mass index (BMI) were included. A random-effects model and subgroup analysis were performed based on the L-carnitine dosage and study population.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 16,352 participants were included. Intervention durations ranged from 8 to 30 weeks, with L-carnitine dosages ranging between 150 and 4000 mg/day. The pooled results of the eight included meta-analyses indicated that L-carnitine supplementation can significantly decrease weight (effect size (ES) = -1.11; 95% confidence intervals (CIs): -1.90, -0.33, <i>p</i> = 0.005; I² = 90.6%, <i>p</i> < 0.001), BMI (ES = -0.33; 95% CI: -0.61, -0.04, <i>p</i> = 0.026; I² = 89.8%, <i>p</i> < 0.001), and WC (ES = -1.34; 95% CI: -1.83, -0.85, <i>p</i> < 0.001; I² = 00.0%, <i>p</i> = 0.442).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings of this umbrella meta-analysis support that supplementation of L-carnitine supplementation can successfully manage weight, BMI, and WC reduction. Therefore, L-carnitine might help treat obesity. PROSPERO Registration Number: CRD42022307951.</p>","PeriodicalId":13884,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research","volume":"95 2","pages":"40033"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143982609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Lactiplantibacillus Plantarum</i> YDJ-03 and <i>Limosilactobacillus fermentum</i> YDJ-6 Alleviate Metabolic Syndrome in Mice.","authors":"Sisi Chen, Menglei Shi, Xiaolu Chen, Qingqing Le, Jianlin He","doi":"10.31083/IJVNR31275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31083/IJVNR31275","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Probiotics are increasingly recognized for promoting beneficial effects on intestinal health. However, most probiotic strains have been insufficiently researched, underscoring the need for further studies to fully understand their potential health benefits, especially in metabolic conditions. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the role and possible mechanism of <i>Lactiplantibacillus plantarum</i> YDJ-03 (YDJ-03) and <i>Limosilactobacillus fermentum</i> YDJ-6 (YDJ-6) in metabolic syndrome (MetS) and hyperuricemia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twelve mice per group were fed a high-fat, high-fructose, high-cholesterol (HFFC) diet for 90 days. Mice in both the YDJ-03 and YDJ-6 groups were administered a dose of 1.2 × 10⁹ colony-forming units (CFU) intragastrically per mouse for 28 days before being injected with hypoxanthine (400 mg/kg) to induce hyperuricemia. Blood lipids (triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)), liver injury markers (aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT)), oxidative stress indicators (malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)), and renal injury markers (uric acid (UA) and creatinine (CREA)) levels were analyzed after the conclusion of the study.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In contrast to the model group, the YDJ-03 group exhibited a marked decrease in liver TGs (<i>p</i> = 0.033), MDA (<i>p</i> = 0.0041), serum UA (<i>p</i> = 0.0071) and CREA (<i>p</i> = 0.0072). The mRNA levels of renal toll-like receptor 2 (<i>Tlr2</i>) (<i>p</i> = 0.0018), tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (<i>Traf6</i>) (<i>p</i> = 0.0013), and nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 (<i>Nfkb1</i>) (<i>p</i> = 0.032) were downregulated, accompanied by marked attenuation of inflammatory cell infiltration in renal tissues and alleviation of glomerular epithelial cell swelling. Furthermore, YDJ-6 treatment promoted significant downward adjustments in hepatic TG (<i>p</i> = 0.0055), serum TG (<i>p</i> = 0.0082), and LDL-C (<i>p</i> = 0.0233) levels. YDJ-6 treatment also decreased serum ALT (<i>p</i> = 0.0458) and AST (<i>p</i> = 0.029) concentrations, downregulated the gene expression levels of inflammation-related adhesion G protein-coupled receptor E1 (<i>Adgre1</i>) (<i>p</i> = 0.033) and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (<i>Ptgs2</i>) (<i>p</i> = 0.0077), and effectively ameliorated hepatocellular lipid deposition and ballooning degeneration with hepatocyte necrosis.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>YDJ-03 may exert nephroprotective effects by regulating the TLR2-mediated NF-κB pathway, and YDJ-6 can effectively reduce hepatic fat deposition and inflammation to alleviate liver injury.</p>","PeriodicalId":13884,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research","volume":"95 2","pages":"31275"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143994393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prognostic Value of the Magnesium Depletion Score for Mortality Outcomes Among NAFLD Patients.","authors":"Yue Ding, Wei Xu, Yuntao Feng, Baomin Shi, Wei Wang","doi":"10.31083/IJVNR33514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31083/IJVNR33514","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The magnesium depletion score (MDS), a novel clinical score, incorporates alcohol consumption, kidney disease, use of diuretics and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) to assess magnesium levels. However, the prognostic significance of the MDS individuals with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remains uncertain. This research aimed to explore the relationship between the MDS and mortality outcomes in NAFLD patients, including all-cause mortality, cancer mortality, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Data acquired on 16,394 NAFLD patients from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 1999 and 2018 were analyzed in this cohort study. Mortality outcomes were assessed using the linked National Death Index, which included all-cause mortality, cancer mortality, and CVD mortality. Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine the hazard ratios (HRs) for mortality outcomes related to the MDS. Subgroup analyses were also performed to explore the potential modifying influences of different demographic and clinical characteristics.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>An elevated MDS was associated with significantly higher risks of all-cause mortality (HR 1.22; 95% CI, 1.15-1.30), cancer mortality (HR 1.15; 95% CI, 1.03-1.28), and CVD mortality (HR 1.33; 95% CI, 1.18-1.51). While these associations remained consistent in many subgroups, factors such as gender, education level, and alcohol consumption influenced the link between the MDS and mortality.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The MDS is as an innovative and feasible prognostic indicator for mortality among NAFLD patients. Incorporating the MDS into clinical practice could improve risk stratification and inform targeted interventions aimed at diminishing the risk of mortality linked to magnesium deficiency within this group.</p>","PeriodicalId":13884,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research","volume":"95 2","pages":"33514"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143970732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"To Bio or not to Bio? Organic Food Consumption in Switzerland.","authors":"Isabelle Müller, Flurina Suter, Sabine Rohrmann, Giulia Pestoni","doi":"10.31083/IJVNR39946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31083/IJVNR39946","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Our study aimed to gain from a comprehensive understanding of organic food consumption in Switzerland.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data from the Swiss National Nutrition Survey menuCH (2014-2015, n = 2057, 18 to 75 years old)and a cross-sectional, population-based survey were used. Dietary information was collected using two non-consecutive 24-hour dietary recalls (24HDRs). Organic foods were classified using information about food descriptors and labels. Participants were classified as organic food consumers if they had consumed organic foods in at least one 24HDR. Binomial logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with organic food consumption.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This study determined that 27.8% of the Swiss population consumed organic food. However, only 3.6% of all food consumed within this group of organic food consumers was organic. Food products of plant origin tended to be consumed more frequently as organic than were those of animal origin, except for eggs and dairy products. Organic food consumption was positively associated with female sex (odds ratio (OR) = 2.18, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.69, 2.80), high educational degree (OR = 1.28, 95% CI 1.02, 1.61), and high alternate healthy eating index (OR = 5.45, 95% CI 3.70, 8.02), and negatively associated with young age (OR = 0.56, 95% CI 0.40, 0.78), French-speaking living area (OR = 0.73, 95% CI 0.56, 0.93), non-Swiss nationality (OR = 0.74, 95% CI 0.56, 0.98), large household size (OR = 0.59 95% CI 0.38, 0.89), and obesity (OR = 0.53, 95% CI 0.36, 0.77).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The present study provides a better understanding of the distribution of organic food consumption within the Swiss population and which subgroups consume particularly little organically produced food.</p><p><strong>Clinical trial registration: </strong>Clinical Trial Registration: ISRCTN 16778734; https://www.isrctn.com/search?q=menuch.</p>","PeriodicalId":13884,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research","volume":"95 2","pages":"39946"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144017661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is Potassium Hydroxide Safe as a Source of Nutrient in Food Supplements? An Expert Opinion.","authors":"Andrea Zovi, Francesco Ferrara","doi":"10.31083/IJVNR31370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31083/IJVNR31370","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diet and nutrition have recently become a primary focus of public health worldwide. Food supplements (FSs), used to integrate common diets, are a highly marketed category of food products. This has positioned healthcare professionals (e.g., pharmacists) to have critical roles in their distribution and monitoring. Following a serious case of intoxication due to ingestion of potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a nutrient source in a FS, a technical analysis was carried out to assess the admissible levels of vitamins and minerals in such products. KOH, known for its high potential hydrogen (pH) and caustic properties, poses safety risks if not properly diluted. The EU Regulation 1169/2011 regulates the provision of food information to consumers and establishes minimum significant quantities for nutrients in all food products, including K, which must not exceed certain levels to ensure safety. The use of KOH as a unique K source has been shown to create high alkalinity, posing potential risks when dissolved in water for human consumption. Safer alternative forms of K are available for FS. This underscores the need for continuous regulatory oversight and involvement of public decision makers to ensure consumer safety, given the broad variability in FS formulations and their increasing market share.</p>","PeriodicalId":13884,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research","volume":"95 2","pages":"31370"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144015032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Causal Relationships between Iron Status and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Two-Sample, Multivariable, and Two-Step Mendelian Randomization.","authors":"Yi Zhou, Dongze Chen, Weilin Zhu, Zhisheng Liang, Liang Zhao, Huatang Zeng, Liqun Wu, Xin Ye, Chaoqun Ao, Kaichuan Diao","doi":"10.31083/IJVNR26773","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31083/IJVNR26773","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) was clinically documented to be accompanied by iron homeostasis imbalances, however, the causal relationship between them remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the relationship between iron homeostasis indicators (serum iron, ferritin, transferrin, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), and transferrin saturation (TSAT)) and NAFLD risk.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We applied two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) to assess the effects of genetic liability to iron homeostasis indicators (N = 43,220-246,139) on NAFLD risk (N = 377,988) in individuals of European ancestry. Reverse direction MR, multivariable MR, and two-step MR were performed to estimate reverse association, causal effects independent of smoking or drinking, and the mediating effect of lipid metabolism, respectively. Smoking and drinking as confounders were considered confounders.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Genetically predicted serum iron, ferritin, and TSAT were significantly associated with a higher risk of NAFLD (odds ratio (OR): 1.286, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.075-1.539; <i>p =</i> 0.0059; OR: 1.260, 95% CI: 1.050-1.500, <i>p</i> = 0.0195; and OR: 1.223, 95% CI: 1.067-1.402; <i>p</i> = 0.0039, respectively). Reverse direction MR analysis suggested that genetic liability to NAFLD had no significant causal effect on iron homeostasis. Sex-specific MR exhibited a stronger effect size for the association of elevated ferritin with NAFLD risk in males (OR: 1.723, 95% CI: 1.338-2.219; <i>p</i> = 2.48 × 10^-5). Two-step MR revealed that elevated triglycerides (TGs) mediated approximately 3%-5% of the observed effect of serum iron and TSAT on NAFLD risk, while decreased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) mediated 9%-10%.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Genetic liability to iron status imbalance may causally affect NAFLD. This evidence may support the clinical treatment of NAFLD in the target population.</p>","PeriodicalId":13884,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research","volume":"95 2","pages":"26773"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143997923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}