Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia最新文献

{"title":"Pemodelan perpindahan massa ekstraksi kolom isian dengan distribusi ukuran tetesan","authors":"I. Ridwan","doi":"10.5614/jtki.2011.10.2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5614/jtki.2011.10.2.5","url":null,"abstract":"Mass transfer modeling of extraction in a packed bed with droplet size distribution The evaluation of liquid extraction packed column is not able yet to give a satisfying result caused by constant spherical droplet size assumption. Droplet size from dispersion phase that is not homogeneous causes column calculation approach with assumption form of droplet haves the character of constant cannot be applied again. The goal of this research is to build droplet distribution model and mass transfer model at various heights of extraction column both in continuous phase and in dispersion phase. Droplet distribution model is more accurately applied to describe droplet breaks distribution for extraction in glass ball packed column with average of errors 4.53% compared to raschig ring packed column with average error of 11.52 %. At glass ball packing, the mass transfer modeling with total droplet has errors average to 57.67% while at raschig ring packing the model has errors average to 121.38%. Glass ball packing column model has smaller mean errors compared to raschig ring packing column because the glass ball packing form is more regular than the raschig ring packing. The amount of error between the mass transfer models and the experiment is caused by difference of the initial number of droplets that exit from the nozzle in the half circle column and in the full circle column. Keyword: extraction, packed column, droplet distribution model, mass transfer model AbstrakUkuran tetesan dari fasa dispersi yang tidak homogen menyebabkan pendekatan perhitungan kolom dengan asumsi bentuk tetesan bersifat konstan tidak dapat digunakan lagi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk membangun model distribusi tetesan dan model perpindahan massa pada berbagai ketinggian kolom ekstraksi baik di fasa kontinu maupun di fasa dispersi. Model distribusi tetesan lebih tepat digunakan untuk memodelkan fraksi tetesan pecah hasil penelitian pada ekstraksi kolom isian bola kaca dengan rata-rata error sebesar 4,53% dibandingkan dengan kolom isian raschig ring yang mempunyai error sebesar 11,52 Pada isian bola kaca pemodelan perpindahan massa dengan tetesan total mempunyai error rata-rata sebesar 57,67% sedangkan pada isian raschig ring mempunyai error rata-rata sebesar 121,38%. Model kolom isian bola kaca mempunyai error rata-rata yang lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan kolom kolom isian raschig ring, dikarenakan model isian bola kaca bentuknya lebih beraturan dibanding dengan kolom isian raschig ring yang bentuknya lebih tidak beraturan. Besarnya error perpindahan massa antara model dengan percobaan disebabkan oleh tidak samanya jumlah tetesan awal pada kolom setengah lingkaran dengan jumlah tetesan awal pada kolom lingkaran penuh.Kata kunci : ekstraksi,kolom isian, model distribusi tetesan, model perpindahan massa","PeriodicalId":138501,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126519775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kajian pemanfaatan reverse flow reactor untuk oksidasi katalitik uap bensin","authors":"Profiyanti Hermien Suharti, Yogi Wibisono Budhi, Yazid Bindar","doi":"10.5614/JTKI.2011.10.1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5614/JTKI.2011.10.1.4","url":null,"abstract":"Study of utilization of reverse flow reactor for the catalytic oxidation of gasoline vapor Catalytic oxidation of gasoline vapor is one of methods to reduce the gasoline vapor emission at fuel station. This reaction is exothermic with large heat of reaction, so that the heat released can be used for heating the feed gas, leading to auto thermal condition.. The auto thermal conditions with low feed concentration, like gasoline vapor emission, can be achieved by using a reverse-flow reactor (RFR), a kind of fixed bed reactor in which flow direction is periodically changed. The objective of this research is to develop the using of a RFR to reduce the gasoline vapor emissions at fuel station, based on simulations using FlexPDE version 6 and later used as the basis for the experimental development. The model of RFR was developed, by using iso-octane as a model component. The simulation consists of: (1) RFR with one way direction, which was used as the basis for the determination of RFR operating conditions and (2) RFR at current start-up conditions. The simulations were conducted using a software package FlexPDE version 6. The kinetic parameters and physical properties were taken from literature. The simulation results of the RFR at one way direction show that catalytic oxidation of gasoline vapor can conducted best at temperature of 773 K, while the RFR shows the accumulation of heat in the reactor bed that can be utilized for process start-up. Time to reach 100% conversion of gasoline for reverse flow operation mode is faster than one way operation mode. Thus the operation of gasoline emission catalytic oxidation reaction in reverse flow reactor can be developed experimentally. Keywords: Dynamic reactor, Catalytic oxidationAbstrakOksidasi katalitik uap bensin adalah salah satu cara untuk mengurangi emisi uap bensin di stasiun pengisian bahan bakar umum. Reaksi ini adalah reaksi eksotermik, sehingga panas reaksi yang timbul dapat dimanfaatkan untuk memanaskan umpan agar reaktor dapat berperilaku ototermal. Kondisi ototermal dengan umpan emisi uap bensin yang berkonsentrasi rendah dapat tercapai dengan menggunakan reverse flow reactor (RFR), yaitu reaktor unggun tetap yang arah alirannya diubah secara periodik. Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk mengkaji pemanfaatan RFR untuk menurunkan emisi uap bensin di SPBU, berdasarkan simulasi menggunakan FlexPDE versi 6 dan nantinya digunakan sebagai dasar pengembangan secara eksperimental. Model RFR dikembangkan dengan menggunakan iso-oktana sebagai komponen model. Simulasi terdiri dari (1) simulasi RFR satu arah, yang digunakan sebagai dasar penentuan kondisi operasi RFR dan (2) simulasi RFR dengan konfigurasi start-up tertentu. Parameter kinetika dan sifat–sifat fisik yang diperlukan diambil dari literatur. Hasil simulasi RFR satu arah menunjukkan bahwa reaksi oksidasi katalitik uap bensin dapat terselenggara dengan baik pada suhu 773 K, sedangkan simulasi RFR kondisi aliran bolak-balik menunjukkan adanya akumul","PeriodicalId":138501,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127758282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pengebangan prototipe direct methanl fuel cell (DMFC) dan pengaruh kandungan nafion membrane electrode assembly (MEA)","authors":"W. Purwanto, S. Slamet, M. Rifki, Isye Hayatina, Tiurma Theresa, Priyo Priyanggoro, R. Pattyranie, Verina Jwd, Siti Rochani","doi":"10.5614/jtki.2008.7.2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5614/jtki.2008.7.2.5","url":null,"abstract":"The purposes of this research are designing the prototype   of DMFC, consist of graphite and aluminium cell stacks and MEA with difference Nafion content. Cell stack has active area of 6.5 cm2, and single serpentine flow field. MEAs were fabricated using Nafion membrane 117 (DuPont), gas diffusion layer (GDL) carbon cloth, and commercial catalysts E-Tek, Pt/C for the cathode side and Pt-Ru/C for the anode. Catalysts loading on the anode are 3 and 4 mgPt-Ru/cm2 and on the cathode is 3 mg/cm2. Dry Nafion content of 20 %-wt and 40 %-wt were used in this experiment. MEA fabrication was done by brush coating and hot pressing. Single cell test conducted to evaluate the performance of DMFC at 70°C with 2M methanol as fuel and air as the oxidant. The results of single cell test showed that cell voltage of 600-750 mV, current density of 100 150 mW/cm2, with maximum power density of 19 mW/cm2 ware achieved. MEA with 40 wt% Nafion content showed the better performance than 20 %-wt with power density 19 mWlcm2 and 6 mW/cm2, respectively. Increasing the catalyst loading from 3 to 4 mgPt-Ru/cm2 improved the power density from 16 to 18 mW/cm2. Keywords: Direct Methanol Fuel Cell, Cel stack, MEA, Nation content. Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merancang sebuah prototipe DMFC dengan cell stack berbahan grafit dan aluminium serta fabrikasi MEA dengan variasi kandungan Nafion. Cell stack memiliki luas aktif 6.5 cm2 dengan flowfield bertipe single serpentine. MEA difabrikasi menggunakan membran Nafion 117 (DuPont), lapisan difusi gas carbon cloth dan katalis komersial E-Tek, Pt/C untuk katoda dan Pt-Ru/Cuntuk anoda. Kandungan katalis adalah 3 dan 4 mgPt-Ru/cm2 pada sisi anoda dan 3 mg/cm2 pada sisi katoda. Kandungan Nafion yang digunakan adalah 20 dan 40 % berat. Fabrikasi MEA dilakukan dengan metode brush coating dan hot pressing. Uji kinerja DMFC dilakukan pada suhu 70°C dengan menggunakan bahan bakar metanal 2M dan udara sebagai oksidan. Hasil uji kinerja DMFC sel tunggal didapatkan potensial sel 600-750 mv densitas arus 100-150 mW/cm serta densitas energi maksimum 19 mW/cm2.  MEA dengan kandun?an Nafion 40 % berat memiliki kinerja yang lebih baik dengan densitas energi 19 mW/cm dibandingkan dengan Nafion 20 % berat sebesar 6 mW/cm2. Kenaikan loading katalis anoda dari 3 menjadi  4 mgPt-Ru/cm2 dapat meningkatkan  densitas  energi dari  16 mW/cm2 menjadi 18 mW/cm2.Kata kunci: Direct Methanol Fuel Cell,Cel stack, MEA, kandungan Nation.","PeriodicalId":138501,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia","volume":"163 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127309625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kajian ulang transfer massa disertai reaksi kimia pada absorpsi reaktif gas CO2 pada packed column","authors":"Ali Altway, Susianto Susianto, K. Kuswandi, K. Kusnaryo","doi":"10.5614/jtki.2008.7.3.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5614/jtki.2008.7.3.2","url":null,"abstract":"This article reviewed researches have been carried out concerning simulation of enhancement factor for absorption accompanied by second order chemical reaction under non-isothermal condition and modeling of packed column for CO2 absorption in K2CO3 solution. The value of enhancement factor was predicted using eddy diffusivity model (King model) for describing interface mass transfer phenomena. System of differential equations developed in this modeling was solved with Orthogonal Collocation method. The value of E predicted from this research agrees very well with that predicted using Penetration model (Higbie model) by Vas Bhat (1997). The researches concerning packed column modeling was carried out experimentally and theoretically. Experimental works were carried out to validate theoretical prediction. Material studied in this research was CO2 –air mixture and potassium carbonate solution. Potassium carbonate solution was fed into top of the column and the solution was contacted counter currently with rising CO2-air mixture stream. The liquid leaving the column was analyzed by titration. Theoretical studies were carried out by developing microscopic mass and energy balance model on the packed column. The resulted system of first order differential equations were solved using Forth order Runge Kutta method. The solution of this model requires information concerning rate of gas-liquid interface mass transfer where King model was used in this study. Mass transfer, CO2, solubility, kinetics, and reaction equilibrium data required in this theoretical study were obtained from literatures (Danckwertz, 1970; Kohl and Riesenfeld,1985; and Treyball, 1981). In this research, the effect of absorbent flow rate and the concentration of  K2CO3 in the inlet absorbent on percent recovery of CO2  gas was studied.Deviation between simulation prediction results and experimental data was below  10%  for absorbent flow rate of 3 to  5 liter/menit and for absorbent flow rate of 5 to  7 liter/ menit the deviation was between 10 and 30%. Key words: mass transfer, eddy diffusivity, absorption, non-isotermal, packed column AbstrakArtikel ini mengkaji ulang penelitian-penelitian yang telah dilakukan mengenai simulasi enhancement factor absorpsi disertai reaksi reversible order dua kondisi non-isotermal dan pemodelan packed column untuk absorpsi gas CO2 kedalam larutan K2CO3 pada packed column. Harga enhancement factor diprediksi dengan menggunakan model eddy diffusivity (model King untuk perpindahan massa antar fasanya). Sistim persamaan diferensial yang dibentuk dari pemodelan ini diselesaikan dengan metoda Kolokasdi Ortogonal. Hasil prediksi harga E dari penelitian ini sangat mendekati hasil prediksi menggunakan model Penetrasi oleh Vas Bhat (1997). Penelitian pemodelan packed column dilaksanakan secara eksperimen dan simulasi. Penelitian secara eksperimen dilaksanakan untuk validasi hasil simulasi. Bahan yang digunakan adalah campuran CO2 dan udara serta larutan potasiu","PeriodicalId":138501,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133611549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic ozonation of endosulfan with activated carbon as catalyst","authors":"E. Enjarlis, S. Bismo, S. Slamet, R. W. Soemantojo","doi":"10.5614/jtki.2007.6.3.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5614/jtki.2007.6.3.3","url":null,"abstract":"Homogeneous and heterogeneous  catalytic ozonation of endosulfan with activated carbon as catalystCatalytic ozonation of endosulfan with the presence of activated carbon as catalyst was investigated at neutral pH and different temperatures. The model kinetics was developed based on the mechanism of catalytic decomposition ozone, namely homogeneous and heterogeneous decomposition reaction. This study focuses on determining the contribution of homogeneous and heterogeneous reaction to endosulfan removal in catalytic ozonation with activated carbon as catalyst. Endosulfan was selected as a target of study because it is organic pollutant and organic chlorine pesticide (OCPs) groups that may cause a serious environmental concern. The use of activated carbonfrom Bogar Forest Centre actually provides a slightly contribution in enhancing endosulfan oxidation reaction with ozone. This is because endosulfan has sulfide group or sulfur element that is very reactive to ozone. Even though, the amount of OH increases because of ozonation with activated carbon use. The heterogeneous and homogeneous reaction contributions at  neutral  pH and temperature range of 20- 30oC  were 11-21% and 79- 89% from overall endosulfan removal in catalytic ozonation with promoted by of activated carbon, respectively.Keywords: Activated Carbon, Catalytic Ozonation, Endosulfan AbstrakOzonasi katalitik endosulfan dengan adanya katalis karbon aktif dilakukan pada pH netral dan suhu yang berbeda-beda. Persamaan kinetika reaksi dikembangkan berdasarkan mekanisme reaksi dekomposisi ozon secara katalitik yaitu reaksi homogen dan heterogen. Penelitian ini ditujukan terutama untuk menentukan kontribusi reaksi homogen dan heterogen terhadap penyisihan endosulfan di dalam ozonasi katalitik dengan karbon aktif sebagai katalis.Endosulfan dipilih sebagai sasaran penelitian karena merupakan polutan organik dan kelompok pestisida organoklorida (OCPs) yang menjadi perhatian serius di lingkungan. Karbon aktif yang digunakan berasal dari Balai Hutan Bogar yang ternyata memberikan pengaruh kecil terhadap peningkatan reaksi oksidasi endosulfan dengan ozon. Hal ini disebabkan endosulfan mempunyai gugus sulfida atau sulfur yang sang at reaktif terhadap ozon. Meskipun, jumlah OH meningkat disebabkan penggunaan ozonasi dengan karbon aktf. Kontribusi reaksi homogen dan heterogen terhadap penyisihan endosulfan pada kondisi pH netral dan suhu 20-30 oC  masing-masing sebesar 79- 89% dan 11- 21% dari total penyisihan endosulfan dalam ozonasi katalitik dengan dipromosikan oleh karbon aktifKata kunci: Endosulfan, Karbon Aktif, Ozonasi Katalitik","PeriodicalId":138501,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131079411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pengaruh perlakuan daun dan suhu terhadap waktu distilasi pada isolasi minyak cengkeh menggunakan super-steam distillation","authors":"Sutijan Sutijan, Arief Budiman, Arie Yohanes","doi":"10.5614/jtki.2009.8.2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5614/jtki.2009.8.2.6","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of leaves treatment and temperature to distillation times in clove oil isolation using super steam distillation Clove oil was generally obtained from clove leaves by using steam distillation. Distillation time was the most important factors in steam distillation as it was proportional to energy cost. In this work, the use of high boiling compound to accelerate steam distillation was studied in which steam distillation was conducted using temperature greater than 100oC. High temperature saturated steam could be obtained by boiling glycerol–water mixture. Glycerol was selected due to its properties in which it was completely water-soluble and high boiling compound. High temperature increased mass transfer of oil in the water within cell tissue of clove leaves, and hence shortened the distillation time. In this work, glycerol concentrations of 0, 10, 25, 50 and 75% by volume were used. The treatment of clove leaves was also investigated. The results showed that glycerol concentration of 10-75% by volum resulted in distillation time reduction of 46–72% compared to conventional steam distillation. For natural clove leaves without treatment, the convective mass transfer coefficient and effective molecular diffusivity were obtained to be 2x10-4 second-1 and 3,6x10-4 m2/second, whereas for chopped leaves these were 8,3x10-3 second-1 and 5,8x10-4 m2/second, respectively.Keywords: Isolation, Clove Oil, Super-Steam Distillation, Glycerol. Abstrak Minyak cengkeh umumnya diproduksi oleh para petani dari daun cengkeh dengan metode steam distillation. Parameter yang paling berpengaruh pada biaya distilasi adalah waktu distilasi, karena waktu distilasi akan berbanding lurus dengan biaya bahan bakar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pemakaian super-steam distillation dimana uap air jenuh yang digunakan untuk mendistilasi minyak cengkeh bersuhu lebih tinggi dari titik didih normal air (100oC). Uap jenuh bersuhu tinggi dapat diperoleh dengan mendidihkan campuran air dan gliserol atau pelarut lainnya yang bertitik didih tinggi dan larut sempurna dalam air. Pemakaian uap jenuh bersuhu tinggi akan meningkatkan difusitivitas efektif minyak cengkeh dalam jaringan sel tumbuhan, sehingga akan mempercepat waktu distilasi. Pada penelitian ini digunakan variasi konsentrasi gliserol 0, 10, 25, 50 dan 75% volume. Selain itu juga dipelajari pengaruh pencacahan daun cengkeh sebelum didistilasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa super-steam distillation dengan campuran gliserol dan air dengan perbandingan volum 10-75% mampu memperpendek waktu distilasi sebesar 46-72%. Besarnya nilai koefisien transfer massa dan diffusivitas efektif rerata untuk daun cengkeh tanpa perlakuan adalah 2x10-4 detik-1 dan 3,6x10-4 m2/detik, sedangkan untuk daun dengan pencacahan adalah 8,3x10-3 detik-1 dan 5,8x10-4 m2/detik.Kata Kunci: Isolasi, Minyak Cengkeh, Super-Steam Distillation, Gliserol.","PeriodicalId":138501,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131214294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pengukuran konstanta henry toluen dan benzen dalam minyak dan air dengan kolom gelembung","authors":"S. Suhartono, H. Susanto, Dwiwahju Sasongko, Azis Trianto","doi":"10.5614/jtki.2010.9.2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5614/jtki.2010.9.2.2","url":null,"abstract":"Determination of Henry’s constant for toluene and benzene in oils and water were carried out in a bubbling bottle with diameter of 3 cm. Air containing toluene vapour or benzene vapour was bubbled through 50 mL absorbing liquid. The gas flow rate was 13.6 mL/min. By measuring the concentration of toluene or benzene in the inlet and outlet gas stream, we were able to calculate their concentrations in absorbing liquid. We found that the value of Henry’s constant of toluene in lubrication oil and palm oil at 30 oC were 155 and 145 respectively (H= CG/CL, with CG in mol/L and CL in mol/L). We also found that the absorption capacities were in the order (from the highest) of: lubrication oil, palm oil, and sunflower oil. Henry’s constant of toluene in water was at about 4 which was much lower than those of oils.Keyword: absorption, Henry’s constant, toluene, benzene, producer gas AbstrakPengukuran konstanta Henry sistem toluen dan benzen dalam minyak dan air dilakukan melalui percobaan absorpsi di dalam sebuah kolom gelembung dengan diameter 3 cm. Minyak sawit, minyak bunga matahari, minyak pelumas dan air digunakan sebagai absorben. Toluen dan benzen dipilih sebagai tar model. Gas model yang tersusun dari udara dan uap toluen atau benzen digelembungkan ke dalam absorben 50 mL. Absorpsi dilakukan pada suhu 30 dan 60 oC dan laju alir gas model 13,6 mL/min. Analisa dilakukan terhadap konsentrasi aliran gas model sebelum dan sesudah absorpsi. Analisa tersebut dilakukan dengan kromatografi gas Shimadzu GC-8APF. Konstanta Henry dihitung sebagai H=CG/CL dan H=P/CL. Nilai 1/H sistem toluen-minyak pelumas dan toluen-minyak sawit pada suhu 30 oC dan laju alir gas 13,6 mL/min berturut-turut adalah 155 dan 145 (untuk CG dalam mol/L dan CL dalam mol/L). Merujuk pada nilai-nilai konstanta Henry hasil percobaan, minyak pelumas dan minyak sawit merupakan cairan penyerap yang paling cocok untuk toluen dan benzen sebagai representasi tar dalam gas hasil gasifikasi. Urutan besarnya kapasitas absorpsi cairan penyerap terhadap toluen dan benzen adalah sebagai berikut (berturut-turut dari yang besar): minyak pelumas, minyak sawit, minyak bunga matahari dan air. Konstanta Henry toluen dalam air berada pada kisaran 4, yang menunjukkan bahwa kapasitas absorpsi toluen dalam air lebih rendah dibandingkan kapasitas absorpsi toluen dalam minyak.Kata Kunci: absorpsi, konstanta Henry, toluen, benzen, gas produser","PeriodicalId":138501,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132014475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fermentasi substrat padat dan substrat cair untuk produksi asam laktat dari kulit pisang dengan Rhizopus oryzae","authors":"Ery Susiany Retnoningtyas, Aning Ayucitra, Fandy Maramis, Ong Wei Yong, Frengky Wahyudi Pribadi, Nelsi Kurnia Tanti","doi":"10.5614/jtki.2013.12.1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5614/jtki.2013.12.1.5","url":null,"abstract":"Solid substrate and liquid substrate fermentation for lactic acid production from banana peel by Rhizopus oryzae.Indonesia is one of the major banana producing countries in the world. There are many varieties of banana grown in Indonesia. While the fruit is valuable for consumption, banana peels mostly are discarded as waste. In fact, banana peels are high in nutrition, thus they are potential to be converted into other valuable products such as lactic acid. The objective of this research was to study the effect of fermentation methods, i.e. solid substrate fermentation and liquid substrate fermentation, in the production of lactic acid from banana peel waste by the fungus Rhizopus oryzae. There were three steps involved in this research: (1) preparation of fermentation medium, (2) banana peel fermentation, and (3) lactic acid purification and recovery by using Amberlite IRA-400 resin. In solid substrate fermentation, dried banana peels were firstly crushed, while in liquid substrate fermentation, fresh banana peels were extracted by water. Following this, banana peel powder and extract banana peel were inoculated with Rhizopus oryzae and incubated at 30oC for 144 h. As results, the yield of lactic acid produced from solid substrate fermentation (0.79 g lactic acid/g starch) was higher than that from liquid substrate fermentation (0.15 g lactic acid/g starch).Keywords: lactic acid, liquid fermentation, solid state fermentation, banana peel, Rhizopus oryzaeAbstrakSebagai negara tropis, Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara penghasil pisang terbesar. Berbagai macam jenis pisang dapat tumbuh di Indonesia. Konsumsi buah pisang yang tinggi diikuti dengan melimpahnya kulit pisang. Kandungan nutrisi dari kulit pisang ini berpotensi untuk dikonversi menjadi produk lain yang mempunyai nilai ekonomis tinggi seperti asam laktat. Asam laktat banyak digunakan di industri pangan, farmasi maupun kosmetik. Pada penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh metode fermentasi yaitu fermentasi substrat padat dan fermentasi substrat cair dalam memproduksi asam laktat dari kulit pisang dibantu Rhizopus oryzae. Penelitian ini terbagi dalam 3 tahap yaitu: (1) pembuatan media fermentasi, (2) fermentasi kulit pisang dan (3) pemurnian asam laktat dengan resin amberlite IRA-400. Untuk metode fermentasi substrat padat, kulit pisang kering digrinder hingga menjadi serbuk sedangkan untuk fermentasi substrat cair, kulit pisang yang masih segar diekstrak dengan pelarut air. Selanjutnya serbuk kulit pisang dan ekstrak kulit pisang siap untuk diinokulasi dengan Rhizopus oryzae dan diinkubasi pada suhu 30oC selama 144 jam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa yield asam laktat yang dihasilkan dari fermentasi substrat padat lebih tinggi (0,79 g asam laktat / g pati) dibandingkan yield asam laktat dari fermentasi substrat cair (0,15 g asam laktat /g pati).Kata kunci: asam laktat, fermentasi substrat cair, fermentasi substrat padat, kulit pisang, Rhizopus oryzae","PeriodicalId":138501,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132229352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving performance of low pressure reverse osmosis systems by intermittent autoflushing","authors":"I. N. Widiasa, N. Sinaga, D. Ariyanti","doi":"10.5614/JTKI.2010.9.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5614/JTKI.2010.9.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Improving performance of low pressure reverse osmosis systems by intermittent autoflushing Scaling formation on the membrane surface in the form of calcium carbonate, calcium sulphate, silica, and/or magnesium silicate is a main problem of the reverse osmosis (RO) application for upgrading low grade water. Scaling in RO system is generally controlled by softening the feed water, limiting the recovery and/or the addition of antiscalants which is impractical for household RO system. In this work, the feasibility of intermittent autoflushing to prevent scale formation in household RO systems was investigated. All experiments were carried out using commercially available RO membrane (CSM RE-1812LP) which operated for 6 hours under operating pressure 5 kg/cm2 and total recycle operating mode. Model solution of feed water contain CaCl2 and NaHCO3 were prepared to meet various LSI values in the range of 0 to 1.5. Duration and interval time of autoflush were in the range of 60 to 15 s and 5 to 60 min respectively. The results shown that the permeate flux of the system which operated using intermittent autoflushing relatively stable. It is emphasized that intermittent autoflushing may improve the performance of household reverse osmosis systems.Keywords: Autoflushing, scaling, physical cleaning, reverse osmosis  Abstrak Pembentukan kerak (scaling) pada permukaan membran berupa kerak kalsium karbonat, kalsium sulfat, silika dan atau magnesium silikat merupakan permasalahan utama pada aplikasi sistem membran reverse osmosis (RO) pada proses pemurnian air. Scaling pada sistem RO umumnya dikontrol dengan melakukan pretreatment terhadap air umpan seperti softening, menambahkan zat antiscalant pada saat proses pemisahan serta membatasi tingkat recovery, dimana proses-proses tersebut tidak praktis apabila diaplikasikan pada sistem RO skala rumah tangga. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat kemungkinan metode intermittent autoflush dapat diaplikasikan untuk menghambat terjadinya scaling pada sistem RO skala rumah tangga. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan satu unit membran spiral wound jenis CSM RE-1812LP yang dioperasikan dengan tekanan operasi 5 kg/cm2 dan waktu operasi ± 6 jam. Larutan umpan sintesis dibuat dengan melarutkan CaCl2 dan NaHCO3 hingga nilai LSI mencapai kisaran 0-1,5. Durasi dan interval dari metode intermittent autoflush divariasikan pada kisaran 60-15 detik dan 5-60 menit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa fluks permeat relatif stabil pada sistem RO yang menggunakan metode intermittent autoflush. Hal ini menandakan bahwa metode intermittent autoflush ini dimungkinkan untuk meningkatkan kinerja dari sistem RO skala rumah tangga.Kata Kunci: Autoflushing, scaling, physical cleaning, reverse osmosis","PeriodicalId":138501,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia","volume":"209 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132195485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pengaruh dimensi kompor dan kadar air biomassa terhadap kinerja kompor gasifikasi forced draft","authors":"Zulfansyah Zulfansyah, H. Hermanto, M. I. Fermi","doi":"10.5614/jtki.2013.12.1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5614/jtki.2013.12.1.7","url":null,"abstract":"Influence of stove dimensions and biomass moisture content on forced draft gasification stove performanceConsumption level of biomass as a source of primary energy in Indonesia is quite high, reaching 280 million barrels of oil equivalent (BOE) and approximately 84% of the biomass is has been used for the household sector. The application of gasification stove especially in cooking purposes can increase the efficiency of fuel usage. This research uses three units gasification stove with variation of stove dimension. Acacia wood branches with moisture content 7.26%, 9.63% and 12.58% were used as fuel source. Water boiling test (WBT) procedural was used to evaluate the stove performance. Operating time and flame temperature of the stove also were the parameter of stove performance evaluation. Thermal efficiency of the forced draft gasification stove is approximately 25.03% to 30.44%, the most efficient is 12 cm in diameter and 16 cm high stove with 9.63% biomass moisture content. Although the resulting flame is still reddish yellow, the forced draft gasification stove is capable of producing up to 3.43 kWth (kilowatt thermal) thermal energy with the highest flame temperature reaches 933oC. The results show that the gasification stove operating conditions greatly affect the performance of the stove.Keywords: biomass, gasification stove, forced draft, thermal efficiency AbstrakTingkat penggunaan biomassa sebagai sumber energi primer di Indonesia cukup tinggi yaitu mencapai 280 juta setara barel minyak (SBM) dan sekitar 84% dari biomassa tersebut digunakan untuk kebutuhan sektor rumah tangga. Penggunaan kompor gasifikasi untuk kebutuhan rumah tangga khususnya untuk kegiatan memasak dapat meningkatkan efisiensi penggunaan bahan bakar. Pada penelitian ini digunakan tiga unit kompor gasifikasi dengan variasi dimensi ruang bakar kompor. Sedangkan bahan bakar yang digunakan yaitu ranting kayu akasia dengan kadar air 7,26%, 9,63% dan 12,58%. Metoda pengujian mengikuti prosedur water boiling test (WBT), selain itu waktu operasi dan temperatur nyala api juga menjadi parameter kinerja kompor gasifikasi yang dievaluasi. Efisiensi termal kompor gasifikasi forced draft yang dihasilkan yaitu 25,03% hingga 30,44%, dengan efisiensi tertinggi yaitu pada kompor berdiameter 12 cm dan tinggi 16 cm serta biomassa berkadar air 9,63%. Walaupun nyala api yang dihasilkan masih berwarna kuning kemerahan, namun kompor gasifikasi forced draft mampu menghasilkan energi termal hingga 3,43 kWth (kilowatt thermal) dengan temperatur nyala api tertinggi mencapai 933oC. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kondisi operasi kompor gasifikasi sangat berpengaruh terhadap kinerja kompor sehingga disain kondisi operasi kompor perlu disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan pengguna kompor gasifikasi. Kata kunci: biomassa, kompor gasifikasi, forced draft, efisiensi termal","PeriodicalId":138501,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122849842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}