International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy最新文献

{"title":"Impact of pharmacist-physician collaboration on patient outcomes in Parkinson's disease: a randomised controlled trial in tertiary care.","authors":"Phanutgorn Techa-Angkoon, Yuvadee Pitakpatapee, Weerawat Saengphatrachai, Prachaya Srivanitchapoom, Thanarat Suansanae","doi":"10.1007/s11096-025-01883-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-025-01883-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Previous studies have shown that reducing drug-related problems (DRPs) may improve therapeutic outcomes in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD).</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To investigate the impact of pharmacist participation in Parkinson's disease clinic on the number of DRPs, clinical outcomes, and the quality of life of PD patients.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This single-blinded randomised controlled trial was conducted at the Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Clinic. Patients aged ≥ 18 years, diagnosed with idiopathic PD for at least 3 years, and receiving antiparkinsonian drugs were randomly assigned (1:1) to the pharmacist-physician (PP) or usual care (UC) groups. The primary outcome was changes in the number of DRPs from baseline to 24 weeks between groups. Secondary outcomes included the Movement Disorder Society-Sponsored Revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) score, eight-item version of the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-8) score, and Patients' Global Impression of Change (PGIC) score at week 24.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 80 patients were randomised, with 40 in each group. The mean number of DRPs reduced in both groups; however, the reduction was greater in the PP group compared to the UC group (- 7.2 ± 3.6 vs. - 3.0 ± 1.8, p < 0.001), especially non-adherence issues. The MDS-UPDRS and PDQ-8 scores showed significantly greater improvement in the PP group. A higher proportion of patients in the PP group achieved improvement in PGIC scales compared to those in the UC group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings demonstrated that pharmacist-physician collaboration service in the PD clinic positively impacted patient outcomes.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05410210 (date 13 May 2022).</p>","PeriodicalId":13828,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143407495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The second victim experience and support tool: a cross-cultural adaptation, validation and psychometric evaluation of the Serbian version for pharmacy professionals (SR-SVEST-R).","authors":"Ivana Zimonjić, Valentina Marinković, José Joaquín Mira, Bojana Knežević, Borivoje-Boris Djokic, Nataša Bogavac-Stanojević, Marina Odalović","doi":"10.1007/s11096-025-01875-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-025-01875-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The second victim phenomenon, involving emotional and psychological distress after adverse events, is underexplored among pharmacy professionals. The validated Second Victim Experience and Support Tool measures these experiences and support options, with the improved version also assessing resilience.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study aimed to validate the Second Victim Experience and Support Tool-Revised, measure the second victim phenomenon, and present results among pharmacy professionals in Serbia.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This cross-sectional study included 350 pharmacy professionals (MPharm and technicians). The questionnaire, with 9 factors and 35 statements, was translated and adapted following guidelines, and the content was validated by five experts. A pre-test with 30 participants ensured clarity, followed by Confirmatory Factor Analysis for construct validity and Cronbach's Alpha for reliability.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Content validity was confirmed with item scores from 0.8 to 1 and a mean scale score of 0.83. Factor analysis identified 9 factors and 30 items (Chi-square = 545.6, degrees of freedom = 366, p < 0.001). The model fit was supported by a Root Mean Square Error of Approximation of 0.037, a Comparative Fit Index of 0.958, a Tucker-Lewis Index of 0.950, and a Standardised Root Mean Square Residual of 0.040. Reliability analysis showed a Cronbach's alpha of 0.88, with factor values from 0.60 to 0.90. Among participants, 49.5% feared future events, 47.4% felt exhausted, 22.6% considered quitting, 72.6% valued peer support, and 28.9% improved work quality.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The Serbian resilience measuring tool is valid and reliable, effectively evaluating second victim experiences and support, with half of pharmacy professionals affected.</p>","PeriodicalId":13828,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143407497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relative effectiveness and gastrointestinal safety of NSAIDs being prescribed for upper respiratory tract infections: an explorative cohort study in primary care.","authors":"Francesco Lapi, Ettore Marconi, Alberto Magni, Pierangelo Lora Aprile, Erik Lagolio, Ignazio Grattagliano, Diego Fornasari, Alessandro Rossi, Claudio Cricelli","doi":"10.1007/s11096-025-01878-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-025-01878-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are prescribed to control pain, inflammation, and fever in upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs).</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To explore the relative effectiveness and gastrointestinal (GI)-related safety of individual NSAIDs to control symptoms of URTIs.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Using an Italian primary care data source, we identified patients aged ≥ 15 years who were newly prescribed NSAIDs for URTIs between 2013 and 2022. Switching to another NSAID for the same indication within the 30-day follow-up was a proxy for drug effectiveness. The study outcome for GI safety analysis was upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In a cohort of 57,971 patients, the most prevalent subgroups were those treated with ketoprofen (39.5%) and dexibuprofen/ibuprofen (22.4%). Ketoprofen showed the lowest rate of switching to another NSAID [Hazard Ratio (HR) 0.40 (95% CI 0.20-0.83)] against acetylsalicylic acid/coxibs/diclofenac. Dexibuprofen/ibuprofen showed similar results [HR 0.50 (95% CI 0.22-1.10)], with no significant association. Ketoprofen and dexibuprofen/ibuprofen were prescribed as lysine and arginine salts in 85 and 6% of URTIs sufferers, respectively. Across NSAIDs, we did not find any significant difference in the risk of UGIB.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings indicated that various NSAIDs may exhibit differing levels of effectiveness in treating URTIs, particularly those formulated for quick onset of action. No NSAIDs-UGIBs association was found. Further prospective, larger studies are needed to confirm these findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":13828,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143390819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intentions of hospital pharmacists to use digital technology in their daily practice: a cross-sectional survey using the Theory of Planned Behaviour.","authors":"Kamer Tecen-Yucel, Nesligül Ozdemir-Ayduran, Emre Kara, Kutay Demirkan, Betul Okuyan","doi":"10.1007/s11096-025-01868-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-025-01868-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Digital technology has been widely integrated into healthcare. This encompasses knowledge, skills, and practices related to the development and use of health technologies. The behavior of health professionals is critical to the adoption of these technologies.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study aimed to investigate factors associated with hospital pharmacists' intention to use digital technology in their daily practice using the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB).</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>In this cross-sectional study, a paper-based survey was conducted among hospital pharmacists who attended the National Hospital Pharmacy Congress in Türkiye in March 2022. A valid and reliable Turkish scale based on the TBP was used to identify factors associated with the intention score by a multiple linear regression model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>One hundred ten participants completed the survey (response rate: 44.0%). Seventy percent of pharmacists reported that they had not received prior training in digital technologies. More than eighty percent of the participants said they intend to use digital technology in daily practice. The higher scores of attitudes (p = 0.005), self-efficacy (p < 0.001), and working place (p = 0.017) were associated with increased intention scores.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Positive attitudes, higher self-efficacy, and working in tertiary hospitals were associated with hospital pharmacists' intentions to use digital technology in daily practice. These factors should be considered in developing interventions to promote digital technology use of hospital pharmacists.</p>","PeriodicalId":13828,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143381945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Pharmacist and Clinical Nurse Specialist led medicine optimisation and medication adherence via eArly identifiCation advanCed gEriatric aSsesSment (ACCESS) tool in Senior Adult Oncology Programme (SAOP).","authors":"Vanya Slavova-Boneva, Anne Barrell, Nicolò Matteo Luca Battisti","doi":"10.1007/s11096-025-01871-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-025-01871-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Comprehensive geriatric assessment evaluates key health domains for older adults, focusing on medicine optimisation and medication adherence to improve tolerability and quality of life for older adults on systematic anticancer therapy. The Royal Marsden (RM) Senior Adult Oncology Programme (SAOP) provides multidisciplinary geriatric assessment and interventions for patients ≥ 70 undergoing systematic anticancer therapy.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>We designed an ACCESS (eArly identifiCation advanCed gEriatric aSsesSment) tool to enhance efficiency of SAOP outpatient clinics by facilitating geriatric assessment including medications, nutrition, social support, mood, and functional assessments.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>SAOP at RM NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.</p><p><strong>Development: </strong>Developed by SAOP pharmacist and clinical nurse specialist with input from SAOP multidisciplinary team, the ACCESS tool includes medication review patient counselling deprescribing, and comorbidity management, aligning with the Royal Pharmaceutical Society Advanced Pharmacy Framework.</p><p><strong>Implementation: </strong>From January to December 2022, ACCESS was implemented in three steps: screening with Senior Adult Oncology Programme v 3 (SAOP3) questionnaire, remote consultation based on results, and medication review and patient counselling for complex medication needs, enhancing patient engagement and treatment understanding.</p><p><strong>Evaluation: </strong>The practice was audited through the implementation process. Quantitative data from staff and 100 patients who were users of the SAOP service and ACCESS tool revealed higher medication adherence, improved identification of inappropriate medications, and enhanced confidence in managing complex geriatric oncology cases.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The ACCESS tool, led by clinical pharmacist and clinical nurse specialist has improved outpatient clinic efficiency, patient satisfaction, and healthcare coordination. It allows personalised follow-up plans for older adults with complex health issues on anticancer therapy. Regular multidisciplinary team meetings and digital health records enhance care coordination and decision-making for older adults with cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":13828,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143382008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comment on \"Association of polypharmacy with clinical outcomes and healthcare utilization in older adults with cardiometabolic diseases: a retrospective cohort study\".","authors":"Kim-Huong Truong-Nguyen, Minh-Hoang Tran","doi":"10.1007/s11096-025-01879-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-025-01879-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13828,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143364601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preadmission medications and recent falls in older inpatients: an observational study.","authors":"Louise Clarkson, Anthony Griffiths, Shu-Kay Ng, Alfred K Lam, Tien K Khoo","doi":"10.1007/s11096-024-01859-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11096-024-01859-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Falls in older adults might increase due to polypharmacy.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study aimed to explore the association between preadmission medications and history of falls in older inpatients.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This observational study of inpatients aged ≥ 65 years was conducted over 4 years at Ballina Hospital, Australia. The Medication Regimen Complexity Index (MRCI), Drug Burden Index (DBI), and Anticholinergic Effect on Cognition (AEC) scores were calculated for preadmission medications. Polypharmacy and falls questionnaires were administered to identify falls in the past 6 months and aptitude toward medication use.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 194 participants with a mean age of 80.2 (SD 8.0) years were included. The mean daily number of regular medications was 7.8 (SD 3.9) and the mean MRCI score was 22 (SD 12.6). Among the participants, 107 (55%) reported falls in the past 6 months and 47 (24%) reported ≥ 2 falls. Age and hearing impairment were positively associated with falls (p = 0.007 and p = 0.003, respectively). History of falls was positively associated with a MRCI score of ≥ 20 (p = 0.018), an AEC score of ≥ 2 (p = 0.010) and a DBI score of ≥ 1 after adjustment for age (p = 0.041). Forgetting medications was associated with falls (p = 0.043). Antihypertensive use did not increase falls risk.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Implementing a decisive approach to simplify complex medication regimens, along with patient-focused medication management strategies, may help reduce the risk of falls in older adults. Sedatives and anticholinergic medications increase the risk of falls and should be avoided whenever possible.</p>","PeriodicalId":13828,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143364611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Barriers and enablers to medicine-taking behaviours in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a qualitative interview study.","authors":"Torbjørn Nygård, David Wright, Reidun L S Kjome, Hamde Nazar, Bernt Aarli, Aase Raddum","doi":"10.1007/s11096-025-01872-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-025-01872-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is associated with low health-related quality of life and high costs to healthcare systems, particularly due to hospital admissions and exacerbations. Medicines, inhalers especially, reduce the risk of hospitalisations and exacerbations, but factors influencing medicine-taking behaviours are not fully understood.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To explore experiences of people with COPD related to medicines, and followingly identify and characterise any barriers and enablers related to medicine-taking behaviours using the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF).</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted and included ten people with COPD who had previously been admitted to hospital. Systematic text condensation was used inductively in the primary analysis of the interviews. In the secondary analysis, meaning units from the primary analysis were mapped to the TDF and summarised as barriers and enablers.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Five major themes were developed in the primary analysis: (1) health literacy and information needs, (2) patient autonomy, (3) lack of access to medicines, (4) lack of effect from medicines, and (5) experiences of medicines-related issues. In the secondary analysis, thirteen barriers and nine enablers were mapped to nine out of the fourteen domains of the TDF.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>People with COPD experience challenges related to medicines which need to be addressed by researchers and healthcare providers. The identified barriers and enablers mapped to the TDF can guide and inform future design of interventions and health care services.</p>","PeriodicalId":13828,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143189250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of artificial intelligence on the academic performance and test anxiety of pharmacy students in objective structured clinical examination: a randomized controlled trial.","authors":"Majid Ali, Sarah Rehman, Ejaz Cheema","doi":"10.1007/s11096-025-01876-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-025-01876-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The rapid advancement of generative artificial intelligence (AI) in recent years has led to its increased application across various fields including education. One area where AI can significantly impact is clinical education, particularly in the preparation and execution of objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs).</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate the impact of AI-generated study material and feedback on the academic performance and level of anxiety of pharmacy students in formative OSCE.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This was a 4-week (June-July 2024) randomized controlled study. Students of 6th semester PharmD program were randomized into either an intervention or control group. The intervention group received intervention which comprised a comprehensive training session on how to use AI tools (ChatGPT, Gemini and Perplexity) for generating study materials with personalized feedback, in addition to usual OSCE instructions. The control group only received the usual OSCE instructions. In addition, all students completed the test anxiety inventory (TAI) questionnaire before the OSCE.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eighty-eight (40 male, 48 female) out of 92 (96%) students attended the OSCE and completed the TAI questionnaire. Each group had 44 (50%) students. The mean OSCE mark was 13.26 (± 5.05) out of 30. No significant difference was found between the intervention [12.98 (± 5.15)] and control [13.54 (± 5.00)] groups regarding mean OSCE marks (p = 0.550). Similarly, no significant difference was found between the groups regarding the total TAI score (p = 0.917).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>While the use of AI tools did not improve the academic performance of students or reduce test-related anxiety, they did not negatively impact these outcomes either. Future research should investigate the long-term effects of AI-based interventions on educational outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":13828,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143189255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disproportionality analysis of flutamide- or bicalutamide-induced liver injury with and without steroids by using the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report database.","authors":"Tomoyuki Yamada, Saori Tanaka, Takumi Noda, Kazuya Urashima, Ayumi Fujimoto, Yuka Kohda, Ryuji Kato","doi":"10.1007/s11096-024-01814-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11096-024-01814-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Although the mechanism underlying flutamide- or bicalutamide-induced liver injury may be immune related, the details remain unclear. If this mechanism is immune related, steroid use may be considered as a treatment option.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>Disproportionality analysis was conducted to evaluate the effect of concomitant steroid use on flutamide- and bicalutamide-induced liver injury.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Male patients aged 20 years or older who were receiving nonsteroidal anti-androgens from April 2004 to October 2023 were screened from the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report database. Data on liver injury, age, weight, height, steroid use, obesity, hepatic stenosis, alcohol-related hepatic disorders, hepatitis B and C, and common drugs known to cause drug-induced liver injury were analyzed. Liver injury was defined by the Standardized Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities query index (code 20000006, version 27.0).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 142,430 patients, 2,316 were administered nonsteroidal anti-androgens. Reports of liver injury were disproportionate depending on the agents used (reporting odds ratio [ROR], 1.29; 95% confidence intervals [CI], 1.13-1.46), especially among flutamide or bicalutamide users (flutamide: ROR, 6.09; 95% CI, 4.51-8.23; bicalutamide: ROR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.05-1.48). Multivariable logistic regression analysis correlated steroid use with a lower risk of flutamide- or bicalutamide-induced liver injury (flutamide: odds ratio, 0.07; 95% CI, 0.01-0.52; bicalutamide: odds ratio, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.21-0.96).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings suggest that flutamide and bicalutamide may increase the risk of liver injury compared to enzalutamide, apalutamide, and darolutamide. Furthermore, our study indicated that steroid use could aid in the management of liver injury.</p>","PeriodicalId":13828,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":"128-135"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142464595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}