International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy最新文献

{"title":"Authors response to comments on \"Association of polypharmacy with clinical outcomes and healthcare utilization in older adults with cardiometabolic diseases: a retrospective cohort study\".","authors":"Su Su, Xuelu Zhu, Shiqi Wu, Wenyao Ma, Suying Yan, Lan Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s11096-025-01918-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-025-01918-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13828,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143964403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Delirium in critically ill children: a retrospective pre- and post-cohort study on the introduction of delirium screening in a paediatric intensive care unit.","authors":"Diarmaid Semple, Fiona Boland, Cormac V Breatnach, Moninne M Howlett, Judith D Strawbridge, John C Hayden","doi":"10.1007/s11096-025-01887-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-025-01887-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Paediatric delirium is a neuropsychiatric disorder with disrupted cerebral functioning due to underlying disease and/or critical care treatment. It has been reported in up to one third of paediatric intensive care admissions, with hypoactive delirium most prevalent in children.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>The aim of this study was to assess whether the introduction of delirium screening was associated with a change in the pharmacotherapy exposure and clinical outcomes.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A retrospective pre and post cohort study of all admissions > 48 h who required mechanical ventilation between 11th March 2019 and 11th March 2021. Cohort 1 (11th March 2019-11th March 2020) prior to the introduction of delirium screening and cohort 2 (12th March 2020-12th March 2021) after delirium screening. Patients < 3 months old, who were never mechanically ventilated, admitted <48 h, continuously receiving neuromuscular blockade or deeply sedated were not included. A multivariate model was created to compare pharmacotherapy use before and after implementation of delirium screening.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Two thousand and thirty-four patient encounters were identified with 588 meeting the inclusion criteria (364 cohort 1 and 224 cohort 2). There was a reduction in usage of infusions of morphine (decrease in doses of 18% p < 0.05) and midazolam (50% reduction in patients receiving p < 0.05), after screening commenced. Chloral hydrate use was unchanged however cohort 2 received lower daily doses (p < 0.05). Clonidine infusion use increased for cohort 2 (16% v 28% p < 0.05), with lower daily doses (23 v 13 µg/kg/day p < 0.05). Positive clinical outcomes such as decreased duration of mechanical ventilation, length of stay and out of range sedation and withdrawal scores were also observed.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Introduction of a paediatric delirium care bundle including screening tool and associated education was associated with decrease in exposure to modifiable pharmacotherapy risk factors for the development of paediatric delirium. These findings should be further evaluated in future interventional studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":13828,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143985829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-world clinical outcomes of apalutamide versus abiraterone with androgen deprivation therapy for metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer.","authors":"Eduardo Pons-Fuster, Celia Maria Gonzalez-Ponce, Silverio Ros-Martinez, Juan José Fernández-Ávila, María Sacramento Díaz-Carrasco, Alberto Espuny-Miró","doi":"10.1007/s11096-025-01920-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-025-01920-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC) is an aggressive disease with a poor prognosis. Current treatment guidelines recommend combining androgen receptor axis-targeted therapies (ARATs) with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for mHSPC. While individual ARATs have shown success, few studies directly compare their effects.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To compare the safety and clinical outcomes of abiraterone acetate (abiraterone) and apalutamide in chemotherapy-naïve mHSPC patients, focusing on prostate-specific antigen (PSA) kinetics, safety, and survival outcomes.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A retrospective, single-centre study included 107 chemotherapy-naïve mHSPC patients treated with abiraterone or apalutamide plus ADT. PSA levels were measured at baseline and during treatment. Primary outcomes were PSA progression-free survival (PSA-PFS) and overall survival (OS). Adverse events were recorded. Inverse probability treatment weighting adjusted baseline differences.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Median PSA-PFS significantly favoured apalutamide (log-rank p = 0.015). Achieving PSA ≤ 0.02 ng/mL was strongly associated with delayed progression (HR 0.07, 95% CI 0.02-0.28; p < 0.001). OS did not differ significantly between groups (p = 0.504). Apalutamide achieved lower median nadir PSA (0.02 ng/mL vs. 0.23 ng/mL, p < 0.001) and shorter mean time to nadir (4.5 vs. 7.2 months, p = 0.001), with more patients reaching ultralow PSA levels (≤ 0.02 ng/mL) during follow-up. Adverse events occurred more frequently with apalutamide (71.2% vs. 46.5%, p = 0.015), with fatigue and rash being the most common.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Apalutamide demonstrated deeper and more sustained PSA reductions, translating into delayed disease progression compared to abiraterone. Both treatments were generally well tolerated, though adverse events were more prevalent with apalutamide.</p>","PeriodicalId":13828,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144009554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"European Society of Clinical Pharmacy: 'From interprofessional education to interprofessional practice'.","authors":"Pierrick Bedouch, Monika Lutters, Jean-Didier Bardet","doi":"10.1007/s11096-025-01929-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-025-01929-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13828,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143985007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative efficacy and safety of alternatives to sodium valproate in the management of bipolar affective disorder in people of child-bearing age: a narrative review by the European Society of Clinical Pharmacy's mental health specialist interest group.","authors":"Ita Fitzgerald, Izgi Bayraktar, Birgit Eiden, Rosalind Gittins, Erica Magni, Marie Humbert-Claude, Lara-Turiya Molitschnig, Paula Darm, Anna Waksmundzka-Walczuk, Nikolaus Riesenhuber, Matej Stuhec, Ivana Tašková, Martina Hahn","doi":"10.1007/s11096-025-01919-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-025-01919-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The European Medicines Agency has recommended a series of restrictions on the use of sodium valproate (valproate) following research linking its exposure in utero to adverse congenital and neurodevelopmental effects in offspring. Recent research has highlighted a potential increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in children born to males taking valproate prior to conception. Clinicians and patients require guidance regarding suitable alternatives.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To provide an overview of suitable alternatives to valproate in the management of bipolar disorder.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A narrative review was conducted. Only medications with an established evidence base in managing different phases of bipolar disorder and endorsed within clinical practice guidelines were considered. Eligible guidelines included those (i) where recommendations were informed by a formal guideline development process and (ii) published in English within the last 15 years. REPROTOX® was chosen as the primary information source regarding reproductive safety of alternative medications.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of all second-generation antipsychotics, quetiapine should be considered a first-line alternative to valproate. Lithium has been associated with an increased risk of cardiac malformations, especially Ebstein anomaly, following in utero exposure. However, given its robust efficacy as an antimanic agent and the absolute risk of cardiac abnormalities being low, it's use can still be considered in individuals of child-bearing potential with appropriate monitoring. Carbamazepine treatment should be avoided due to concerns for teratogenicity. Although considered safe in pregnancy, lamotrigine is largely effective at preventing relapse of bipolar depression. Thus, lamotrigine offers limited clinical utility as an alternative to valproate.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Specific recommendations are made regarding alternatives to valproate in managing bipolar disorder.</p>","PeriodicalId":13828,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144016724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized active-controlled trials.","authors":"Bo Xu, Bo Kang, Shaoqian Li, Jixiang Chen, Jiecan Zhou","doi":"10.1007/s11096-025-01924-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-025-01924-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The effect of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors on cancer incidence compared to other hypoglycemic drugs remains unclear.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This systematic review and meta-analysis was designed to investigate the association of SGLT2 inhibitors with cancer compared to active comparators.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A systematic search was conducted up to March 11, 2024 across Web of Science, PubMed, and ClinicalTrials.gov, and included trials with a follow-up period of at least 52 weeks. The Mantel-Haenszel statistical method was utilized, applying risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for binary variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty trials covering 16,399 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients were included. Median follow-up duration was 1.0 (1.0) years. The effect of SGLT2 inhibitors on the overall risk of cancer was neutral compared to active comparators (RR 1.00; 95%CI 0.71-1.40; p = 0.99; moderate certainty of evidence). SGLT2 inhibitors did not have a significant impact on breast cancer, endometrial/uterine cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, prostate cancer, renal cancer, or respiratory cancer. Subgroup analysis indicated a significant reduction in the risk of gastrointestinal cancer with SGLT2 inhibitors compared to metformin (RR 0.23; 95%CI 0.06-0.95; p = 0.04). SGLT2 inhibitors potentially increased gastrointestinal cancer risk relative to sulfonylureas (RR 3.52; 95%CI 0.91-13.64; p = 0.07).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>SGLT2 inhibitors showed neutral cancer risk in T2DM patients but may reduce gastrointestinal cancer versus metformin, guiding tailored therapy based on patient risk profiles.</p>","PeriodicalId":13828,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144007184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drivers of engagement in virtual communities of practice: a qualitative study of Australian pharmacists' perceptions and experiences.","authors":"Abdella Birhan Yabeyu, Jo Cavanagh, Rachel Lawson, Kathy Le, Lili Schmah, Kenneth Lee, Deborah Hawthorne, Amy T Page","doi":"10.1007/s11096-025-01913-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-025-01913-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In today's digital age, virtual Communities of Practice allow pharmacists to connect and collaborate across geographical and professional boundaries. These platforms create opportunities for shared learning and knowledge exchange, fostering innovation and helping pharmacists stay informed about evolving practices.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study aimed to explore the factors that drive engagement in virtual Communities of Practice among Australian pharmacists.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A qualitative study was conducted with 24 Australian pharmacists recruited via social media, professional networks, and conferences. Five online focus groups (each with 3-4 participants) were conducted, lasting 45-60 min. Discussions were transcribed verbatim, and data were analysed thematically using the Framework Method. Rigor was ensured through convenience sampling, maintenance of an audit trail, and the use of independent coding and thematic analysis to enhance credibility and confirmability.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Four major themes emerged from the analysis: 'access to information', 'sense of community', 'active facilitation', and 'platform usability'. Participants appreciated peer-shared knowledge and staying informed about current practices. A strong sense of community was cultivated as participants supported by others within the virtual community of practice. Active facilitation, such as moderators filtering content and engaging participants, was essential for maintaining a constructive environment. Additionally, platform usability, characterised by user-friendly features, the ability to keep personal and professional boundaries, and flexibility in accessing activities, significantly enhanced participant engagement.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study identified four key drivers of engagement in virtual Communities of Practice including accessible information, community support, active facilitation, and platform usability. These findings inform the design of virtual Communities of Practice to enhance professional collaboration and practice. Addressing these factors can enhance virtual Communities of Practice effectiveness in supporting professional collaboration, reducing isolation, and fostering continuous learning, particularly in evolving pharmacy roles.</p>","PeriodicalId":13828,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144005294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cost-effectiveness analysis of glofitamab versus rituximab for relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients in China.","authors":"Hanrui Zheng, Linke Zou, Ming Hu","doi":"10.1007/s11096-025-01912-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-025-01912-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The CD20 × CD3 bispecific antibody glofitamab combined with gemcitabine and oxaliplatin (Glofit-GemOx) has demonstrated clinical efficacy in treating relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL).</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>The aim of this study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of Glofit-GemOx versus R-GemOx for relapsed or refractory DLBCL patients following one or more previous lines of therapy from the perspective of healthcare in China.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A three-state partitioned survival model was constructed based on the STARGLO study to assess the cost-effectiveness of Glofit-GemOx versus rituximab-GemOx (R-GemOx). Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) were used as health outcomes, and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was calculated. One-way deterministic sensitivity analyses and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed on key parameters to assess the robustness of the base analysis results.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The costs in Glofit-GemOx regimen were $266,518.83, whereas the costs of R-GemOx regimen were $43,227.09. Compared with the R-GemOx regimen, the Glofit-GemOx regimen resulted in an increase of 0.85 QALYs, yielding an ICER of $262,696.16 per QALY. The ICER significantly exceeded the willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold of $38,188/QALY and sensitivity analysis revealed the cost of glofitamab had a substantial effect on results.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Compared with R-GemOx, Glofit-GemOx is not cost-effective compared for relapsed or refractory DLBCL patients in China at current price. A negotiated price reduction for glofitamab could substantially improve its cost-effectiveness profile.</p>","PeriodicalId":13828,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144062875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post-marketing safety of pralsetinib: a real-world disproportionality analysis based on the FDA adverse event reporting system database.","authors":"Zheng Shi, Keda Shao, Ke Wang, Manyi Xu, Xiayao Yu, Chunwei Xu, Qin Li, Zhengbo Song","doi":"10.1007/s11096-025-01917-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-025-01917-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Pralsetinib is a novel rearranged during transfection (RET) inhibitor that is approved for treating non-small cell lung cancer and thyroid cancer. Although clinical trials have established its efficacy, real-world data on its safety profile remain limited.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study aimed to analyze pralsetinib-related adverse events (AEs) reported in the Food and Drug Administration adverse event reporting system (FAERS) database to identify potential safety signals.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We conducted a retrospective pharmacovigilance analysis using FAERS database from Q3 2020 to Q2 2024. After deduplication, disproportionality analysis was performed using four algorithms: reporting odds ratio (ROR), proportional reporting ratio, Bayesian confidence propagation neural network, and empirical Bayes geometric mean.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 1064 pralsetinib-related reports were identified, encompassing 3608 AEs. The most common AEs were hypertension (n = 80), asthenia (n = 79), anemia (n = 65), white blood cell count decreased (n = 63), and constipation (n = 58). We also detected new and unexpected AE signals, including blood calcitonin increased (ROR: 853.54), myocardial necrosis marker increased (ROR: 201.79), cystitis bacterial (ROR: 134.84), fungal foot infection (ROR: 51.83), pulmonary tuberculosis (ROR: 39.5), and myocardial injury (ROR: 30.36). Additionally, hypertension was more prevalent among female patients (Female/Male = 53/19, ROR: 1.8 [1.06-3.05]) and olderpatients (≥ 65/ < 65 = 34/18, ROR: 1.8 [1.01-3.2]).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study identified some known and new significant AE signals associated with pralsetinib, emphasizing the importance of continued pharmacovigilance. While the findings provide valuable insights for clinical practice, further validation through large-scale prospective studies is needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":13828,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143970684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A post-discharge pharmacist clinic to reduce hospital readmissions: a retrospective cohort study.","authors":"Jaclyn Costello, Michael Barras, Centaine L Snoswell, Holly Foot","doi":"10.1007/s11096-025-01923-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-025-01923-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Patients transitioning from secondary to primary healthcare are at increased risk of medication errors, adverse drug events and readmission to hospital. Incorporating a post-discharge follow-up by a hospital pharmacist has been proposed as a potential strategy to reduce readmissions.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To determine the impact of a hospital-based pharmacist-led post-discharge medication review clinic on 30-day hospital readmissions in adult patients.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A single-site, retrospective cohort study compared the medical records of patients who attended the Pharmacist Review and EValuation of Existing and New Therapies (PREVENT) clinic between 1 January 2018 and 31 December 2019 to a group of case-matched control patients who did not attend the clinic. Patient inclusion criteria comprised those 18 years and older and attended the PREVENT clinic within 30 days of discharge. The matched group was based on gender, age and hospital metrics. The primary outcome measure is unplanned, all-cause 30-day hospital readmission.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were 170 patients per group, with similar baseline characteristics. There were significantly less unplanned all-cause 30-day hospital readmissions in the PREVENT clinic group (n = 12 (7.1%)) compared to the control group (n = 40 (23.5%), χ² = 17.799, p < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study demonstrates that a hospital-based pharmacist-led post-discharge medication review clinic reduced 30-day hospital readmissions in adult patients compared to a group of case-matched controls. This study provides evidence to support extending pharmaceutical care beyond the inpatient hospital setting into the early post-discharge period, particularly in hospitals providing comprehensive clinical pharmacy services.</p>","PeriodicalId":13828,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144009548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}