International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy最新文献

{"title":"A multi-site evaluation of clinical pharmacist time, motion, interventions and interruptions.","authors":"Martin L Canning, Andrew Munns, Jaryth Twine, Elizabeth McCourt, Russol Hussain, Timothy Dunn, Liz Hayward, Erin Dunn","doi":"10.1007/s11096-025-01910-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-025-01910-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Patient centred clinical pharmacy activities have demonstrated improvements in patient outcomes. There are limited published data on workflow practices of pharmacists to assist with clinical pharmacy service delivery improvement.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To determine the amount of time clinical pharmacists spend each day performing their work tasks, interventions and interruptions. To determine the proportion of time performing clinical tasks and tasks face-to-face with patients.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Trained pharmacy students observed clinical pharmacists and recorded clinical activities using the timer app Clockify™ on a smart device (phone or tablet) at four hospitals over 9 days between 29th July and 8th August 2024. Pharmacy students recorded the number and types of patients seen, interventions and interruption patterns.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 678.3 h of pharmacist activity were recorded. The mean time spent per day per patient type was 25.9 min (discharge patient), 23.5 min (new patient) and 10.3 min (review patient). Pharmacists spent the largest proportion of time (21.9%) on discharge patients followed by review patients (21.6%). Over 80% of pharmacist time was spent performing clinical activities, of which almost 12% was spent face-to-face with patients. Pharmacists were interrupted 34 times per day and performed 67 interventions per 100 patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Pharmacists spend over 80% of their work time performing clinical activities for patients, of which almost 12% is spent face-to-face with patients. The largest proportion of time is spent with discharge patients followed by review patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":13828,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144018888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Explanation and elaboration of MedinAI: guidelines for reporting artificial intelligence studies in medicines, pharmacotherapy, and pharmaceutical services.","authors":"Wallace Entringer Bottacin, Thais Teles de Souza, Ana Carolina Melchiors, Walleri Christini Torelli Reis","doi":"10.1007/s11096-025-01906-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-025-01906-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The increasing adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) in medicines, pharmacotherapy, and pharmaceutical services necessitates clear guidance on reporting standards. While the MedinAI Statement (Bottacin in Int J Clin Pharm, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-025-01905-3, 2025) provides core guidelines for reporting AI studies in these fields, detailed explanations and practical examples are crucial for optimal implementation. This companion document was developed to offer comprehensive guidance and real-world examples for each guideline item. The document elaborates on all 14 items and 78 sub-items across four domains: core, ethical considerations in medication and pharmacotherapy, medicines as products, and services related to medicines and pharmacotherapy. Through clear, actionable guidance and diverse examples, this document enhances MedinAI's utility, enabling researchers and stakeholders to improve the quality and transparency of AI research reporting across various contexts, study designs, and development stages.</p>","PeriodicalId":13828,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143964577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developing a pharmacist preceptorship programme to support UK advanced level practice: a consensus study.","authors":"Mairi-Anne McLean, Paul Forsyth, Emma Dunlop, Anne C Boyter","doi":"10.1007/s11096-025-01909-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-025-01909-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Globally, health professionals are advancing roles to meet growing healthcare demands. Pharmacists are increasingly required to deliver autonomous, holistic, highly complex advanced care. Preceptorship could be used more widely to support delivery of advanced pharmaceutical care.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>The aim of this study was to formulate statements describing features of preceptorship programmes, and to measure consensus in the Scottish pharmacy workforce on the applicability of these statements to an advanced pharmacist preceptorship programme.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Phase 1-formulation of statements relating to key features of healthcare preceptorship programmes through literature review and author expertise. Phase 2-modified nominal group technique (m-NGT) to add expert ideas to phase 1 statements and to reach consensus on statement wording. Phase 3-a two round modified Delphi (m-Delphi) survey to measure consensus in the Scottish pharmacy workforce on whether the features presented should be part of a Scottish advanced pharmacist preceptorship programme. Consensus agreement was set at 75% for m-NGT and m-Delphi.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fifty-one statements were generated from literature. Seven statements were generated by authors. Three statements were generated by experts during m-NGT stage: 61 statements progressed to m-Delphi. After two rounds (n = 194 and 144 participants in round one and two respectively) of m-Delphi, consensus was reached on 48 of the 61 statements across categories including programme design, preceptor training requirements and programme assessment.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study provides a strong basis for research into the impact of preceptorship programmes for pharmacists working towards the advanced career stage.</p>","PeriodicalId":13828,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144004816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A cross-sectional online survey: exploring the patient perspective of community pharmacies delivering care to ethnically diverse individuals with disabilities.","authors":"Cambrey B Nguyen, Brittany L Melton, Kristin R Villa","doi":"10.1007/s11096-025-01911-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-025-01911-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Approximately 1.3 billion people or 16% of the global population have a disability and those from diverse backgrounds experience greater health disparities. To reduce inequities, healthcare professionals are encouraged to include the patient's cultures in their care.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study was a prospective, cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study that obtained patient perception of community pharmacies providing culturally responsive care to ethnically diverse patients with disabilities in the US.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Respondents (over 18 years and understand English) were recruited by Qualtrics to complete an anonymous, nationwide, online survey from August 7 to August 14, 2024. The survey asked for demographic information, frequency of encounters with the pharmacy, perception of quality of care based on their identities (ethnicity, disability), barriers in obtaining medications, and suggestions to improve services. Demographics were reported using descriptive statistics and the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare Likert scale responses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 1218 respondents completed the survey; 200 self-identified as white, non-Hispanic without disabilities which served as the control and 1018 patients were from an ethnically diverse background with a disability (n = 518) or without disabilities (n = 500). In all of the cohorts, over 50% of respondents were satisfied with the quality of care provided by pharmacists and pharmacy staff. Barriers identified by those with a disability were communication issues (specific to hearing) and the limited physical space for patients in wheelchairs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The barriers noted by the patients can be addressed through increasing cultural intelligence training or continuing education for pharmacists and staff to promote inclusion.</p>","PeriodicalId":13828,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143985817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating a customised large language model (DELSTAR) and its ability to address medication-related questions associated with delirium: a quantitative exploratory study.","authors":"Katharina Teresa Spagl, Edward William Watson, Adam Jatowt, Anita Elaine Weidmann","doi":"10.1007/s11096-025-01900-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-025-01900-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A customised large language model (LLM) could serve as a next-generation clinical pharmacy research assistant to prevent medication-associated delirium. Comprehensive evaluation strategies are still missing.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This quantitative exploratory study aimed to develop an approach to comprehensively assess the domain-specific customised delirium LLM (DELSTAR) ability, quality and performance to accurately address complex clinical and practice research questions on delirium that typically require extensive literature searches and meta-analyses.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>DELSTAR, focused on delirium-associated medications, was implemented as a 'Custom GPT' for quality assessment and as a Python-based software pipeline for performance testing on closed and leading open models. Quality metrics included statement accuracy and data credibility; performance metrics covered F1-Score, sensitivity/specificity, precision, AUC, and AUC-ROC curves.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>DELSTAR demonstrated more accurate and comprehensive information compared to information retrieved by traditional systematic literature reviews (SLRs) (p < 0.05) and accessed Application Programmer Interfaces (API), private databases, and high-quality sources despite mainly relying on less reliable internet sources. GPT-3.5 and GPT-4o emerged as the most reliable foundation models. In Dataset 2, GPT-4o (F1-Score: 0.687) and Llama3-70b (F1-Score: 0.655) performed best, while in Dataset 3, GPT-3.5 (F1-Score: 0.708) and GPT-4o (F1-Score: 0.665) led. None consistently met desired threshold values across all metrics.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>DELSTAR demonstrated potential as a clinical pharmacy research assistant, surpassing traditional SLRs in quality. Improvements are needed in high-quality data use, citation, and performance optimisation. GPT-4o, GPT-3.5, and Llama3-70b were the most suitable foundation models, but fine-tuning DELSTAR is essential to enhance sensitivity, especially critical in pharmaceutical contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":13828,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143993224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The risk and cost of drug-drug interactions in an older population acutely admitted to hospital in Ireland.","authors":"John E Hughes, Kathleen E Bennett, Caitriona Cahir","doi":"10.1007/s11096-025-01907-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-025-01907-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are associated with greater healthcare costs; drug-drug interactions (DDIs) are a common cause of ADRs.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To estimate the risk and cost of ADR-related hospital admission associated with DDI-exposure versus no DDI-exposure in an older community-dwelling population.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This is a secondary analysis of a cohort study among 798 older individuals admitted acutely to hospital in Ireland (2016-2017). Full medication-history (pre-admission) was used to measure severe DDIs. Hospital costs were derived from unit costs. Logistic regression and propensity score weighting was used to examine the association between DDI-exposure and ADR-related hospital admission. Quantile regression was used to examine median costs associated with DDI-exposure. Adjusted odds-ratios (aORs), adjusted median costs, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) are reported.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>N = 782 (98%) individuals using ≥ 2 drugs were included. Mean age: 80.9(SD ± 7.5) years; 52.2% female; 45.1% with an ADR-related admission. Pre-admission, n = 316 (40.4%) patients had any severe DDI, n = 466 unexposed; n = 113 (14.5%) had a DDI which increases bleeding risk, n = 669 unexposed. The risk of ADR-related hospital admission associated with any severe DDI was aOR = 1.02 [95% CI: 0.82, 1.28]), and aOR = 1.83 [95% CI: 1.35, 2.44]) for DDIs which increase bleeding risk. The median cost of ADR-related hospital admission associated with any severe DDI versus none, was €880 [- 1205, 3055]; and €3,520 [- 934, 7974] for a DDI which increases bleeding risk versus none.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>DDIs which increase bleeding risk were associated with greatest ADR-related hospital admission risk and highest costs for the healthcare system. Further research examining these DDIs is needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":13828,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143970729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-world safety of deucravacitinib: insights from the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System.","authors":"Kaidi Zhao, Shengxiang Xiao, Yang Zhao, Chen Tu","doi":"10.1007/s11096-025-01896-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-025-01896-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Deucravacitinib, a selective inhibitor of TYK2 kinase, has been recently approved for the treatment of moderate to severe plaque psoriasis. Although the safety of deucravacitinib has been observed in clinical trials, its safety in the real world remains to be fully understood.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>The purpose of this study was to analyze post-marketing adverse events (AEs) associated with deucravacitinib using data from the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) to better understand its safety in real-world conditions.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This study performed a retrospective analysis of AEs associated with deucravacitinib from the FAERS database, spanning from the third quarter of 2022 to the second quarter of 2024. AEs were classified according to the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA, Version 27.0). Disproportionality analysis was conducted using several statistical methods, including the Reporting Odds Ratio (ROR), Proportional Reporting Ratio (PRR), Multi-Item Gamma Poisson Shrinker, and Bayesian Confidence Propagation Neural Network. Additionally, time-to-onset analyses and sensitivity analyses were performed to provide a comprehensive assessment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>AE reports from 1573 individuals were analyzed, revealing a total of 2895 AEs. Most of these events occurred within the first month of treatment. The primary AEs were associated with skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders, as well as infections and infestations. The study confirmed several known common AEs, including acne (n = 172, ROR 75, PRR 70.61, EBGM 69.14, IC 6.11), folliculitis (n = 51, ROR 62.45, PRR 61.37, EBGM 60.25, IC 5.91), and herpes zoster (n = 18, ROR 6.46, PRR 6.43, EBGM 6.42, IC 2.68), and identified some unexpected AEs such as urticaria (n = 36, ROR, PRR 5.27, EBGM 5.27, IC 2.4), skin burning sensation (n = 42, ROR 21.84, PRR 21.54, EBGM 21.41, IC 4.42), and myalgia (n = 26, ROR 3.93, PRR 3.9, EBGM 3.9, IC 1.96).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study confirms the known AEs associated with deucravacitinib and identifies several potential AEs. These findings provide preliminary safety data for the practical use of deucravacitinib.</p>","PeriodicalId":13828,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143811319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Guidelines for reporting artificial intelligence studies in medicines, pharmacotherapy, and pharmaceutical services: MedinAI development, validation and statement.","authors":"Wallace Entringer Bottacin, Thais Teles de Souza, Walleri Christini Torelli Reis, Ana Carolina Melchiors","doi":"10.1007/s11096-025-01905-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-025-01905-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Artificial intelligence (AI) applications in medicines, pharmacotherapy, and pharmaceutical services are expanding, yet the lack of standardized reporting guidelines for scientific studies hinders transparency, comparability, and reproducibility in evidence-based healthcare decision-making.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To develop and validate comprehensive reporting guidelines for AI studies in these fields through expert consensus.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Following the Guidance for Developers of Health Research Reporting Guidelines (Moher in PLoS Med, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000217 , 2010), this study was conducted between May and October 2024 in two phases. Phase 1 involved drafting the initial guidelines through literature reviews and structured expert discussions by an internal committee. Phase 2 employed the Delphi method for validation and refinement. Twenty-six experts from nine countries, representing clinical pharmacy, pharmaceutical services, computer science, and AI, participated in the first round, with 21 completing the second round. Items were included if they received a median ≥ 7 on a 9-point evaluation scale, with ≥ 75% agreement defining publication consensus.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The final MedinAI guidelines comprise 14 items and 78 sub-items across four domains: core aspects, ethical considerations in medication and pharmacotherapy, medicines as products, and services related to medicines and pharmacotherapy. All items achieved consensus (median = 8, with 95.2% agreement on publication readiness). MedinAI's items adapt to different AI development stages, and its structure operates in parallel with EQUATOR Network reporting guidelines for most study designs (CONSORT, STROBE, PRISMA, SPIRIT, etc.), ensuring versatility.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>MedinAI provides validated reporting guidelines for AI studies in medicines, pharmacotherapy and pharmaceutical services, promoting transparency, comparability, reproducibility, responsible and ethical AI development for these fields.</p>","PeriodicalId":13828,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143811315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comment on: \"whether temporal discounting is domain‑specific between health outcomes and money-a systematic review and meta‑analysis\".","authors":"Shubham Kumar, Nosaibah Razaqi, Rachana Mehta, Ranjana Sah","doi":"10.1007/s11096-025-01877-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11096-025-01877-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13828,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":"584-585"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143390815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Association of polypharmacy with clinical outcomes and healthcare utilization in older adults with cardiometabolic diseases: a retrospective cohort study.","authors":"Su Su, Xuelu Zhu, Shiqi Wu, Wenyao Ma, Suying Yan, Lan Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s11096-025-01884-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11096-025-01884-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13828,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":"588-590"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143582239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}