International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy最新文献

{"title":"A clinical decision support tool for improving venous thromboembolism risk assessment and thromboprophylaxis prescribing compliance within an electronic medication management system: a retrospective observational study.","authors":"Samantha Loh, Kimberly Wijaya, Michelle Rogers, Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi, Robert Wojnar","doi":"10.1007/s11096-024-01857-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-024-01857-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Despite various interventions to improve best-practice venous thromboembolism (VTE) prevention measures within hospitals, compliance remains poor. For health services utilising electronic medication management systems (eMMS), implementation of clinical decision support (CDS) tools could address this gap.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To evaluate whether local implementation of an integrated electronic alert system linked with a computerised physician order entry (CPOE)-based order set for VTE risk assessment within an eMMS improves the rates of timely VTE risk assessment and guideline-compliant VTE prophylaxis prescribing among hospitalised patients.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A retrospective observational study conducted among hospitalised patients pre- and post-implementation of an electronic alert system combined with a CPOE-based order set to prompt VTE risk assessment documentation and VTE prophylaxis prescribing within a single tertiary hospital. Admissions were consecutively screened over 7-day periods before and after implementation for inclusion and assessed for compliance with a local VTE prevention protocol.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eight hundred and fifty patients (458 pre-intervention, 392 post-intervention) were included for evaluation. Rates of VTE risk assessment documentation within 24 h of admission increased by 29.9% (p < 0.001). Guideline-compliant VTE prophylaxis improved by 10.4% (p < 0.001). Patients with completed VTE risk assessments were significantly more likely to receive guideline-compliant VTE prophylaxis, compared to patients without documented VTE risk assessments (19.3% difference, p < 0.001). After adjusting for demographic differences, the odds of achieving positive outcomes significantly increased across all measures, with adjusted odds ratios ranging from 1.95 to 4.89 (p < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Local implementation of CDS featuring CPOE within the eMMS improved rates of VTE risk assessment documentation and guideline-compliant VTE prophylaxis prescribing.</p>","PeriodicalId":13828,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142948476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fostering moral reflectivity in community pharmacists through moral case deliberation using the dilemma method.","authors":"M Kruijtbosch, A Floor-Schreudering, E van Leeuwen, M L Bouvy","doi":"10.1007/s11096-024-01854-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-024-01854-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Moral case deliberation has been successfully implemented in multidisciplinary groups of secondary care professionals to support ethical decision making. It has not yet been reported for community pharmacists.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study investigated whether moral case deliberation fosters moral reflectivity in community pharmacists.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Two moral case deliberations with 14 community pharmacists were guided by two facilitators. One session was described and illustrated with participants' quotes, detailing each reflection step of the method. An adapted version of the Maastricht evaluation questionnaire was used to understand the effects of the moral case deliberation on participants' moral reflectivity skills both quantitatively and qualitatively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In a 2-h session, pharmacists reflected on a moral dilemma concerning double anticoagulant therapy of one presenter pharmacist. Participants discussed the pros and cons of two potential actions: dispensing the medication as prescribed without contacting the patient or contacting the patient first. Deliberation highlighted the importance of understanding the patient's perspective, leading the presenter and two others to shift towards the latter action. The evaluation questionnaire revealed that all 14 participants felt supported by the deliberation and the facilitator in recognising the dilemma's moral dimension and understanding their own and others' values behind arguments and how these influenced different perspectives. They all felt encouraged to critically reflect, to ask open questions and to delay judgements. The method helped all to morally justify their final decision, with six participants arriving at a decision different from their initial perspective towards the dilemma's resolution.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study demonstrates that moral case deliberation enables pharmacists to critically examine their reasoning and reach morally sound resolutions, supporting pharmacists' professionalism and ethical decision-making.</p>","PeriodicalId":13828,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142927023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thank you from the Editor-in-Chief.","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s11096-024-01858-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-024-01858-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13828,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142927103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating digital determinants shaping pharmacists' preparedness for interoperability and health informatics practice evolution: a systematic review.","authors":"Sabrina Ait Gacem, Hasniza Zaman Huri, Izyan A Wahab, Abduelmula R Abduelkarem","doi":"10.1007/s11096-024-01851-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-024-01851-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Fragmented healthcare systems hinder pharmacists' access to comprehensive patient data, limiting their clinical role and posing health risks. Enhancing system interoperability and evaluating factors influencing pharmacists' readiness for technology-driven practice change is a crucial step.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This systematic review aimed to investigate the digital determinants of pharmacists' readiness for technology-oriented practice change and interoperability.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library was conducted on August 7, 2023, with registration number INPLASY202380071. Search method was developed, and quality was assessed using the Boynton and Greenhalgh Quality Checklist (BGQC) and Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The review included 13 studies, of which 7 (53.8%) included the study's setting. Of the seven studies, most discussed the community pharmacy setting (n = 3, 23.1%), followed by hospital pharmacy (n = 1, 7.6%), and both settings (n = 3, 23.1%). The studies included several countries: the United Kingdom (UK), Canada, the United States of America (USA), Australia, India, Sweden, and Saudi Arabia. The studies discussed several medical health informatic technologies such as electronic health records and e-prescribing. The three most reported technology-related influencing factors were related to digital literacy and technology-oriented tailored training (n = 9, 69.2%), followed by technical system features (n = 6, 46.2%) and technology operations (n = 5, 38.5%). The overall readiness level for technology-related practice change was intermediate (n = 7, 53.8%), high (n = 3, 23.1%), and low (n = 3, 23.1%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Digital literacy, tailored training, and system features are crucial for enhancing pharmacists' readiness for technology adoption, highlighting the need for improved digital infrastructure and interoperability in clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":13828,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142927098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perioperative esketamine combined with butorphanol versus butorphanol alone for pain management following video-assisted lobectomy: a randomized controlled trial.","authors":"Hongjian Wang, Zicheng Wang, Junbao Zhang, Xin Wang, Bingqian Fan, Wensheng He, Xianwen Hu","doi":"10.1007/s11096-024-01850-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-024-01850-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The analgesic efficacy of esketamine combined with butorphanol in thoracoscopic surgery remains unclear.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study explored the effects of perioperative esketamine combined with butorphanol versus butorphanol alone on acute and chronic postoperative pain in patients who underwent video-assisted lobectomy.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A total of 181 patients were enrolled, with 90 in the esketamine-butorphanol group (Group BK) receiving intraoperative esketamine infusion and postoperative patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) (esketamine 1.5 mg/kg, butorphanol 0.15 mg/kg, azasetron 20 mg). The remaining 91 patients in the butorphanol group (Group B) received normal saline and PCIA with butorphanol (0.15 mg/kg) and azasetron (20 mg). Primary endpoints included Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores in the first week and chronic pain incidence at three months. Secondary endpoints included intraoperative vital signs, morphine consumption, postoperative adverse events, and 15-item Quality of Recovery-15 (QoR-15) scores.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Group BK demonstrated significantly lower VAS scores within 48 h at rest and within 24 h during coughing postoperatively (P < 0.001). However, no significant differences were observed in VAS scores [(Group B, 5 (0-12)) vs. (Group BK, 5 (0-9)), P = 0.517] or chronic pain incidence [(Group B, 34.1%) vs. (Group BK, 23.3%), P = 0.111] between the two groups at the three-month follow-up. Patients in Group BK exhibited improved postoperative stability of vital signs and higher QoR-15 scores.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Perioperative administration of esketamine significantly mitigates acute postoperative pain and enhances recovery quality in patients undergoing video-assisted lung resection.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>This trial protocol is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT06398834, date: 2024-05-01).</p>","PeriodicalId":13828,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142921676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Community pharmacists' perceptions of their challenges in relation to older adults prescribed psychotropic medications: a focus-group study.","authors":"Mathieu Corvaisier, Lucile Come, Housni Boughammoura, Cédric Annweiler, Laurence Spiesser-Robelet","doi":"10.1007/s11096-024-01856-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-024-01856-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The management of psychotropic medication in older adults is a challenge for every healthcare professional, but data concerning community pharmacists are scarce in the literature.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>Our objectives were i) to understand the difficulties encountered by community pharmacists in managing older adults on psychotropic medication, and ii) to identify potential solutions to the difficulties discussed.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A qualitative study by focus group was proposed to all community pharmacists in the vicinity of the university hospital of Angers, France, between May and June 2023. An interview guide was established based on data from literature, with open-ended questions covering 5 categories: management of adverse drug reactions, patient counselling and dispensing, management of psychotropic misuse, pharmacological knowledge, professional relationship and communication. Data were analysed using thematic analysis with an inductive approach.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Four consecutive focus groups were conducted with 17 community pharmacists. Three themes emerged from the various discussions: communication-related issues (e.g. patients refusing to discuss or consider the pharmacist's advice, lack of care-continuity between hospital and community pharmacy); system-related issues (e.g. limitation of time available for patient counselling, lack of access to the patient's clinical details); and psychotropic-related issues (e.g. different perceptions of the risk-benefit ratio between patients and pharmacists, suspected dependence leading to overuse).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The challenges of managing psychotropic medications in older people in community pharmacies are many, but there are solutions. They mainly revolve around interprofessional collaboration, improving the patient pathway, particularly the link between hospital and community pharmacy, and improving training for pharmacists in optimising psychotropic medication.</p>","PeriodicalId":13828,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142909631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Established and emerging roles for pharmacy in operating theatres: a scoping review.","authors":"Aisling McGowan, Evelyn Deasy, Mary Coyle, Juliette O'Connell","doi":"10.1007/s11096-024-01845-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-024-01845-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Pharmacy services at surgical pre-assessment clinics and on inpatient wards are well-documented, but services to theatre appear comparatively under-developed. High-risk and high-cost medicines are used routinely in theatre; pharmacists are well-qualified to optimise their use and improve patient care.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To determine the range, extent and nature of pharmacy services to theatre internationally, and to describe any reported outcomes of these services.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This scoping review was conducted and reported as per PRISMA-ScR and Joanna Briggs Institute methodology. A search was conducted across MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycInfo, Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, Canada's Drug and Health Technology Agency, Google and Google Scholar in April 2023. One reviewer screened titles and abstracts. Two reviewers screened full texts. Data extraction was completed by one reviewer. Two reviewers used the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) to perform quality appraisal. For work completed by one reviewer, a 10% sample was randomly selected for screening by a second reviewer.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Ninety-two publications were included from 3924. Fifty-seven were primary research articles. Other publication types included conference abstracts, journal columns, letters to the editor, practice standards/guidelines, opinion papers, narrative reviews and newsletter articles. Medication management and clinical services across five continents were described. Most reported outcomes related to cost savings. Nine of the 57 articles met the criteria for MMAT appraisal: of these, adherence to quality criteria ranged from 40 to 100%.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Evidence for theatre pharmacy services is extensive and varied. Empirical research of high methodological quality is required to assess the outcomes of these services.</p>","PeriodicalId":13828,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142894256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Opioid prescribing prevalence and initiation rates in Victoria, Australia: insights from primary care data during a period of opioid policy changes (2017-2022).","authors":"Zeynep Balikci, Ulyana Kondratova, Louisa Picco, Suzanne Nielsen, Ting Xia","doi":"10.1007/s11096-024-01849-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-024-01849-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Opioid medications are widely prescribed for acute, chronic and cancer pain. In Australia, opioid prescribing rates remain high.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study aimed to document patterns of primary care opioid prescribing from 2017 to 2022 by demographic characteristics in Victoria, Australia.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This study was a retrospective descriptive analysis, examining prescribing data sourced from the population level analysis and reporting general practice analytics platform. We examined monthly opioid prescription and initiation rates across diverse demographic factors such as age, gender, socioeconomic status (SES), and geographical location. Poisson regression was used to calculate rate ratios for the incidence of opioid initiation over time, adjusting for age, gender, and SES.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Between 2017 and 2022, tapentadol prescriptions increased by 263%, while prescription rates for other opioids declined. Females accounted for 53% of opioid prescriptions, but males had higher initiation rates. Initiation rates declined across most demographics, except for the 15-24 age group, which experienced a 69% increase. Socioeconomically disadvantaged and regional/remote populations showed higher prescribing rates but significant declines over time.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study contributes valuable insights into the prescribing trends in primary health settings. The findings suggest targeted interventions to address socioeconomic and regional disparities are needed, to ensure the quality use of opioids across diverse populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":13828,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142882014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Awareness and use of tools to identify potentially inappropriate prescribing among physicians and pharmacists in Saudi Arabia: a nationwide cross-sectional study.","authors":"Abdullah A Alshehri, Wael Y Khawagi, Khawlah I Alshahrani, Naif A Althagafi, Osamah A Alzahrani, Vibhu Paudyal","doi":"10.1007/s11096-024-01848-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-024-01848-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Potentially inappropriate prescribing (PIP) contributes significantly to treatment burden, specifically in older people. Detecting PIP and improving prescribing practices are therefore crucial for ensuring patient safety and positive outcomes.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study aimed to assess physicians' and pharmacists' awareness and use of tools to identify PIP, as well as their confidence in recommending medication for older people.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A national cross-sectional survey was conducted in Saudi Arabia using a 15-item questionnaire. The online questionnaire covered participants' demographics, their experience with PIP tools including awareness, frequency of use and the type of resources utilized. Both open-ended and closed-ended questions were included, with closed-ended questions formatted as multiple-choice and Likert scale. Descriptive and logistic regression analyses of the data was undertaken using Stata version 16.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 271 participants completed the questionnaire, half (n = 138, 50.9%) were pharmacists. Only a third (n = 81, 29.9%) of participants were familiar with PIP tools. Providers focusing on older people were significantly more aware of PIP tools (p < 0.001). Significantly more pharmacists (n = 50, 36.2%) demonstrated an awareness of PIP tools compared to physicians (n = 31, 23.3%) (p = 0.02). Confidence in recommending appropriate medications for older people varied, with 43.9% of participants having moderate confidence.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study highlights the lack of awareness among physicians and pharmacists in Saudi Arabia regarding the validated PIP tools to support prescribing and medication management practices. There is a need to develop, disseminate and support the use of translated, validated and culturally appropriate PIP tools in this context.</p>","PeriodicalId":13828,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142882010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frequency, type and severity of drug-related problems and pharmacist interventions in Paxlovid® prescribing: a descriptive analysis.","authors":"Alina Stoiber, Gwen Gray, Gudrun Sailer, Wolfgang Huf, Antonella Tonna","doi":"10.1007/s11096-024-01852-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-024-01852-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Paxlovid® (nirmatrelvir and ritonavir) is the only licensed oral antiviral for COVID-19. Ritonavir is a potent inhibitor of cytochrome P450 enzymes causing numerous drug-drug interactions (DDIs).</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To describe the frequency, type, and severity of detected drug related problems (DRPs) associated with Paxlovid®.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This study involved a retrospective quantitative analysis including all patients prescribed Paxlovid® at a public hospital in Vienna, Austria. Data were collected from the patients' records by a clinical pharmacist. A customised, piloted data collection form was used. A sample of data was checked for consistency by an independent clinical pharmacist. Any DDI and severity classification was recorded using an established interaction checker tool. Dosage adjustments due to renal impairment were recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>One hundred twenty-two of 140 patients (87.1%) required interventions to prevent DRPs. Pharmacists' intervention at dispensing was needed in 63.6% (n = 89) of cases. In 3 (2.1%) patients, Paxlovid® was prescribed despite being contraindicated due to severe renal impairment. The most common were DDIs (n = 80; 57.1%). Renal impairment and DDIs were noted in 24.3% (n = 34) of cases. A total of 313 DDIs were recorded in 114 (81.4%) patients, with severe interactions in 24 (17%) patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Pharmacists' involvement in prescribing highly interacting drugs such as Paxlovid® is essential to enhance patient safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":13828,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142872018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}