International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy最新文献

{"title":"Efficacy and safety of preoperative duloxetine in reducing post-laparoscopic surgery pain: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials.","authors":"Eduardo Cerchi Barbosa, Guilherme Henrique Pires Carvalho Ortegal, Lucas Santos de Andrade, Milena Rodrigues Costa, Andreia Moreira Silva Santos","doi":"10.1007/s11096-024-01855-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11096-024-01855-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Recent studies suggest that duloxetine administration before non-laparoscopic surgery may reduce postoperative pain and analgesic requirement without increasing adverse event occurrence.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on preoperative administration of duloxetine versus placebo for postoperative pain relief in adults undergoing laparoscopic surgery, assessing efficacy- and safety-related outcomes.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We systematically searched MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library, covering all records up to July 19, 2024. Inclusion criteria consisted of RCTs comparing preoperative administration of duloxetine versus placebo in adults undergoing laparoscopic surgery and reporting at least one outcome of interest. The random-effects model was used to estimate the mean difference (MD) and risk ratio (RR), along with their respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We included four RCTs (227 patients). Compared with placebo, duloxetine provided a statistically lower pain scores at 2 (MD - 1.04; 95%CI - 1.75, - 0.33), 4 (MD - 1.28; 95%CI - 1.77, - 0.79), 8 (MD - 1.22; 95%CI - 1.72, - 0.72), 12 (MD - 1.64; 95%CI - 2.88, - 0.41), and 24 h (MD - 1.05; 95%CI - 1.72, - 0.39) after surgery. Duloxetine also granted a statistically longer time to first analgesic requirement (MD 128.38 min; 95%CI 41.31, 215.46), compared with placebo. Additionally, the duloxetine group had a significantly lower risk of nausea/vomiting (RR 0.48; 95%CI 0.25, 0.90), while there were no significant differences between both groups for the risk of dizziness, headache, and somnolence.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Compared with placebo, duloxetine administration before laparoscopic surgery significantly minimized postoperative pain intensity, delayed analgesic requirement, and reduced nausea/vomiting risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":13828,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":"294-303"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142983222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Community pharmacists' knowledge of, and role in, managing anticholinergic burden among patients with dementia in primary care: a cross-sectional survey study.","authors":"Bara'a Shawaqfeh, Carmel M Hughes, Bernadette McGuinness, Heather E Barry","doi":"10.1007/s11096-024-01831-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11096-024-01831-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Anticholinergic medications and associated anticholinergic burden can impair cognitive function and increase mortality rates in patients with dementia.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To explore community pharmacists' knowledge of anticholinergic burden and perceptions of their role in anticholinergic burden management amongst patients with dementia.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A self-administered, postal questionnaire was distributed to all registered community pharmacies in Northern Ireland (n = 526) on two occasions (October and November 2022). The questionnaire comprised four sections: (1) demographics associated with pharmacists and pharmacies, (2) contact between community pharmacists and patients with dementia/their carers, and types of medication-related queries received by pharmacists, (3) understanding and knowledge about anticholinergic burden, and (4) community pharmacist role in management of anticholinergic burden in patients with dementia. Data were analysed descriptively using Stata v17.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A response rate of 15.2% (80/526) was achieved. Most contact was with patients with dementia/carers in their own homes. Community pharmacists lacked knowledge about anticholinergic burden in dementia, did not use any anticholinergic burden scales in their practice (n = 77, 96.3%), and rarely discussed anticholinergic burden with patients, carers (n = 60, 75.0%), or other healthcare professionals (n = 42, 52.5%). However, they were positive about their role in future interventions and saw value in managing anticholinergic burden in patients with dementia as part of a multidisciplinary primary healthcare team (n = 67; 83.3%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Despite the low response rate, the study findings have highlighted community pharmacists' willingness to contribute to the management of anticholinergic burden in patients with dementia. Further research is required to understand how this can be achieved.</p>","PeriodicalId":13828,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":"345-353"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11919982/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142710067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Awareness and use of tools to identify potentially inappropriate prescribing among physicians and pharmacists in Saudi Arabia: a nationwide cross-sectional study.","authors":"Abdullah A Alshehri, Wael Y Khawagi, Khawlah I Alshahrani, Naif A Althagafi, Osamah A Alzahrani, Vibhu Paudyal","doi":"10.1007/s11096-024-01848-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11096-024-01848-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Potentially inappropriate prescribing (PIP) contributes significantly to treatment burden, specifically in older people. Detecting PIP and improving prescribing practices are therefore crucial for ensuring patient safety and positive outcomes.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study aimed to assess physicians' and pharmacists' awareness and use of tools to identify PIP, as well as their confidence in recommending medication for older people.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A national cross-sectional survey was conducted in Saudi Arabia using a 15-item questionnaire. The online questionnaire covered participants' demographics, their experience with PIP tools including awareness, frequency of use and the type of resources utilized. Both open-ended and closed-ended questions were included, with closed-ended questions formatted as multiple-choice and Likert scale. Descriptive and logistic regression analyses of the data was undertaken using Stata version 16.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 271 participants completed the questionnaire, half (n = 138, 50.9%) were pharmacists. Only a third (n = 81, 29.9%) of participants were familiar with PIP tools. Providers focusing on older people were significantly more aware of PIP tools (p < 0.001). Significantly more pharmacists (n = 50, 36.2%) demonstrated an awareness of PIP tools compared to physicians (n = 31, 23.3%) (p = 0.02). Confidence in recommending appropriate medications for older people varied, with 43.9% of participants having moderate confidence.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study highlights the lack of awareness among physicians and pharmacists in Saudi Arabia regarding the validated PIP tools to support prescribing and medication management practices. There is a need to develop, disseminate and support the use of translated, validated and culturally appropriate PIP tools in this context.</p>","PeriodicalId":13828,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":"435-442"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142882010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the association of adverse drug reactions with medication adherence and quality of life among hypertensive patients: a cross-sectional study.","authors":"Widya N Insani, Li Wei, Rizky Abdulah, Sofa D Alfian, Nurul A Ramadhani, Rizky Andhika, Neily Zakiyah, Matthew Adesuyan, Yunisa Pamela, Rima Mustafa, Cate Whittlesea","doi":"10.1007/s11096-024-01832-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11096-024-01832-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Effective hypertension management requires medication adherence to prevent complications. However, adverse drug reactions (ADRs) can undermine adherence and negatively affect patients' quality of life. Limited research has explored the association between ADRs, medication adherence, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in individuals with hypertension.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To investigate the association between ADRs, medication adherence, and HRQoL among patients with hypertension.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A cross-sectional study using telephone interviews and medical record reviews was conducted in 11 primary care facilities in Indonesia. The causality of reported ADRs was assessed using the Naranjo algorithm, validated by a panel of experts in pharmacy practice and medication safety. The severity of ADRs was classified using the Hartwig scale. Adherence to antihypertensive drugs was estimated using the Medication Adherence Report Scale-5 (MARS-5). The EuroQoL EQ-5D-5L was used to measure HRQoL. The association between ADRs and medication adherence was assessed using multivariate logistic regression, while the association with HRQoL was evaluated through the Tobit regression model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 507 patients were included in this study. We found that 20.32% (n = 103) of the patients experienced ADRs, with the most commonly reported ADRs being polyuria and urgency, gastrointestinal symptoms, leg swelling, dizziness/hypotension, palpitations, and dry cough. The majority experienced mild ADRs (n = 75, 72.82%), while 27.18% (n = 28) had reactions of moderate severity. Experiencing ADRs was associated with reduced medication adherence (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 7.15, 95% CI 4.07-12.55) and decreased HRQoL (coefficient: - 0.037).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Patients experiencing ADRs were seven times more likely to be non-adherent to their medication regimen and reported a reduced quality of life compared to those without ADRs, placing them at a higher risk of suboptimal treatment outcomes. This finding highlights the need for additional monitoring and education for patients affected by ADRs, particularly through more frequent clinical and laboratory assessments, timely management of ADRs, and personalized education on the importance of adherence to prevent hypertension-related complications.</p>","PeriodicalId":13828,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":"354-364"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11919996/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142739387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Principles and Practice of Pharmacovigilance and Drug Safety: J. Jimmy, A.R. Cox, V. Paudyal (eds).","authors":"Anita Elaine Weidmann","doi":"10.1007/s11096-024-01862-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11096-024-01862-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13828,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":"586-587"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143052514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prophylaxis of topical levofloxacin against endophthalmitis after cataract surgery in Taiwan, 2001-2019: an interrupted time series analysis.","authors":"Jiahn-Shing Lee, Pei-Ru Li, Li-Hung Tsai, Lai-Chu See","doi":"10.1007/s11096-024-01853-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11096-024-01853-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Since May 2007, topical levofloxacin 0.5% ophthalmic solution for prophylaxis of postoperative endophthalmitis (POE) in cataract surgery has been reimbursable in Taiwan.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>We used the National Health Insurance Research Database to estimate the practice of levofloxacin in cataract surgery from 2001 to 2019 and compared the POE rates before and after the introduction of levofloxacin using interrupted time series (ITS) analysis.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We did propensity score-based stabilized weights (PSSW) for each quarterly cohort and used the Joinpoint Regression Program to determine the significant change time point.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>1,456,380 patients and 2,208,126 eyes were eligible. The Joinpoint Regression Program revealed a significant change in the second quarter of 2010. Levofloxacin use started from 0% in the second quarter of 2007, and increased to 6.3% and 30.2% in the second quarter of 2010 and the last quarter of 2019. The POE rate (per 1000 eyes) was 3.7 in the first quarter of 2001, reduced to 1.9, 1.7, and 1.4 in the first, second quarters of 2010, and the last quarter of 2019, respectively. ITS reveals a significant but smaller time trend of - 0.0088‰ during 2010Q2-2019 (post-interruption). The r-square between the levofloxacin use and the POE rate was 0.305. The results of ITS and r-square after PSSW are similar to those without PSSW.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Although the POE reduction rate in cataract surgery aligns with the increased use of levofloxacin, the small r-square and low usage implied topical levofloxacin use is not the sole determinant of POE reduction.</p>","PeriodicalId":13828,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":"462-470"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142846532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Translation, adaptation and psychometric testing of the Digital Health Technology Literacy Assessment Questionnaire (DHTL-AQ) in the Serbian language.","authors":"Dušan Vukmirović, Dušanka Krajnović, Marina Odalović","doi":"10.1007/s11096-024-01837-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11096-024-01837-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The use of digital health technologies (DHTs), systems that use computing platforms, connectivity, software, and/or sensors for health care and related uses, is rapidly increasing. Assessing literacy in this area may be challenging given the absence of comprehensive instruments, especially those dedicated to health care professionals. The digital health technology literacy assessment questionnaire (DHTL-AQ) is a 34-item instrument that assesses an individual's ability to use DHTs, services, and data.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To translate and culturally adapt the DHTL-AQ and to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Serbian version.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The DHTL-AQ English version was translated into Serbian, back-translated, and adapted via expert consensus discussion. Pilot testing was conducted among a population of community pharmacists. To gather evidence of initial validity, the culturally adapted version was tested in the same population as the pilot. Reliability was examined using Cronbach's alpha (Cα), and a test-retest methodology for temporary stability. Validity was explored through factor analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A pilot study (n = 22) included linguistic and cultural adjustments, confirming the item comprehensibility. The final Serbian DHTL-AQ consists of 5 questions and 25 items. The psychometric analysis (n = 162) indicated, satisfactory internal consistency (Cα = 0.822) and temporal stability (ICC = 0.981). Factor analysis identified 3 factors that explained 52% of the total variance, reducing the number of factors to 3 compared with 4 into the original questionnaire.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The culturally adapted DHTL-AQ Serbian version demonstrated strong psychometric properties. Practical application can support the development and implementation of customized education and training programs and new DHT-related services that pharmacists can offer patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":13828,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":"365-372"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142716140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of combined proton pump inhibitors and posaconazole prophylaxis against invasive fungal infections in patients with hematologic malignancies: a retrospective study.","authors":"Yan Liu, Ruochen Qu, Yan Zhao, Ziyi Wang, Shizhao Yuan, Shuai Liu, Chunhua Zhou, Jing Yu","doi":"10.1007/s11096-024-01841-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11096-024-01841-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Posaconazole is widely recommended for preventing and treating invasive fungal infections (IFIs) in immunocompromised patients, especially those with prolonged neutropenia. However, the concentration of the oral suspension formulation can be affected by factors such as co-administration with acid-suppressing medications, influencing its efficacy and safety.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study examined the impact of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and other factors on posaconazole concentrations and the concentration-to-dose ratio (C/D) while also evaluating adverse drug reactions in patients with hematologic malignancies.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients who received posaconazole for IFI prophylaxis or treatment, assessing demographic and clinical data, adverse reactions, treatment outcomes, and drug concentration assays. The study focused on the effects of PPIs on Cmin and C/D.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Data from 283 posaconazole Cmin measurements in 86 patients were analyzed. The incidence of probable or proven IFIs was 6.4% (5/78). PPI use reduced posaconazole Cmin levels but did not significantly impact prophylactic efficacy. Esomeprazole and rabeprazole were explicitly associated with decreased Cmin. Hepatotoxicity was linked to the co-administration of hepatotoxic drugs, indicating that posaconazole was not the sole contributor.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Co-administration of esomeprazole or rabeprazole lowers posaconazole plasma concentrations without compromising prophylactic efficacy against IFIs. Nonetheless, caution is advised when combining these drugs in high-risk immunocompromised patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":13828,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":"382-391"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142791784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of a screening tool to understand the medication habits of patients with swallowing difficulty: a prospective observational study.","authors":"A Harnett, L J Sahm, E Burke, D Lyons, S Byrne","doi":"10.1007/s11096-025-01901-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-025-01901-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Difficulty swallowing solid oral dose forms can result in non-adherence and thus can negatively impact patient outcomes. It can be challenging for healthcare professionals to readily identify patients who present with this difficulty within the hospital setting.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To apply the \"Swallowing Difficulties with Medication Intake and Coping Strategies\" (SWAMECO) questionnaire at admission to hospital to elucidate the medication habits of patients when taking medication at home.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This prospective observational study took place in acute urban teaching hospital in Ireland in July 2023. Eligible adults completed the SWAMECO, describing their difficulty and the coping strategies used. Data on age, sex, medicines and disease states, as per International Classification of Diseases and Related Health problems (ICD-10) were collected.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Self-reported prevalence of swallowing difficulties was 10% (41/409) of whom, 14 patients (median age; 67 years (range 40-86 years), 78.6%; female) completed the SWAMECO. The majority reported having a sensation of medication getting stuck in the pharynx. Swallowing difficulty caused anxiety for some patients and contributed to non-adherence. The most common coping strategy was splitting tablets. Paracetamol was the most frequent solid oral dose form associated with swallowing difficulty and hypertension was the most diagnosed condition. Alternative formulations were available for over half (56%) of the solid oral dose forms prescribed.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The SWAMECO can provide valuable information by identification of patients with swallowing difficulty. This may facilitate clinical pharmacist intervention to ensure safe administration of oral medicines and to enhance patient adherence by providing tailored solutions.</p>","PeriodicalId":13828,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143718689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Streamlining the quality assessment in medication reviews: a biased random sampling approach using BRANT-MERQS criteria.","authors":"Eline Tobback, Maja Brumer, Anneleen Robberechts, Guido De Meyer, Hans De Loof","doi":"10.1007/s11096-025-01903-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-025-01903-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Medication review type 3 (MR3) is a comprehensive and collaborative clinical service designed to optimize patient treatment. The BRussels ANTwerp Medication Review Quality score (BRANT-MERQS) assesses MR3 quality, incorporating 45 general and 4 project-specific criteria. Using all BRANT-MERQS criteria is laborious and time-intensive, necessitating the development of a more efficient, streamlined version that preserves reliability.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>The aim of this study was to create a reliable and more efficient scoring system to evaluate the quality of MR3.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A random but weighted subset of the BRANT-MERQS quality criteria was employed in repeated tests. This technique helped determine the required subsample size for accurate quality scores. The weighting was based on previously assessed importance of each criterion.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Repeated sampling showed that a 10-criteria random subsample yielded dependable quality scores. The biased sampling approach (5-3-1 ratio, 5 for highly important criteria, 3 for moderately important criteria and 1 for less important criteria) offered improvements compared to an unbiased one.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A more efficient MR3 quality evaluation was developed using the BRANT-MERQS scoring table. A 10 criteria biased subsample, representing one-third of the full assessment, ensures both time efficiency and consistency in quality assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":13828,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143718802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}