{"title":"Paweł Samuś, Minister Józef Beck. Dom rodzinny i lata młodzieńcze, Łódź 2015, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, ss. 250","authors":"M. Andrzejczak","doi":"10.56583/frp.1884","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56583/frp.1884","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":137268,"journal":{"name":"Fides, Ratio et Patria. Studia Toruńskie","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114070957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Problemy społeczno-ekonomiczno-ekologiczne Polski i krajów Unii Europejskiej","authors":"B. Smolorz","doi":"10.56583/frp.1845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56583/frp.1845","url":null,"abstract":"Zrównoważony rozwój to koncepcja, która narodziła się w latach siedemdziesiątych XX w., a sprecyzowana została w 1987 r. w tzw. Raporcie Brundtland. Podkreśla ona równoprawne traktowanie aspektów społeczno-ekonomiczno-ekologicznych w skali mikro, mezoi makroekonomicznej oraz globalnej1. Ogłoszenie przez UNESCO lat 2005‒2015 dekadą na rzecz edukacji zrównoważonego rozwoju skłania do zastanowienia się nad realizacją tej koncepcji w Polsce i pozostałych krajach Unii Europejskiej2. W Polsce do podejmowania działań na rzecz zrównoważonego rozwoju zobowiązuje wszystkie podmioty rynkowe Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z 2 kwietnia 1997 r., w której napisano:","PeriodicalId":137268,"journal":{"name":"Fides, Ratio et Patria. Studia Toruńskie","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116690226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Między teorią a praktyką. Elitaryzm Obozu Wielkiej Polski w poglądach jego twórcy, Romana Dmowskiego, w latach 1926–1933","authors":"M. Andrzejczak","doi":"10.56583/frp.1879","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56583/frp.1879","url":null,"abstract":"The question of elite – a group holding the power within the state – was the main problem of analisys – from ancient times to the contemporary ones – for many thinkers, politicians and people of culture. This question was very important for the leader of National Democracy, Roman Dmowski. In his statements in the national-democratic press and journalism in a broad sense, Dmowski informed about his attitude towards elite. The Mussolini Coup d’Etat in 1922 proved, in Dmowski opinion, that it was po-ssibile to come into power with national-democratic slogans. On his way to political dreams Dmowski wanted to use the new organisation, which was founded by him, the Camp of Great Poland. The Camp of Great Poland – in Dmowski’a conception – should have consolidated people with right-of-centre views, codified value system – according to national-democratic point of view – and very bright. The mentioned above guidelines indicated, that Dmowski’s project – in theory – beard the hallmarks of elitism. This article makes an attempt at adjudication how Dmowski’s speculations on Camp’s elitism finds its expression in thereof functioning.","PeriodicalId":137268,"journal":{"name":"Fides, Ratio et Patria. Studia Toruńskie","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128728162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Prywatne więziennictwo rozwiązaniem dla przeludnionych więzień? Rozważania na przykładzie amerykańskiego systemu penitencjarnego","authors":"Katarzyna Amrozy","doi":"10.56583/frp.1874","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56583/frp.1874","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":137268,"journal":{"name":"Fides, Ratio et Patria. Studia Toruńskie","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125529545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pragmatyczna analiza unormowań dyskursu reklamowego w ustawodawstwie Republiki Białorusi","authors":"R. Grochowski","doi":"10.56583/frp.1846","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56583/frp.1846","url":null,"abstract":"Generally speaking, standards for advertising in the civilized countries are similar, but there are some discrepancies between them, after all, each country controls the advertising activities in accordance with laws and customs, creating the appropriate conditions for the use of legal and ethical standards. Pragmatic analysis, presented in the article, applies to advertising legislation in the Republic of Belarus. It must be stated that the Belarusian legal standards have several legal acts that apply to advertising on the territory of that country. Laws relating to advertising activities are: the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus, the law on mass media, the law “on advertising”. What’s more, in Belarus there is a special institution, the activities of which are aimed at regulating advertising. Note in addition to this you can, that Belarusian law regulated advertising was in accordance with the standards of the State and its restrictions, in some cases, appear to be more emphatic than in the countries of the European Union, while on the other hand, deny the one good social relations, for example may be regulatory advertising focus.","PeriodicalId":137268,"journal":{"name":"Fides, Ratio et Patria. Studia Toruńskie","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129415914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Model reformy polskich służb specjalnych na tle innych krajów postkomunistycznych – rozważania teoretyczne","authors":"Sylwia Galij-Skarbińska","doi":"10.56583/frp.1875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56583/frp.1875","url":null,"abstract":"Sprawnie działające służby specjalne stanowią podstawę bezpieczeństwa państwa. Bezpieczeństwa rozumianego w tym wypadku jako zdolność władzy i narodu do zabezpieczenia najważniejszych interesów państwa takich jak: dysponowanie własnym, skutecznym potencjałem bezpieczeństwa; udział w wiarygodnych systemach bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego; swoboda korzystania przez obywateli z praw i wolności człowieka bez szkody dla innych osób i bezpieczeństwa państwa; ochrona indywidualna obywateli i zbiorcza ludności przed losowymi i celowymi zagrożeniami; bezpieczne warunki rozwoju potencjału społeczno-gospodarczego; społeczne i gospodarcze wsparcie bezpieczeństwa1. Posiadanie odpowiedniego potencjału bezpieczeństwa determinuje pozostałe interesy państwa wymienione powyżej. Ten potencjał państwa jest zaś wypadkową sprawnego działania potencjału: społecznego, gospodarczego, obronnego i ochronnego. Właśnie ten ostatni budują między innymi silne służby specjalne2. Do tej pory w polskim prawie nie wypracowano jednej spójnej definicji służb specjalnych. Nie oznacza to jednak, że nie funkcjonuje ona na gruncie naukowym. Tutaj istnieje bowiem wiele definicji służb specjalnych począwszy od tych, które sprowadzają je tylko do działania instytucji wywiadowczych, (a) także tych, które łączą działania wywiadu i kontrwywiadu, a kończąc na tych, które włączają w nie","PeriodicalId":137268,"journal":{"name":"Fides, Ratio et Patria. Studia Toruńskie","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121334572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Przestrzenie inspiracji biblijnych w literaturze","authors":"Małgorzata Piotrkowska-Dańkowska","doi":"10.56583/frp.1836","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56583/frp.1836","url":null,"abstract":"Zakorzenienie literatury polskiej w tradycji chrześcijańskiej jest faktem bezsprzecznym, a bogate nawiązania do tekstu Pisma Świętego w dziełach twórców nie są specyfiką tylko naszej kultury. Kształtowanie się tożsamości narodowej wielu krajów odbywało się w perspektywie religii chrześcijańskiej1, dlatego przedmiotem tego artykułu są nie tyle odniesienia, nawiązania, inspiracje biblijne w literaturze polskiej2, ile prześledzenie przestrzeni, w której te inspiracje pokazują swoją obecność. „Kiedy wkraczamy w krąg biblijnych inspiracji w literaturze, czujemy się zupełnie zagubieni w labiryncie problemów, jakie stanowią zakres podjętego tematu. Raz jeszcze uświadomiwszy to sobie, że nasze rozważania z natury rzeczy muszą być fragmentaryczne, podejmijmy jedynie kilka tematów, które i tak okażą się zbyt obszerne, aby można je było rozważyć całościowo3”. Podjęta refleksja nad wybranym zagadnieniem ma więc charakter przekrojowy. W zamierzeniu ma stanowić ogląd tych „miejsc dzieła literackiego”4, w których dostrzec można sięganie twórców do biblijnych źródeł. Podejście przekrojowe","PeriodicalId":137268,"journal":{"name":"Fides, Ratio et Patria. Studia Toruńskie","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130649746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Chrześcijański świat Józefa Wittlina","authors":"R. Zajączkowski","doi":"10.56583/frp.1835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56583/frp.1835","url":null,"abstract":"Wittlin","PeriodicalId":137268,"journal":{"name":"Fides, Ratio et Patria. Studia Toruńskie","volume":"150 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123212629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Praecepta iuris honeste vivere alterum non laedere suum cuique tribuere – refleksja wokół ideału prawa i bezpieczeństwa prawnego","authors":"K. Kiełpiński","doi":"10.56583/frp.1873","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56583/frp.1873","url":null,"abstract":"Man needs security and confidence. Only in this way can realize your life. In this way the growing confidence in the society for the legislature. Reproduced images in the article are released over time different ways of understanding the law. The law is to give people living in the community a sense of stability and certainty. By establishing a good law can ensure human justice, equity and trust. The aim of the article was to identify some of the elements that constitute the legal security. In various parts of the article were presented issuesthe foundation of the law, the way of interpretation and fairness, purpose and safety as components of the law.","PeriodicalId":137268,"journal":{"name":"Fides, Ratio et Patria. Studia Toruńskie","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128740397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Krzyż kwietny na placu Zwycięstwa w Warszawie w 1982 r. w świetle raportów Głównego Zarządu Politycznego Wojska Polskiego","authors":"W. Polak","doi":"10.56583/frp.1851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56583/frp.1851","url":null,"abstract":"Flower Cross at Victory Square in Warsaw began to lay before the martial law, in the place where stood the coffin with the body of Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński, at the funeral on 31 May 1981. Flower Cross appeared in June 1981. During the period of martial law at Cross accumulate crowds of people, especially on anniversaries and national holidays. The militia systematically liquidate the Flower Cross, and the flowers expor-ted, but people constantly bring new flowers. State authorities to eliminate the cross so began the renovation Square on 19 August 1982. Flower Cross at Victory Square has become a symbol of the fight of Poles from the communist system.","PeriodicalId":137268,"journal":{"name":"Fides, Ratio et Patria. Studia Toruńskie","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129204701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}