International journal for parasitology最新文献

{"title":"Potential effects of host competence and schooling behavior on parasite transmission in a host-pathogen system: a test of the dilution effect","authors":"Shun Zhou ,&nbsp;Xiao Jin ,&nbsp;Ming Duan ,&nbsp;Hong Zou ,&nbsp;Ming Li ,&nbsp;David J. Marcogliese ,&nbsp;Guitang Wang ,&nbsp;Wenxiang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.08.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High species diversity in a community may reduce the risk of infectious disease, termed the dilution effect. However, the generality of the dilution effect in different disease systems remains controversial as both host competence and behaviors of hosts may play roles in dilution or amplification of disease. Using the goldfish (<em>Carassius auratus</em>)-monogenean ectoparasite (<em>Gyrodactylus kobayashii</em>) system, effects of host competence and schooling behavior on parasite transmission were investigated while holding focal host density constant. Following competency tests of 12 fish species as potential hosts for the parasite, infection by <em>G. kobayashii</em> was determined on fins of goldfish mixed with each of three different species based on their level of host competence, including Prussian carp, <em>Carassius gibelio</em> (low competence), grass carp, <em>Ctenopharyngodon idellus</em> (non-competent), swordtail, <em>Xiphophorus helleri</em> (non-competent), and the four species combined. Compared with mean abundance (85.8 ± 25.1) on goldfish in the control group, the mean abundance on goldfish decreased significantly when paired with 10 Prussian carp (30.0 ± 16.5), but did not differ significantly when paired with 10 swordtail (70.0 ± 22.2), 10 grass carp (116.1 ± 33.2), or the multi-species of three Prussian carp, four grass carp and three swordtail (75.9 ± 30.8) during the 11-day experiment. The parasite was also found on the Prussian carp in the Prussian carp group and the multi-species group at a mean abundance of 7.1 and 10.9, respectively. Video recording showed that the school of goldfish mixed well with the Prussian carp, while they maintained separation from the grass carp and swordtail when mixed together. The distance between goldfish increased, and swimming speed and contact time decreased with the additional of other fish species for all groups. The results suggested that the presence of a low-competence host in sufficient numbers was a necessary condition for a dilution effect due to encounter reduction, and the dilution effect may also be enhanced by changes in schooling behavior of goldfish in the presence of low competence hosts. However, the presence of non-competent hosts did not result in any dilution effect owing to the specialist nature of the parasites and the lack of mixing with schools of goldfish.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13725,"journal":{"name":"International journal for parasitology","volume":"54 13","pages":"Pages 697-703"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141987900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acanthamoeba castellanii trophozoites need oxygen for normal functioning and lipids are their preferred substrate, offering new possibilities for treatment.","authors":"Maarten J Sarink, Anna Z Mykytyn, Aïsha Jedidi, Martin Houweling, Jos F Brouwers, George Ruijter, Annelies Verbon, Jaap J van Hellemond, Aloysius G M Tielens","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.10.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.10.004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acanthamoebae, pathogenic free-living amoebae, can cause Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis (GAE) and keratitis, and for both types of infection, no adequate treatment options are available. As the metabolism of pathogens is an attractive treatment target, we set out to examine the energy metabolism of Acanthamoeba castellanii and studied the aerobic and anaerobic capacities of the trophozoites. Under anaerobic conditions, or in the presence of inhibitors of the electron-transport chain, A. castellanii trophozoites became rounded, moved sluggishly and stopped multiplying. This demonstrates that oxygen and the respiratory chain are essential for movement and replication. Furthermore, the simultaneous activities of both terminal oxidases, cytochrome c oxidase and the plant-like alternative oxidase, are essential for normal functioning and replication. The inhibition of normal function caused by the inactivity of the respiratory chain was reversible. Once respiration was made possible again, the rounded, rather inactive amoebae formed acanthopodia within 4 h and resumed moving, feeding and multiplying. Experiments with radiolabelled nutrients revealed a preference for lipids over glucose and amino acids as food. Subsequent experiments showed that adding lipids to a standard culture medium of trophozoites strongly increased the growth rate. Acanthamoeba castellanii trophozoites have a strictly aerobic energy metabolism and β-oxidation of fatty acids, the Krebs cycle, and an aerobic electron-transport chain coupled to the ATP synthase, producing most of the used ATP. The preference for lipids can be exploited, as we show that three known inhibitors of lipid oxidation strongly inhibited the growth of A. castellanii. In particular, thioridazine and perhexiline showed potent effects in low micromolar concentrations. Therefore, this study revealed a new drug target with possibly new options to treat Acanthamoeba infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":13725,"journal":{"name":"International journal for parasitology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142568484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Different life strategies of closely related louse species in sympatry: specialist and \"generalist\" lineages of Polyplax serrata.","authors":"Jana Martinů, Jan Štefka, Kateřina Vránková, Václav Hypša","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.10.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.10.003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The origin and significance of host specificity are intriguing questions in parasitology. In the case of single-host versus multiple-host parasites, this topic integrates with the concept of the specialist/generalist trade-off. We use the model of sucking lice Polyplax serrata and rodent hosts Apodemus, to address these concepts. Polyplax serrata was shown to form a complex genetic structure, with a strictly specific S lineage living on Apodemus flavicollis, and a less specific N lineage on A. flavicollis and Apodemus sylvaticus. Moreover, the S lineage formed two mitochondrial clades with geographically exclusive distributions and a narrow hybrid zone, providing an opportunity to test the hypothesis that hybrids suffer a decrease in fitness. We sampled 451 individual lice from two host species at 103 localities. We used prevalences and intensities as proxies of fitness, which the parasites realize on their host. The S lineage, strictly specific to Apodemus flavicollis, reached significantly higher prevalences and intensities on its host compared with the N lineage. Conversely, the N lineage occurred with high prevalence and intensity on A. sylvaticus but tended to use also A. flavicollis when the louse populations became too dense. We discuss possible mechanisms behind this difference (particularly interspecific competition as a typical phenomenon in the specialist/generalist systems). We conclude that a parasite's \"choice\", not accessibility of the host or interspecific competition, is the main factor affecting the louse prevalences. We suggest that historical differences in geographic distribution of both lice and mice may provide a possible explanation for the observed life strategy differences. In contrast to the convincing picture in S and N lineage prevalences, we did not detect an expected drop in fitness in hybrids. We consider instability of the hybrid zone, or decline in abundance of the respective hosts, as possible explanations for this result.</p>","PeriodicalId":13725,"journal":{"name":"International journal for parasitology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142464482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Northward migration past the nearctic biogeographical divide; neotropical Gyrodactylus spp. infecting Astyanax have crossed the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt.","authors":"Daniel Augusto Pozos-Carré, Carlos Daniel Pinacho-Pinacho, Miguel Calixto-Rojas, Juan Manuel Caspeta-Mandujano, Juan Pablo Ramírez-Herrejón, Adriana García-Vásquez, Juan José Barrios-Gutiérrez, Ismael Guzmán-Valdivieso, Miguel Rubio-Godoy","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.10.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.10.001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The neotropical fish genus Astyanax (Characidae) and its associated helminths migrated northward from South America following the Great American Biotic Interchange (GABI): ca. 150 Astyanax spp. are found throughout South and Central America, up to the Mexico-USA border. Most characids are distributed south of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB), which bisects the country and represents a major transition zone between the neotropical and nearctic realms. Here, we characterize parasites of the monogenean genus Gyrodactylus infecting Astyanax spp. in Mexico: Astyanax aeneus south of the TMBV, Astyanax mexicanus north of it. Based on morphological, phylogenetic (internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and cytochrome oxidase subunit II (cox 2)) and statistical analyses of morphometric data, we confirmed the validity of Gyrodactylus pakan and Gyrodactylus teken, and erected two new species, Gyrodactylus aphaa n. sp. and Gyrodactylus ricardoi n. sp. These four gyrodactylids are part of a complex of morphologically cryptic species, which are phylogenetically closely related to each other, and sister species to Gyrodactylus carolinae and Gyrodactylus heteracanthus, parasites of characins in Brazil. Four gyrodactylid lineages (G. pakan, G. ricardoi n. sp., G. teken, Gyrodactylus sp. A) are distributed north of the TMVB; G. pakan is also widely distributed south of the TMVB, together with G. aphaa n. sp. Based on the ITS phylogeny, Brazilian parasites form a sister clade to all Mexican gyrodactylids, whose derived clades are distributed in progressively more northerly latitudes in Mexico - the three most-derived species north of the TMVB. This would suggest that gyrodactylid species diverged gradually, presumably as their characid fish hosts colonized and adapted to new environments north of the TMVB.</p>","PeriodicalId":13725,"journal":{"name":"International journal for parasitology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142406394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unravelling the patterns of exo-erythrocytic development of Haemoproteus parasites (Haemoproteidae, Haemosporida), with a case of abortive tissue stages in a naturally infected bird.","authors":"Mélanie Tchoumbou, Tatjana Iezhova, Carolina Hernández-Lara, Mélanie Duc, Gediminas Valkiūnas","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.10.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.10.002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Haemoproteus species (Haemosporida, Haemoproteidae) are cosmopolitan blood parasites that affect bird fitness and health. Recent discoveries based on the application of molecular markers showed that exo-erythrocytic or tissue stages of haemoproteids damage various internal organs including the brain. However, the patterns of exo-erythrocytic development remain unclear for most of the described species. This study aimed to understand the exo-erythrocytic development of Haemoproteus parasites in naturally infected Thrush nightingales Luscinia luscinia (Muscicapidae). Infections were confirmed in eight bird individuals by microscopic examination and PCR-based methods. Organs were examined using histology and in situ hybridization, which applied genus-specific and lineage-specific oligonucleotide probes targeting the 18S rRNA of the parasites. Exo-erythrocytic meronts of Haemoproteus attenuatus (lineage hROBIN1) were found and described for the first known time in this avian host. Most meronts were seen in the lungs, with a few also present in the liver, heart, and pectoral muscle. The available data suggest that this parasite produces only meronts, and not megalomeronts. However, numerous megalomeronts at different stages of development were observed in the gizzard and the heart of one individual. Based on the morphology, location in organs, and diagnostics using the lineage-specific probes, the megalomeronts were attributed to Haemoproteus majoris (lineage hWW2). Two cases of empty capsular-like walls of megalomeronts were seen in the gizzard, indicating that the megalomeronts had already ruptured and degenerated. The extensive microscopic examination did not reveal gametocytes of H. majoris, obviously indicating an abortive development. Abortive haemosporidian infections were often speculated to occur in wildlife but have not been documented in naturally infected birds. This study recognised patterns in the exo-erythrocytic development of H. attenuatus, and is to our knowledge the first documentation of abortive Haemoproteus infection in a naturally infected bird during exo-erythrocytic development.</p>","PeriodicalId":13725,"journal":{"name":"International journal for parasitology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142406395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimized plasmid loading of human erythrocytes for Plasmodium falciparum DNA transfections","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.04.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.04.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In vitro modification of <span><span>Plasmodium falciparum</span></span> genes is the cornerstone of basic and translational malaria research. Achieved through DNA transfection, these modifications may entail altering protein sequence or abundance. Such experiments are critical for defining the molecular mechanisms of key parasite phenotypes and for validation of drug and vaccine targets. Despite its importance, successful transfection remains difficult and is a resource-intensive, rate-limiting step in <em>P. falciparum</em> research. Here, we report that inefficient loading of plasmid into erythrocytes limits transfection efficacy with commonly used electroporation methods. As these methods also require expensive instrumentation and consumables that are not broadly available, we explored a simpler method based on plasmid loading through hypotonic lysis and resealing of erythrocytes. We used parasite expression of a sensitive NanoLuc reporter for rapid evaluation and optimization of each step. Hypotonic buffer composition, resealing buffer volume and composition, and subsequent incubation affected plasmid retention and successful transfection. While ATP was critical for erythrocyte resealing, addition of Ca⁺⁺ or glutathione did not improve transfection efficiency, with increasing Ca⁺⁺ concentrations proving detrimental to outcomes. Compared with either the standard electroporation method or a previously reported hypotonic loading protocol, the optimized method yields greater plasmid loading and higher expression of the NanoLuc reporter 48 h after transfection. It also produced significantly faster outgrowth of parasites in transfections utilizing either episomal expression or CRISPR-Cas9 mediated integration. This new method produces higher <em>P. falciparum</em> transfection efficiency, reduces resource requirements and should accelerate molecular studies of malaria drug and vaccine targets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13725,"journal":{"name":"International journal for parasitology","volume":"54 12","pages":"Pages 597-605"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140891695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tick salivary proteome and lipidome with low glycan content correlate with allergic type reactions in the zebrafish model","authors":"Rita Vaz-Rodrigues ,&nbsp;Lorena Mazuecos ,&nbsp;Margarita Villar ,&nbsp;Marinela Contreras ,&nbsp;Almudena González-García ,&nbsp;Paolo Bonini ,&nbsp;Ruth C Scimeca ,&nbsp;Albert Mulenga ,&nbsp;José de la Fuente","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.07.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.07.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ticks, as hematophagous ectoparasites, can manipulate host immune and metabolic processes, causing tick-borne allergies such as α-Gal syndrome (AGS). Glycolipids with bound galactose-alpha-1–3-galactose (α-Gal) are potential allergenic molecules associated with AGS. Nevertheless, proteins and lipids lacking α-Gal modifications may contribute to tick salivary allergies and be linked to AGS. In this study, we characterized the effect of deglycosylated tick salivary proteins without lipids on treated zebrafish fed with dog food formulated with mammalian (beef, lamb, pork) meat by quantitative proteomics analysis of intestinal samples. The characterization and functional annotations of tick salivary lipids with low representation of glycolipids was conducted using a lipidomics approach. Results showed a significant effect of treatment with saliva and saliva deglycosylated protein fraction on zebrafish abnormal or no feeding (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.005). Treatment with this fraction affected multiple metabolic pathways, defense responses to pathogens and protein metabolism, which correlated with abnormal or no feeding. Lipidomics analysis identified 23 lipid classes with low representation of glycolipids (0.70% of identified lipids). The lipid class with highest representation was phosphatidylcholine (PC; 26.66%) and for glycolipids it corresponded to diacylglycerol (DG; 0.48%). Qualitative analysis of PC antibodies revealed that individuals bitten by ticks were more likely to produce PC-IgG antibodies (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). DG levels were significantly higher in tick salivary glands (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05) compared with tick saliva and salivary fractions. The α-Gal content was higher in tick saliva than in deglycosylated saliva and lipid fractions. These results support a possible role for tick salivary proteins and lipids without α-Gal modifications in AGS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13725,"journal":{"name":"International journal for parasitology","volume":"54 12","pages":"Pages 649-659"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141792396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in wild bivalves from the Kerguelen and Galapagos archipelagos: influence of proximity to cat populations, exposure to marine currents and kelp density","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.06.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Oocysts of the protozoan <em>Toxoplasma gondii</em> are found in felid feces and can be washed into coastal waters, where they persist for months, attaching to algae and accumulating in invertebrates. We used wild bivalves to assess contamination of coastal waters of the Kerguelen and Galapagos archipelagos by this zoonotic parasite. Additionally, we leveraged the contrasting situations of these archipelagos to identify some potential drivers of contamination. In the Galapagos, with a cat density reaching 142 per km², 15.38% of the sampled oysters (<em>Saccostrea palmula</em>) tested positive for <em>T. gondii</em> by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) (<em>n</em> = 260), and positive samples were found in all eight sampling sites. In Kerguelen, with 1-3 cats per km², 40.83% of 120 tested mussels (<em>Mytilus edulis platensis</em>) were positive, and positive samples were found in four out of the five sampling sites. These findings provide evidence of <em>T. gondii</em> contamination in the coastal waters of these archipelagos. Furthermore, <em>T. gondii</em>-positive bivalves were found on islands located 20 km away (Galapagos) and 5 km away (Kerguelen) from the nearest cat population, indicating that <em>T. gondii</em> oocysts can disperse through waterborne mechanisms over several kilometers from their initial deposition site. In the Galapagos, where runoff is infrequent and all sites are exposed to currents, the prevalence of qPCR-positive bivalves did not show significant variations between sites (<em>p</em> = 0.107). In Kerguelen where runoff is frequent and site exposure variable, the prevalence varied significantly (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). The detection of <em>T. gondii</em> in Kerguelen mussels was significantly correlated with the site exposure to currents (odds ratio (OR) 60.2, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001) and the on-site density of giant kelp forests (OR 2.624, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). This suggests that bivalves can be contaminated not only by oocysts transported by currents but also by consuming marine aggregates containing oocysts that tend to form in kelp forests.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13725,"journal":{"name":"International journal for parasitology","volume":"54 12","pages":"Pages 607-615"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141410628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling new players in helminth pathology: extracellular vesicles from Fasciola hepatica and Dicrocoelium dendriticum exert different effects on hepatic stellate cells and hepatocytes","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.06.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.06.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Fasciola hepatica</em> and <em>Dicrocoelium dendriticum</em> are parasitic trematodes residing in the bile ducts of mammalian hosts, causing, in some cases, impairment of liver function and hepatic fibrosis. Previous studies have shown that extracellular vesicles released by <em>F. hepatica</em> (<em>Fh</em>EVs) and <em>D. dendriticum</em> (<em>Dd</em>EVs) induce a distinct phenotype in human macrophages, but there is limited information on the effect of parasitic EVs on liver cells, which interact directly with the worms in natural infections. In this study, we isolated <em>Fh</em>EVs and <em>Dd</em>EVs by size exclusion chromatography and labeled them with a lipophilic fluorescent dye to analyze their uptake by human hepatic stellate cells (HSC) and hepatocytes, important cell types in liver pathology, using synthetic liposomes as internal labeling and uptake control. We analyzed EV uptake and the proteome profiles after the treatment with EVs for both cell types. Our results reveal that EVs establish unique and specific interactions with stellate cells and hepatocytes, suggesting a different role of EVs derived from each parasite, depending on the migration route to reach their final niche. <em>Fh</em>EVs have a cytostatic effect on HSCs, but induce the extracellular matrix secretion and elicit anti-inflammatory responses in hepatocytes. <em>Dd</em>EVs have a more potent anti-proliferative effect than <em>Fh</em>EVs and trigger a global inflammatory response, increasing the levels of NF-κB and other inflammatory mediators in both cell types. These interactions may have a major influence on the progression of the disease, serving to generate conditions that may favor the establishment of the helminths in the host.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13725,"journal":{"name":"International journal for parasitology","volume":"54 12","pages":"Pages 617-634"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141456592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parasite airlines: mapping the distribution and transmission of avian blood parasites in migratory birds","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.06.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.06.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During their journeys, migratory birds encounter a wider range of parasites than residents, transporting them over vast distances. While some parasites are widely distributed, transmission is not inevitable and depends on the presence of competent arthropod vectors as well as parasite compatibility with native bird species. Distinguishing between parasite distribution and transmission areas is crucial for monitoring and assessing risks to native bird species, as distribution areas, with the appropriate conditions, could become potential transmission areas. In this study, blood samples from 455 reed-living birds of the genera <em>Acrocephalus</em>, <em>Locustella</em>, and <em>Emberiza,</em> collected in the nature reserve “Die Reit” in Hamburg, Germany were screened, targeting haemosporidian parasites, trypanosomes, and filarioid nematodes. Determination of migratory bird age was employed to ascertain the transmission area of the detected parasites. Transmission areas were determined, based on information provided by resident and juvenile birds as well as findings in competent vectors. Long-distance migratory birds of the genus <em>Acrocephalus</em> showed a higher prevalence and diversity of blood parasites compared with partially migratory birds such as <em>Emberiza schoeniclus</em>. Notably, an age-dependent difference in parasite prevalence was observed in <em>Acrocephalus</em> spp., but not in <em>E. schoeniclus</em>. Nematodes were absent in all examined bird species. Proposed transmission areas were identified for nine haemosporidian lineages, showing three different types of transmission area, either with limited transmission in Europe or Africa, or active transmission in both regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13725,"journal":{"name":"International journal for parasitology","volume":"54 12","pages":"Pages 635-648"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141467799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}