International journal for parasitology最新文献

{"title":"Identification of five volatile organic compounds that trigger hygienic and recapping behaviours in the honey bee (Apis mellifera)","authors":"Amélie Noël ,&nbsp;Charlène Dumas ,&nbsp;Emilien Rottier ,&nbsp;Dominique Beslay ,&nbsp;Guy Costagliola ,&nbsp;Christian Ginies ,&nbsp;Florence Nicolè ,&nbsp;Yves Le Conte ,&nbsp;Fanny Mondet","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.01.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.01.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Varroa destructor</em>, the main parasite of the honey bee (<em>Apis mellifera</em>), is having a devastating effect on beekeeping worldwide. The development of resistance traits in some colonies, linked with <em>Varroa</em>-sensitive hygiene (VSH) and recapping (REC) behaviours, provide an ideal avenue for long-term sustainable control of the parasite. The most important step in these behaviours is the detection of parasitized brood cells. Several semiochemicals released from <em>Varroa</em>-infested brood cells, targeted by VSH behaviour, trigger this behaviour. Most of these compounds are not very volatile. In the current work, we focus on the study of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from <em>Varroa</em>-infested cells. This study describes the emission of nine VOCs characteristic of <em>Varroa</em> parasitism, of which five could be identified and triggered hygienic and recapping behaviours. These five compounds were also tested with compounds already described in the literature, in relation to the volatile nature of the compounds. Using solutions containing 1–15 compounds, we looked at the cleaning and recapping behaviours of the workers. Behavioural results highlight the importance of the VOCs found in this study in the detection, opening and recapping of brood cells, while low volatile compounds seem to play a particularly key role in the sacrifice of pupae. Similar to the <em>Varroa</em> parasitization-specific (VPS) compounds, including the tetracosyl acetate alone, the cleaning of brood cells triggered by one of the compounds identified in this study, <em>n</em>-tetradecane, appears to be linked to the colony’s ability to carry out VSH behaviour. This study opens new perspectives in the understanding of resistance behaviour of honey bees against their main parasite <em>Varroa destructor</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13725,"journal":{"name":"International journal for parasitology","volume":"55 7","pages":"Pages 351-363"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143122077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intrinsic multiplication rate variation of Plasmodium falciparum in clinical isolates prior to elimination in Malaysia","authors":"Lindsay B. Stewart ,&nbsp;Elena Lantero Escolar ,&nbsp;James Philpott ,&nbsp;Janet Cox-Singh ,&nbsp;Balbir Singh ,&nbsp;David J. Conway","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.02.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.02.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Replication rates and virulence of pathogens are hypothesised to evolve in response to varying intensity of transmission and competition among genotypes. Under exponential growth conditions in culture, clinical isolates of the malaria parasite <em>Plasmodium falciparum</em> have variable intrinsic multiplication rates, but comparisons of samples from different areas are needed. To analyse parasites from an area of low endemicity, Malaysian clinical isolates cryopreserved prior to malaria elimination were studied. The mean and range of <em>P. falciparum</em> multiplication rates in Malaysian isolates were no less than that seen among isolates from more highly endemic populations in Africa, which does not support a hypothesis of adaptation to prevailing levels of infection endemicity. Moreover, the distribution of multiplication rates was similar between isolates with single parasite genotypes and those containing multiple genotypes, which does not support a hypothesis of facultative adjustment to competing parasites. Based solely on clinical isolates, the findings indicate that parasites may not evolve lower multiplication rates under conditions of reduced transmission, and that the virulence potential is likely to be undiminished in pre-elimination settings. This encourages efforts to eliminate endemic infection completely, as has been achieved at the national level in Malaysia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13725,"journal":{"name":"International journal for parasitology","volume":"55 7","pages":"Pages 387-393"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143566744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolutionary history as the main driver of cohesive groups’ hierarchical organization in flea-mammal interaction networks","authors":"Boris R. Krasnov ,&nbsp;Irina S. Khokhlova ,&nbsp;Vasily I. Grabovsky","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.03.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.03.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cohesive species groups (components, sectors, modules, and subgraphs) represent parts of an ecological network with a substantially higher density of interactions than the surrounding parts. We investigated cohesive groups in 108 flea-mammal networks from all over the world and tested whether these groups are hierarchically organized, that is, whether groups at the higher level are composed of groups at the lower level, thus representing a network structure. We measured congruence between groups, using congruence coefficients, and asked whether the extent of hierarchical organization differs between biogeographic realms, different biomes, and different climatic zones. We also tested whether coefficients of congruence between cohesive groups are affected by environmental variables (amount of green vegetation, precipitation, and air temperature). We found that (i) cohesive groups of species in these networks are hierarchically organized and (ii) the strength of this organization differs significantly between networks from different biogeographic realms but is not generally affected by surrounding environmental conditions such as vegetation type and climate. In other words, the structure of flea-mammal networks, in terms of the hierarchical organization of cohesive groups, seems to be determined, first and foremost, by the evolutionary history of flea-mammal interactions, that is, by processes and events of the past. We conclude that the impact of evolutionary history on the network structure appeared to be stronger than that of the contemporary environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13725,"journal":{"name":"International journal for parasitology","volume":"55 7","pages":"Pages 395-403"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143639715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation, culture, and optimal growth conditions for the shellfish protozoan parasite, Perkinsus olseni","authors":"Lizenn Delisle ,&nbsp;Tony Bui ,&nbsp;Joanna Copedo ,&nbsp;Olivier Laroche ,&nbsp;Ulla von Ammon ,&nbsp;Henry S. Lane ,&nbsp;Kate S. Hutson","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.04.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.04.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aquatic parasite cultures are a significant asset to improve our understanding of organism biology, transmission and disease progression, and evaluation of preventative and treatment measures. We adapted and optimized international standard methods for the isolation and culture of <em>Perkinsus</em> spp. for <em>Perkinsus olseni</em>. <em>Perkinsus olseni</em> cells were isolated from green-lipped mussels, <em>Perna canaliculus</em>, in Ray’s fluid thioglycollate medium with incorporated antibiotics and grown in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium-Ham’s F-12 culture medium. Sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region confirmed the culture was consistent with that previously reported for <em>P. olseni</em> (100% homology). Parasite morphology and life cycle stages were described and consistent with known stages of trophozoites, hypnospore, and zoosporangia and zoospores. A suspected additional reproductive mode which commonly occurred under poor nutritional conditions was comprised of trophozoite-like cells which developed into small motile zoospore-like cells. Mussel hemolymph supplement resulted in the rapid development of pre-zoosporangia into zoosporangia and the release of motile zoospores. Temperature had a significant effect on parasite propagation, which increased significantly above 20 °C and reached an optimum at 22 °C. At 35 °C <em>Perkinsus</em> proliferation was strongly reduced, suggesting that the upper thermal limit of <em>P. olseni</em> is 30 °C &lt; T ≤ 35 °C. Cryopreserved cells recovered well under normal culture conditions. The optimised methods for the isolation and culture of <em>P. olseni</em> provide the foundation for subsequent in vivo and in vitro experimentation, and can advance our knowledge and management of this globally significant shellfish disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13725,"journal":{"name":"International journal for parasitology","volume":"55 7","pages":"Pages 339-350"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144009523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biased availability of genetic data for parasites: it's all about the host.","authors":"Chen-Hua Li, Robert Poulin","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.05.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.05.007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Advances in DNA sequencing technology have significantly increased the availability of publicly accessible genetic data across various parasite taxa. This genetic data is crucial for elucidating gene flow, connectivity among parasite populations, cryptic diversity, and resolving parasite phylogenies. However, phylogenetic reconstructions are often hindered by incomplete genetic data across taxa, particularly in less-studied taxa like parasitic helminths. We tested whether the availability of genetic data for helminth species is biased and influenced by which hosts they infect using the largest known helminth life cycle database. We compared helminth species with genetic sequences in the NCBI Nucleotide and Gene databases against those without publicly available sequences. We examined the impact of the number of definitive hosts, their higher taxon, conservation status, and habitat on genetic data availability. Our findings reveal significant biases in existing genetic data for helminth parasites, influenced by host-related factors. Helminth species with more definitive hosts species, hosts of conservation concerns, and/or those with terrestrial hosts are more likely to have genetic data available. These biases in genetic data availability raise concerns for phylogenetic studies, as they suggest that the current genetic knowledge of helminth parasites is neither random nor representative of existing biodiversity. Consequently, phylogenetic trees based on biased data may not accurately capture the true evolutionary relationships among parasite taxa, as well as trends in the evolution of key traits, such as host specificity. Comprehensive and unbiased data collection efforts are needed to improve the accuracy of phylogenetic analyses and our understanding of parasite evolution.</p>","PeriodicalId":13725,"journal":{"name":"International journal for parasitology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144208498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rediscovery of a name-bearing type of Echinococcus multilocularis (Leuckart, 1863) by museum forensics: a cold case revisited.","authors":"Thomas Romig, Christian Kehlmaier, Andreas Weck-Heimann, Sven Mecke, Anke Dinkel, Marion Wassermann, Raffael Ernst","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.05.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.05.006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We report on the rediscovery of a presumably lost type specimen of Echinococcus multilocularis (Leuckart, 1863). The study establishes the mitochondrial genome of E. multilocularis from a historical syntype specimen and explores modern genomic techniques to clarify its identity in European populations. Despite initial failure in nested PCR, high-throughput next-generation sequencing (NGS) successfully assembled the mitochondrial genome from post-capture reads, revealing a 13,738 bp sequence. This genome contained 12 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, and 22 tRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis placed E. multilocularis in a clade with E. shiquicus. Comparison of mitochondrial sequences confirmed a 100% identity with modern isolates from western-central Europe, demonstrating the persistence of this lineage over 200 years. The study emphasises the value of museum specimens and advanced genomic techniques in historical taxonomy, showcasing the synergy of forensic museum research and modern DNA technologies. This research stabilises the nomenclature of E. multilocularis and therefore contributes to better understanding its epidemiological role in human disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":13725,"journal":{"name":"International journal for parasitology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144208499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The sample size matters: evaluating minimum and reasonable values in prevalence studies.","authors":"Volodimir Sarabeev, Svitlana Shvydka, Olga Lisitsyna, Mikuláš Oros, Martina Miterpáková, Mária Ždímalová","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.05.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.05.003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Estimating sample size is important for prevalence studies, as it directly influences the validity of the research outcomes. Our objective was to highlight constraints in the prevalence assessment and to provide guidance on the delineation of minimum and reasonable sample size. We also assess the prevalence properties as a function of sample size visualizing the median prevalence, confidence intervals, precision, and changes in precision. Constraint analysis indicates that a sample size of less than 15 host individuals will likely result in unacceptable precision in the most cases. Because the prevalence estimate accuracy depends on both sample size and the estimate itself, the minimum sample size may vary widely, from 16 to over 450 individuals, when the prevalence is between 1% and 99%. A sample size of 16-45 elements can be used as a minimum for estimating true prevalence between 10% and 90% with an acceptable precision. However, caution should be exercised with a such small sample size as the prevalence will have a high degree of uncertainty. A simple, practical suggestion for selecting a minimum sample size is to sample until at least 5 infected (cases) and 5 uninfected (non-cases) hosts are detected. This approach is effective in most situations, except in cases of extreme prevalence (1% or 99%). The design of a reasonable sample size should be based on a flexible strategy that takes into account the study objectives, available resources and desired precision. This strategy may based on finding the plateau phase within the precision or confidence intervals curves. As the uncertainty in prevalence decreases rapidly with increasing sample up to 110-135 individuals, but not much more with further increasing sample efforts, opting for a sample size exceeding this threshold, could be considered an optional choice within the prevalence range of 5-95%. We advise authors, editors and reviewers to track sample size in conjunction with the actual prevalence of the parasites and other pathogens. If the minimum sample size is unattainable, authors should acknowledge this limitation, as all data contribute to understanding parasite distribution.</p>","PeriodicalId":13725,"journal":{"name":"International journal for parasitology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144199020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identifying antimalarials that disrupt malaria parasite transmission when fed to the mosquito.","authors":"Sarah N Farrell, Anton Cozijnsen, Vanessa Mollard, Papireddy Kancharla, Rozalia A Dodean, Jane X Kelly, Geoffrey I McFadden, Christopher D Goodman","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.05.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.05.005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A decade-long decline in malaria cases has plateaued, primarily due to parasite drug resistance and mosquito resistance to insecticides used in bed nets and indoor residual spraying. Here, we explore the innovative control strategy targeting Plasmodium with antimalarials during the mosquito stages. This strategy has the potential to reduce the risk of resistance emerging because a relatively small population of parasites within the mosquito is subject to selection. After validating mosquito feeding strategies, we screened a range of parasiticidal compounds by feeding them to mosquitoes already infected with mouse malaria (P. berghei). Three antimalarials showed activity against P. berghei in mosquitoes, apparently targeting specific stages of P. berghei development during transmission. Borrelidin, a threonyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitor, significantly reduced P. berghei sporozoite numbers. Azithromycin, an antibiotic targeting apicoplast protein synthesis, significantly lowered sporozoite infectivity in mice. T111, a next generation compound targeting the parasite electron transport chain, reduced sporozoite numbers in P. berghei at equivalent concentrations to the gold standard electron transport chain inhibitor, atovaquone. T111 also prevented sporozoite production in mosquitoes infected with human malaria, P. falciparum, even after very short exposure times. Encouragingly, T111 remained efficacious after being freeze-dried onto a substrate and later reconstituted with water, suggesting this compound would be effective in easy-to-distribute-and-deploy transmission control devices. Our findings suggest that several antimalarials can be used to target mosquito-stage parasites via sugar baits and limit malaria transmission. Importantly, mosquito feeding of antimalarials could vastly increase the range of potentially useful parasiticidal compounds to include those failing to meet the exacting standards required for human antimalarial drugs, potentially improving malaria control for minimal cost.</p>","PeriodicalId":13725,"journal":{"name":"International journal for parasitology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144191757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microinvertebrate consumption rates of Fasciola hepatica miracidia are not affected by alternate food.","authors":"Daniel McDowell, Sarah E Perkins, Frank Van Veen, Joanne Lello","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.05.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.05.004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) is a significant parasite of the global livestock industry, leading to negative economic and animal welfare impacts. Control of F. hepatica is becoming increasingly difficult as many liver fluke populations are developing resistance to commonly used anthelmintics. Additional or alternate control methods are, therefore, required. Microinvertebrates such as those of the order Cyclopoida and subclass Ostracoda are common organisms found in the same aquatic habitats as F. hepatica's intermediate snail host. We explore whether these microinvertebrates are effective predators of F. hepatica miracidia. We experimentally determined a) the consumption rates of miracidia by the two microinvertebrate groups, b) the form of functional feeding response displayed by each and c) whether inclusion of an alternate food source altered miracidial predation patterns. We find that cyclopoids and ostracods feed on miracidia and that where a statistically supported fit was found, the functional feeding response for both microinvertebrates was type II. Further, miracidial consumption by either microinvertebrate did not decline significantly in the presence of alternate prey. Our results suggest that cyclopoids and ostracods are both effective predators of F. hepatica and therefore have the potential as F. hepatica biocontrol agents. An important next step will be to explore what impact such predation has on the infection dynamics of the adult fluke in the definitive host.</p>","PeriodicalId":13725,"journal":{"name":"International journal for parasitology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144191758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innovating stomach fluke identification: an integrative approach combining Micro-CT imaging and molecular tools.","authors":"Ruben Schols, Arnaud Henrard, Jonathan Brecko, Aspire Mudavanhu, Emilie Goossens, Natascha Steffanie, Sarah Clegg, Maarten P M Vanhove, Tine Huyse","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.05.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.05.002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The rapid loss of biodiversity driven by anthropogenic pressures highlights the urgent need for improved species identification methods. Parasites, vital ecosystem regulators, are being lost at disproportionate rates, with amphistomes-a broadly distributed group of trematode parasites, infecting all major vertebrate groups-facing significant challenges. Many amphistome species remain undescribed, and reference sequences for known species are scarce, partly due to the reliance on labour-intensive identification methods, such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and median sagittal sections. While sagittal sectioning is particularly informative for diagnostic traits, it is destructive, requires toxic chemicals, and demands specialized personnel. In this study, we evaluated micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) imaging as a non-destructive alternative for identifying three amphistome species, Gigantocotyle gigantocotyle (Brandes in Otto, 1896); Carmyerius aff. chabaudi van Strydonck, 1970; and Carmyerius aff. endopapillatus Dollfus, 1962, isolated from the common hippopotamus, Hippopotamus amphibius Linnaeus, 1758. By comparing micro-CT imaging with traditional sectioning, SEM and incorporating molecular barcoding, we reveal the need for a taxonomic revision of Carmyerius, focussed on identifying new diagnostic characters, to better reflect species boundaries. Moreover, the integrated taxonomic effort represented in this work uncovered evidence that C. aff. chabaudi is a new species record from the common hippopotamus. Additionally, we provide high-resolution images of the original type specimens of Carmyerius cruciformis (Leiper, 1910) and G. gigantocotyle and designate new lectotypes and paralectotypes. Our findings demonstrate that micro-CT imaging is a powerful, non-invasive tool for amphistome identification, facilitating access to fragile natural history collections and advancing integrative taxonomy.</p>","PeriodicalId":13725,"journal":{"name":"International journal for parasitology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144132332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}