International Angiology最新文献

{"title":"Long-term outcomes of endovascular therapy in Buerger disease with critical limb ischemia: a retrospective observational study.","authors":"Orhan Rodoplu","doi":"10.23736/S0392-9590.26.05528-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23736/S0392-9590.26.05528-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Buerger disease, or thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO), is a rare non-atherosclerotic vasculitis affecting distal vessels, often resulting in critical limb ischemia (CLI). Endovascular therapy (EVT) has emerged as a potential treatment, though long-term data remain limited. This study evaluates outcomes and survival predictors following EVT in patients with TAO-related CLI.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective cohort of 100 patients with angiographic features consistent with thromboangiitis obliterans and critical limb ischemia was analysed, including a subgroup of patients fulfilling strict Shionoya/Olin criteria (definite TAO) and a subgroup with TAO-like angiographic patterns but coexisting atherosclerotic risk factors. Primary outcomes were technical success and limb salvage. Secondary endpoints included amputation-free survival, ulcer healing, reintervention, and vessel patency. Kaplan-Meier analysis assessed survival, with P<0.05 considered significant.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean age was 41.5±6.9 years; 51% were female, and 64% were current smokers. EVT included stenting (38%), drug-coated (31%), and plain balloon angioplasty (31%). Technical success was 92%. Limb salvage was achieved in 47%; amputation-free survival at 12 months was 51%. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed significantly longer survival in younger patients (≤40 years), never smokers, and those with ulcer healing, limb salvage, and vessel patency (all P<0.05). No significant differences were found by sex, diagnostic criteria, or reintervention.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>EVT is a viable option in TAO-related CLI, with improved outcomes linked to younger age, smoking cessation, and ulcer healing. Despite high amputation rates, targeted intervention and follow-up may improve long-term limb preservation.</p>","PeriodicalId":13709,"journal":{"name":"International Angiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147770619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decision to delivery: do vascular MDT discussions achieve their intended clinical targets?","authors":"Armia N Sargious, Wisam M Taha, Muhammad A Zafar, Sohaib A Jararaa, Alaa A Al-Zaghal, Abdillahi A Roble, Laszlo Papp","doi":"10.23736/S0392-9590.26.05525-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23736/S0392-9590.26.05525-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Compliance between Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) decisions and the final management plan was audited before and after the introduction of electronic documentation. This study also analyzed the underlying causes and outcomes of any discrepancies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective audit (Cycle 1) of 278 vascular MDT cases, followed by a re-audit (Cycle 2) covering 443 cases, was conducted across 24 MDT meetings between August 2021 and January 2022. Clinical management was compared with the recorded MDT decisions. Discrepancies were categorized by root cause, and associated outcomes - including mortality, limb loss, and treatment delays - were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Cycle 1: 39 out of 278 MDT decisions deviated from the agreed plans (14%). The main causes were pre/intraoperative surgical plan changes (33.3%) and patient unfitness (20.5%), resulting in a 33.3% three-month mortality rate and major limb amputations. Cycle 2: Implementation improved, with 48 out of 443 decisions (10.8%) deviated from the actual plans. System delays were the leading cause (31.25%), followed by clinical reassessment changes and patient unfitness equally at (20.8%). The three-month mortality rate and amputation incidence fell to 29%.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Electronic documentation improved MDT compliance by 3.2% and reduced amputation/ 3-month mortality outcomes by 6.9%. System delays and patient unfitness continue to hinder full adherence. The rise of discrepancies in outpatients care points to unresolved divergence issues. Further refinement of documentation and reduction of system delays are essential for improving outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":13709,"journal":{"name":"International Angiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147638537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The associations between lower extremity peripheral arterial disease and immune-inflammatory biomarkers.","authors":"Tianbo Wang, Huan Jin","doi":"10.23736/S0392-9590.26.05490-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23736/S0392-9590.26.05490-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Inflammation is recognized as a critical component in the pathogenesis of lower extremity peripheral arterial disease (PAD); however, the association between novel immune-inflammatory biomarkers - neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index (SII), Systemic Inflammatory Response Index (SIRI), and Aggregate Index of Systemic Inflammation (AISI) - and PAD risk in the general population remains unexplored. This study examines the associations between PAD and NLR, PLR, MLR, SII, SIRI, and AISI.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study was a cross-sectional observational study based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999 to 2004. PAD was diagnosed using an Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) ≤0.9. Finally, 6314 participants aged ≥40 years with complete information about ABI, blood cell counts, and other covariates were analyzed. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the associations between inflammatory biomarkers and PAD. The predictive ability of inflammatory biomarkers for PAD was compared using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Subsequent mediation analysis examined the indirect effects of immune-inflammatory biomarkers on PAD via estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Finally, we performed propensity score matching (PSM) between PAD and non-PAD participants to verify the robustness of results.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In 6314 US adults aged ≥40 years, 548 were diagnosed with PAD. Significant associations were observed between PAD and NLR (odds ratio [OR]: 1.02; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01-1.04), MLR (OR: 1.02; 95% CI: 1.00-1.04), SII (OR: 1.02; 95% CI: 1.00-1.03), SIRI (OR: 1.03; 95% CI: 1.01-1.04), and AISI (OR: 1.02; 95% CI: 1.01-1.03), according to logistic regression. PSM further validated the robustness of primary results. Mediation analysis revealed eGFR mediated portions of the relationship between PAD and NLR, MLR and SIRI (4.69%, 7.11% and 3.69% respectively). Additionally, ROC showed that SIRI exhibited a greater identification of PAD compared with other immune-inflammatory biomarkers.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>NLR, MLR, SII, SIRI, and AISI demonstrated independent associations with PAD risk, with SIRI showing a stronger association with PAD.</p>","PeriodicalId":13709,"journal":{"name":"International Angiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147592053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mid-term outcomes after endovascular treatment for critical limb-threatening ischemia in patients not available for vein bypass surgery.","authors":"Magdalena Broda, Egle Kavaliunaite, Stevo Duvnjak, Per Edstrøm, Hadi Riazi, Saeid Shahidi","doi":"10.23736/S0392-9590.26.05521-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23736/S0392-9590.26.05521-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Evaluate mid-term outcomes, including amputations and mortality, in patients with critical limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) deemed unsuitable for vein bypass surgery undergoing endovascular treatment in the femoropopliteal segment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective analysis was conducted including all patients undergoing endovascular treatment for CLTI at a university hospital between 2013-2017. Kaplan-Meier (KM) analyses estimated survival probabilities, and major amputation rates were compared between genders and diabetic versus non-diabetic patients.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>One hundred thirty-four patients and 142 limbs were included. 49% of lesions classified as TASC-II D. Technical success was achieved in 95% of limbs. Median follow-up was 24 months (IQR: 13-36 months). 31% had died by study conclusion. KM-estimated freedom from all-cause mortality was 67% (95% CI: 59-77%) at 48 months. The major amputation rate was 25% (N.=35 limbs). KM-estimated freedom from major amputation was 64% (95% CI: 48-85%) at 46 months. There was no significant difference in major amputation-free survival between genders: females 76% (95% CI 63-91%) vs males 70% (95% CI 60-82%) at 36 months. The rate of major amputations was higher in patients with diabetes (19/55, 35% vs. 16/87, 18%, P=0.048), however, KM-estimates showed no statistically significant difference over time, P=0.570.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In this CLTI cohort unsuitable for vein bypass surgery, 25% underwent major amputation and 31% died following endovascular treatment during a median follow-up of 24 months. Larger comparative studies, including conservative treatment, are needed to define optimal management for complex femoropopliteal lesions.</p>","PeriodicalId":13709,"journal":{"name":"International Angiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147473503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lower extremity arterial disease and alcohol consumption.","authors":"Gianni Testino, Patrizia Balbinot","doi":"10.23736/S0392-9590.25.05508-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23736/S0392-9590.25.05508-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13709,"journal":{"name":"International Angiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146105383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Histopathological evaluation of lower limb reticular veins treated with Nd:YAG 1064 nm laser: a prospective cohort pilot study.","authors":"Felipe Coelho, Fernando T Silveira, Paulo R Bignardi, Glenio B Mizubuti, Carlos E Virgini-Magalhães, Douglas Poschinger-Figueiredo, Eduardo de O Rodrigues, Rodrigo G de Oliveira","doi":"10.23736/S0392-9590.26.05497-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23736/S0392-9590.26.05497-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The 1064 nm Nd:YAG transdermal laser is commonly used in the ambulatory treatment of lower limb reticular veins and telangiectasias. However, optimal laser parameters, particularly fluence and pulse duration, remain a subject of debate. In this prospective cohort pilot study, we evaluated the histopathological effects of different Nd:YAG 1064 nm laser settings on reticular veins to identify the parameter combinations most associated with vein wall damage.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Patients scheduled for ambulatory phlebectomy received transdermal laser therapy 24 hours prior to surgery, using different combinations of fluence and pulse duration. A total of 15 vein segments were collected during phlebectomy, 12 treated with the laser and 3 untreated controls. All samples were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and independently analyzed by two blinded pathologists for neutrophilic infiltration, luminal thrombosis, and wall fibrosis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Laser parameters of 70 J/cm² with pulse durations of 15 ms and 30 ms were significantly associated with the presence of inflammatory infiltrates (P<0.05). No statistically significant differences were found when comparing fixed fluence with variable pulse durations or fixed pulse duration with variable fluences (P>0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Nd:YAG 1064 nm transdermal laser induces histopathological inflammation in reticular veins, particularly when using fluence of 70 J/cm² combined with pulse durations of 15-30 ms.</p>","PeriodicalId":13709,"journal":{"name":"International Angiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146105394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intimal and medial arterial calcification in peripheral arterial disease a systematic review and meta-analysis of imaging and histological evidence.","authors":"Vangelis Bontinis, Argirios Giannopoulos, Georgios A Pitoulias, Konstantinos Kouskouras, Alkis Bontinis, Vasileios Rafailidis, Kiriakos Ktenidis","doi":"10.23736/S0392-9590.25.05517-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23736/S0392-9590.25.05517-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Vascular calcification (VC) comprises intimal arterial calcification (IAC) and medial arterial calcification (MAC). To date, limited data exist on the prevalence of these calcification types in infrainguinal peripheral arterial disease (PAD).</p><p><strong>Evidence acquisition: </strong>We conducted a systematic review according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines for studies investigating the prevalence of IAC and MAC in PAD.</p><p><strong>Evidence synthesis: </strong>Three CT-based and six histological studies, encompassing 545 patients and 1161 arteries, were included. The pooled prevalence of VC was 96.99% (95% CI: 84.21-99.49) for CT, and 85.75% (95% CI: 74.65-92.48) for histological studies. CT-based assessment displayed IAC predominance over MAC in the femoropopliteal region, OR 6.63 (95% CI: 4.02-10.94), an outcome replicated by histological studies upon sensitivity analysis, OR 4.86 (95% CI: 1.49-15.91). Conversely, pooling of histological studies identified MAC dominance over IAC in the infra-popliteal arteries, OR 0.10 (95% CI: 0.03-0.30). Meta-regression displayed positive associations between male sex and infra-popliteal IAC, type II diabetes mellitus and femoropopliteal IAC, and chronic limb threatening ischemia (CLTI) and infra-popliteal MAC. The pooled prevalence of bone was 14.62% (95% CI: 8.25-24.58), significantly associated with CLTI, chronic kidney disease, and female sex.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>PAD is characterized by a high prevalence of VC, predominantly IAC in the femoropopliteal arteries and MAC within the infra-popliteal region. The association of IAC, MAC and bone formation with distinct patient characteristics further underscores the clinical relevance and biological complexity of VC. Interpretation of these results should, however, be tempered by the absence of segment-matched CT-histology validation.</p>","PeriodicalId":13709,"journal":{"name":"International Angiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146105360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-specialty recommendations for the appropriate and affordable lower limb vein-lymphatic disorders management.","authors":"Sergio Gianesini, Massimo Danese, Maurizio Pagano, Claudio Allegra, Deena Alqedrah, Giampiero Avruscio, Danila Azzolina, Enrico Cappello, Suat Doganci, Michelangelo Farina, Antonio Gaddi, Luca Gianaroli, Emad Hussein, Zaza Lazarashvili, Joao P Lobo Lima, Annalisa Maghetti, Giuseppe Malchiodi, Romeo Martini, Vincenzo Mattaliano, Makoto Mo, Anna M Moretti, Giovanni Mosti, Francesco Noce, Maria Portugal, Rodrigo Rial, Stanley Rockson, Marco Romanelli, Raoul Saggini, Julienne Stoughton, Antonio Tessitore, Emidia Vagnoni, Marco Vitale, Yung Wei Chi","doi":"10.23736/S0392-9590.25.05536-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23736/S0392-9590.25.05536-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13709,"journal":{"name":"International Angiology","volume":"45 1","pages":"1-64"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146157031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of smoking cessation on abdominal aortic aneurysm growth: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.","authors":"Ryan Gouveia E Melo, Filipa Melo, Carlota Fernández Prendes, Tiago Magalhães, Ruy Fernandes E Fernandes, Luís Mendes Pedro, Daniel Caldeira","doi":"10.23736/S0392-9590.25.05487-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23736/S0392-9590.25.05487-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>To compare the effect of smoking cessation in abdominal aortic aneurysm growth compared to active smokers and non-smokers.</p><p><strong>Evidence acquisition: </strong>A systematic review and Network Meta-Analysis was performed following the PRISMA guidelines using a registered protocol (CRD42021295315). We searched MEDLINE, CENTRAL, PsycInfo, Web of Science Core Collection and OpenGrey databases from inception to January 2022 for comparative studies reporting on abdominal aortic aneurysm growth according to smoking habits. AAA was defined as an infra-renal aortic diameter >3 cm. The main outcome was to estimate the mean difference of abdominal aortic aneurysms growth between smokers, former smokers, and nonsmokers. The estimates were pooled through a random-effects model network meta-analysis and heterogeneity assessed through the I² statistic.</p><p><strong>Evidence synthesis: </strong>After 567 abstracts reviewed and 17 full text studies, six studies were included in the review and meta-analysis. Studies reported data from 1987-2017, encompassing a population of 2960 people with diagnosis of AAA, which 972 were active smokers, 1254 were former smokers and 679 were nonsmokers. Based on the network estimates, we did not find a statistically significant difference between AAA growth rate differences between former smokers and non-smokers (MD 0.05, 95% CI: -0.36 to 0.47). However, we found statistically significant differences between former smokers and active smokers (MD -0.45, 95% CI: -0.83 to -0.06) and active smokers versus non-smokers (MD 0.50, 95% CI: 0.16 to 0.85).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Smoking cessation seems to reduce the growth rate of AAA to rates similar to non-smokers, being a potential therapeutic target. These findings should lead to a higher awareness of the importance of smoking eviction in AAA patients and to future studies on this matter.</p>","PeriodicalId":13709,"journal":{"name":"International Angiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145989028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safety and effectiveness of carotid endarterectomy for symptomatic high-risk mild extracranial carotid stenosis: preliminary results from an Italian multicentric study.","authors":"Gabriele Pagliariccio, Mario D'Oria, Laura Capoccia, Aldo Musilli, Sara Schiavon, Elena Giacomelli, Paolo Ottavi, Marco Leopardi, Francesco Squizzato, Ilenia DI Sario","doi":"10.23736/S0392-9590.25.05433-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23736/S0392-9590.25.05433-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The impact of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) on symptomatic patients with mild high-risk carotid stenosis has not been really investigated and it is not well-defined. This multicenter retrospective study aims to assess the safety and effectiveness of CEA in patients with 50% or less stenosis with symptoms despite best medical therapy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Between January 2018 and December 2024, all consecutive patients presenting with carotid-related neurological symptoms and a ≤50% high risk carotid stenosis submitted to CEA in eight high-volume vascular centers were included in the present study. All patients underwent duplex ultrasonography and computed tomography angiography to identify plaque morphological features. All patients were checked for alternative possible source of brain embolism.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-nine patients with high-risk embolic plaques determining ≤50% stenosis and carotid-related neurological symptoms underwent CEA. The majority of plaques were Gray-Weale 1 or 2 (79.3%) and with ulcerated cap (79.3%). Symptoms reported at onset and during hospitalization up to CEA were 8 (27.5%) TIA, 8 (27.5%) crescendo TIA, 10 (34.4%) minor strokes, 3 (34.4%) strokes in evolution. Ischemic brain lesions of less of 25 mm were detected in 12 patients (41.3%). No perioperative stroke, death, myocardial infarction or cerebral hemorrhage occurred in this series. Only one TIA was detected due to a surgical defect that was promptly corrected. No patient experienced recurrent neurologic events related to the revascularized hemisphere during follow-up (mean 35.6 months).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Despite the limited number of patients included in the study, CEA has been shown to be safe and effective in preventing recurrent neurological ischemic events in highly selected patients with mild carotid high-embolic-risk plaque stenosis treated at high-volume institutions. Further studies are required to identify the most appropriate diagnostic tools and the precise carotid plaque features associated with high-embolic risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":13709,"journal":{"name":"International Angiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145774639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}