International Journal of Biomaterials最新文献

{"title":"Green Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of HAp@Ag Nanocomposite Using <i>Centella asiatica</i> (L.) Urban Extract and Eggshell.","authors":"Xuan Nui Pham, Hoa Thi Nguyen, Ngan Thi Pham","doi":"10.1155/2020/8841221","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2020/8841221","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent years, the green synthesis of nanoparticles via biological processes has attracted considerable attention. Herein, we introduce a facile and green approach for the synthesis of poriferous silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) decorated hydroxylapatite (HAp@Ag) nanoparticles with excellent antibacterial properties. All the nanocomposites were fully characterized in the solid state via various techniques such as X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX), in which the synthesized Ag-NPs (24 nm in diameter) and their homogeneous incorporation on HAp have been studied by ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) technique, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis. The obtained results indicate that the structure and morphology of HAp have no significant changes after the incorporation of Ag-NPs on its surface. Moreover, an impressive antibacterial activity of HAp@Ag nanocomposite against Gram-positive bacterium <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and Gram-negative bacteria <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> has been recorded by using the agar well diffusion method. As a result, the HAp@Ag nanocomposite promises to be a great biomedical material with high antibacterial properties.</p>","PeriodicalId":13704,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biomaterials","volume":"2020 ","pages":"8841221"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7547362/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38494281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response to: Comment on \"The Use of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields to Promote Bone Responses to Biomaterials In Vitro and In Vivo\".","authors":"G Pedrazzi,&nbsp;C Galli,&nbsp;M Mattioli-Belmonte,&nbsp;S Guizzardi","doi":"10.1155/2020/9801420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/9801420","url":null,"abstract":"<p />","PeriodicalId":13704,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biomaterials","volume":"2020 ","pages":"9801420"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2020-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2020/9801420","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38494282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functionalized Glutathione on Chitosan-Genipin Cross-Linked Beads Used for the Removal of Trace Metals from Water.","authors":"Samira R Akaji, David Dewez","doi":"10.1155/2020/4158086","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2020/4158086","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Functionalized glutathione on chitosan-genipin cross-linked beads (CS-GG) was synthesized and tested as an adsorbent for the removal of Fe(II) and Cu(II) from aqueous solution. The beads were characterized by several techniques, including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), CNS elementary analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The effect of several parameters such as the pH, the temperature, and the contact time was tested to optimize the condition for the adsorption reaction. The beads were incubated in aqueous solutions contaminated with different concentrations of Fe(II) and Cu(II) (under the range concentration from 10 to 400 mg·L^-1), and the adsorption capacity was evaluated by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The adsorption equilibrium was reached after 120 min of incubation under optimal pH 5 for Fe(II) and after 180 min under optimal pH 6 for Cu(II). According to the <i>Langmuir</i> isotherm, the maximum adsorption capacities (<i>q</i> _max) for Fe(II) and Cu(II) were 208 mg·g^-1 and 217 mg·g^-1, respectively. Our results showed that the adsorption efficiency of both metals on CS-GG beads was correlated with the degree of temperature. In addition, the adsorption reaction was spontaneous and endothermic, indicated by the positive values of Δ<i>G</i> ⁰ and Δ<i>H</i> ⁰. Therefore, the present study demonstrated that the new synthesized CS-GG beads had a strong adsorption capacity for Fe(II) and Cu(II) and were efficient to remove these trace metals from aqueous solution.</p>","PeriodicalId":13704,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biomaterials","volume":"2020 ","pages":"4158086"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2020-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7509577/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38445672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extraction and Characterization of Novel Natural Hydroxyapatite Bioceramic by Thermal Decomposition of Waste Ostrich Bone.","authors":"Komal Prasad Malla,&nbsp;Sagar Regmi,&nbsp;Achyut Nepal,&nbsp;Sitaram Bhattarai,&nbsp;Ram Jeewan Yadav,&nbsp;Shinichi Sakurai,&nbsp;Rameshwar Adhikari","doi":"10.1155/2020/1690178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1690178","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A novel natural hydroxyapatite (HAp) bioceramic was extracted from the ostrich cortical bone by the thermal decomposition method. HAp was characterized by different analytical tools such as thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Removal of organic impurities from the bone powder was confirmed by TGA analysis. FTIR spectra of HAp confirmed the presence of the major functional groups such as phosphate (PO₄ ^3-), hydroxyl (OH^-), and carbonate (CO₃ ^2-) in the bioceramic. The XRD data revealed that the HAp was the crystalline phase obtained by calcination of the bone powder at 950°C, and the SEM analyses confirmed the typical plate-like texture of the nanosized HAp crystals.</p>","PeriodicalId":13704,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biomaterials","volume":"2020 ","pages":"1690178"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2020-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2020/1690178","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38364079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonirritant and Cytocompatible <i>Tinospora cordifolia</i> Nanoparticles for Topical Antioxidant Treatments.","authors":"Jeimmy González-Masís, Jorge M Cubero-Sesin, Yendry Regina Corrales-Ureña, Sara González-Camacho, Nohelia Mora-Ugalde, José Roberto Vega-Baudrit, Klaus Rischka, Virendra Verma, Rodolfo J Gonzalez-Paz","doi":"10.1155/2020/3637098","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2020/3637098","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Tinospora cordifolia</i> extract contains antioxidants such as polyphenols, and thus, it has been used as a natural phytochemical antioxidant therapeutic agent. Many of these compounds are insoluble or only partially soluble in water. In this study, we produced a novel aqueous nanoparticle formulation, with an average particle size of 182.9 ± 3.8 nm, to improve the dispersion of the bioactive compounds in water and to increment its bioavailability. The nanoparticles are composed of polyphenols, alkaloids, and glycosides. We studied the effect of this nanoparticle formulation on mouse 3T3 fibroblast cell viability and New Zealand rabbit dermal irritability tests. Concentrations of 2.5, 25, and 250 <i>µ</i>g/mL resulted in similar cell viability to cells in culture media. An intermediate concentration of 12.45 mg/ml was used for the acute dermal irritability test. There were no severe alterations that compromised animal health. These results represent a precedent for application of such nanoparticles derived from plant stems, such as <i>Tinospora cordifolia</i>, in biomedicine and in antiaging cosmetic treatments.</p>","PeriodicalId":13704,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biomaterials","volume":"2020 ","pages":"3637098"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7456473/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38359232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation and In Vitro Evaluation of Alginate Microparticles Containing Amphotericin B for the Treatment of <i>Candida</i> Infections.","authors":"Merlis P Alvarez-Berrios,&nbsp;Lisa M Aponte-Reyes,&nbsp;Lourdes Diaz-Figueroa,&nbsp;Juan Vivero-Escoto,&nbsp;Alexis Johnston,&nbsp;David Sanchez-Rodriguez","doi":"10.1155/2020/2514387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2514387","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Invasive candidiasis (IC) remains as a major cause of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. Amphotericin B (AmB) is one of the most effective antifungal agents commonly used to treat this infection. However, it induces severe side effects such as nephrotoxicity, cardiac alterations, nausea, fever, and liver damage. The utilization of drug delivery systems has been explored to overcome these limitations. Several AmB lipid formulations have been developed and are currently available in the market. Although they have the ability to reduce the main side effects of free AmB, their high cost, necessity of repeated intravenous injections for successful treatment, and incidence of pulmonary toxicity have limited their use. In the last decades, alginate has gained significant interest in drug delivery applications as a cost-effective strategy to improve the safety and therapeutic effect of toxic drugs. In this work, the clinically relevant drug AmB was encapsulated into alginate microparticles using the emulsification/external gelation method. We hypothesize that this synthesis strategy may positively impact the antifungal efficacy of AmB-loaded MCPs toward <i>Candida albicans</i> cells while reducing the toxicity in human lung cells. To prove this hypothesis, the ability of the microplatform to disrupt the cellular membrane potential was tested and its antifungal effectiveness toward <i>Candida albicans</i> cells was evaluated using the cell counting and plate count methods. Moreover, the toxicity of the microplatform in human lung cells was evaluated using CellTiter 96® AQueous cell viability assay and qualitative diffusion analysis of acridine orange. Our results demonstrated that the platform developed in this work was able to induce antifungal toxicity against <i>Candida albicans</i> yeast cells at the same level of free AmB with minimal toxicity to lung cells, which is one of the main side effects induced by commercial drug delivery systems containing AmB. Overall, our data provides convincing evidence about the effectiveness of the alginate-based microplatform toward <i>Candida albicans</i> cells. In addition, this vehicle may not require several infusions for a successful treatment while reducing the pulmonary toxic effect induced by commercial lipid formulations.</p>","PeriodicalId":13704,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biomaterials","volume":"2020 ","pages":"2514387"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2020/2514387","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38270313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Titanium Alloy Scaffolds on Enzymatic Defense against Oxidative Stress and Bone Marrow Cell Differentiation.","authors":"Lais Morandini Rodrigues,&nbsp;Elis Andrade Lima Zutin,&nbsp;Elisa Mattias Sartori,&nbsp;Daniela Baccelli Silveira Mendonça,&nbsp;Gustavo Mendonça,&nbsp;Yasmin Rodarte Carvalho,&nbsp;Luana Marotta Reis de Vasconcellos","doi":"10.1155/2020/1708214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1708214","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Studies have been directed towards the production of new titanium alloys, aiming for the replacement of Ti-6 Aluminium-4 Vanadium (TiAlV) alloy in the future. Many mechanisms related to biocompatibility and chemical characteristics have been studied in the field of implantology, but enzymatic defenses against oxidative stress remain underexplored. Bone marrow stromal cells have been explored as source of cells, which have the potential to differentiate into osteoblasts and therefore could be used as cells-based therapy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in porous scaffolds of Ti-6 Aluminium-4 Vanadium (TiAlV), Ti-35 Niobium (TiNb), and Ti-35 Niobium-7 Zirconium-5 Tantalum (TiNbZrTa) on mouse bone marrow stromal cells. Porous titanium alloy scaffolds were prepared by powder metallurgy. After 24 hours, cells plated on the scaffolds were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The antioxidant enzyme activity was measured 72 hours after cell plating. Quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed after 3, 7, and 14 days, and <i>Runx2</i> (Runt-related transcription factor2) expression was evaluated. The SEM images showed the presence of interconnected pores and growth, adhesion, and cell spreading in the 3 scaffolds. Although differences were noted for SOD and CAT activity for all scaffolds analyzed, no statistical differences were observed (<i>p</i> > 0.05). The osteogenic gene <i>Runx2</i> presented high expression levels for TiNbZrTa at day 7, compared to the control group (TiAlV day 3). At day 14, all scaffolds had more than 2-fold induction for <i>Runx2</i> mRNA levels, with statistically significant differences compared to the control group. Even though we were not able to confirm statistically significant differences to justify the replacement of TiAlV regarding antioxidant enzymes, TiNbZrTa was able to induce faster bone formation at early time points, making it a good choice for biomedical and tissue bioengineering applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":13704,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biomaterials","volume":"2020 ","pages":"1708214"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2020-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2020/1708214","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38270312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical and Tensile Properties of Handmade <i>Sida rhombifolia</i> Paper.","authors":"P W Huisken Mejouyo,&nbsp;E Dydimus Nkemaja,&nbsp;O R Beching,&nbsp;N R Sikame Tagne,&nbsp;T Kana'a,&nbsp;E Njeugna","doi":"10.1155/2020/3967641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3967641","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study focuses on the production and characterization of biodegradable handmade paper from the <i>Sida rhombifolia</i> plant (SRP) cellulose. <i>Sida rhombifolia</i> plant is a seasonal plant that grows in the equatorial and tropical climates. The studies carried out on this SRP were aimed at investigating the methods required for the production of handmade paper from SRP plant and also at determining the tensile strength. Four specimens of SRP paper of different additive labels S0 (no additive), S1 (starch and KOH), S2 (starch), and S3 (Foska liquid glue) were produced using the Kraft method. Tensile properties (stress at break, elongation at break, and Young's modulus), the rate of water absorption, and the rate of moisture absorption were carried out. Results showed that the addition of potassium hydroxide considerably reduces Young's modulus of SRP handmade paper (S1) while the Foska liquid glue (S3) significantly improves it. In addition, the addition of potassium hydroxide and Foska liquid substantially improves the water absorption properties of the paper S2 and S3, respectively. The adhesive liquid creates more porosity and consequently increases the absorption of water. The addition of potassium hydroxide and Foska liquid significantly embedded the rate of moisture absorption. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that the paper S3 can be used as packaging paper since it has better mechanical properties and moisture absorption.</p>","PeriodicalId":13704,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biomaterials","volume":"2020 ","pages":"3967641"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2020-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2020/3967641","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38220173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Evaluation of Bone Repair with Four Different Bone Substitutes in Critical Size Defects.","authors":"Gustavo Grossi-Oliveira,&nbsp;Leonardo P Faverani,&nbsp;Bruno Coelho Mendes,&nbsp;Tárik Ocon Braga Polo,&nbsp;Gabriel Cury Batista Mendes,&nbsp;Valthierre Nunes de Lima,&nbsp;Paulo Domingos Ribeiro Júnior,&nbsp;Roberta Okamoto,&nbsp;Osvaldo Magro-Filho","doi":"10.1155/2020/5182845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5182845","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study evaluated the osteoconductive potential of four biomaterials used to fill bone defects. For this, 24 male Albino rabbits were submitted to the creation of a bilateral 8 mm calvarial bone defect. The animals were divided into four groups-bovine hydroxyapatite, Bio-Oss® (BIO); Lumina-Bone Porous® (LBP); Bonefill® (BFL); and an alloplastic material, Clonos® (CLN)-and were euthanized at 14 and 40 days. The samples were subjected to histological and histometric analysis for newly formed bone area. Immunohistochemical analysis for Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and osteocalcin (OC) was performed. After statistical analysis, the CLN group showed greater new bone formation (NB) in both periods analyzed (<i>p</i> < 0.05). At 14 days, the NB showed greater values in BIO in relation to LBP and BFL groups; however, after 40 days, the LBP group surpassed the results of BIO (<i>p</i> < 0.001). The immunostaining showed a decrease in Runx2 intensity in BIO after 40 days, while it increased for LBP (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The CLN showed increased OC compared to the other groups in both periods analyzed (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Therefore, CLN showed the best osteoconductive behavior in critical defects in rabbit calvaria, and BFL showed the lowest osteoconductive property.</p>","PeriodicalId":13704,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biomaterials","volume":"2020 ","pages":"5182845"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2020-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2020/5182845","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38039795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does Modification of Amalgomer with Propolis Alter Its Physicomechanical Properties? An In Vitro Study.","authors":"Reham M Abdallah,&nbsp;Amr M Abdelghany,&nbsp;Neven S Aref","doi":"10.1155/2020/3180879","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3180879","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess if incorporating ethanolic extract of propolis into ceramic-reinforced glass ionomer (Amalgomer CR) might have an influence on its physicomechanical properties.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Three groups were assessed; group I: Amalgomer CR (control) and two experimental groups (II and III) of propolis added to the liquid of Amalgomer CR with 25 and 50 v/v %, respectively. Evaluation parameters were color stability, compressive strength, microhardness, and surface roughness. Representative specimens of each group were analyzed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the results, followed by a Tukey post hoc test (<i>p</i> < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nonsignificant color change for both groups of modified Amalgomer CR. Meanwhile, the two experimental groups exhibited a significant increase in both compressive strength and microhardness. Simultaneously, there was a significant difference in roughness values among groups with the lowest roughness values exhibited by the 50 v/v % propolis concentration.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Modification of Amalgomer CR with 50 v/v % propolis may increase its mechanical properties without compromising its esthetic. <i>Clinical Significance</i>. Modification of Amalgomer CR by 50 v/v % propolis is supposed to be a hopeful restorative material with favorable characteristics.</p>","PeriodicalId":13704,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biomaterials","volume":"2020 ","pages":"3180879"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2020-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2020/3180879","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37976500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}