InstrumentsPub Date : 2022-10-20DOI: 10.3390/instruments6040068
N. Atanov, V. Baranov, L. Borrel, C. Bloise, J. Budagov, S. Ceravolo, F. Cervelli, F. Colao, M. Cordelli, G. Corradi, Y. Davydov, S. Di Falco, E. Diociaiuti, S. Donati, B. Echenard, C. Ferrari, A. Gioiosa, S. Giovannella, V. Giusti, V. Glagolev, F. Grancagnolo, D. Hampai, F. Happacher, D. Hitlin, M. Martini, S. Middleton, S. Miscetti, L. Morescalchi, D. Paesani, D. Pasciuto, E. Pedreschi, F. Porter, F. Raffaelli, A. Saputi, I. Sarra, F. Spinella, A. Taffara, A. Zanetti, R. Zhu
{"title":"Mu2e Crystal Calorimeter Readout Electronics: Design and Characterisation","authors":"N. Atanov, V. Baranov, L. Borrel, C. Bloise, J. Budagov, S. Ceravolo, F. Cervelli, F. Colao, M. Cordelli, G. Corradi, Y. Davydov, S. Di Falco, E. Diociaiuti, S. Donati, B. Echenard, C. Ferrari, A. Gioiosa, S. Giovannella, V. Giusti, V. Glagolev, F. Grancagnolo, D. Hampai, F. Happacher, D. Hitlin, M. Martini, S. Middleton, S. Miscetti, L. Morescalchi, D. Paesani, D. Pasciuto, E. Pedreschi, F. Porter, F. Raffaelli, A. Saputi, I. Sarra, F. Spinella, A. Taffara, A. Zanetti, R. Zhu","doi":"10.3390/instruments6040068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments6040068","url":null,"abstract":"The Mu2e experiment at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory will search for the charged-lepton flavour-violating neutrinoless conversion of negative muons into electrons in the Coulomb field of an Al nucleus. The conversion electron with a monoenergetic 104.967 MeV signature will be identified by a complementary measurement carried out by a high-resolution tracker and an electromagnetic calorimeter, improving by four orders of magnitude the current single-event sensitivity. The calorimeter—composed of 1348 pure CsI crystals arranged in two annular disks—has a high granularity, 10% energy resolution and 500 ps timing resolution for 100 MeV electrons. The readout, based on large-area UV-extended SiPMs, features a fully custom readout chain, from the analogue front-end electronics to the digitisation boards. The readout electronics design was validated for operation in vacuum and under magnetic fields. An extensive radiation hardness certification campaign certified the FEE design for doses up to 100 krad and 1012 n1MeVeq/cm2 and for single-event effects. A final vertical slice test on the final readout chain was carried out with cosmic rays on a large-scale calorimeter prototype.","PeriodicalId":13582,"journal":{"name":"Instruments","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42275067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
InstrumentsPub Date : 2022-10-18DOI: 10.3390/instruments6040065
P. Schwendimann, A. Gurgone, A. Papa
{"title":"Towards a Large Calorimeter Based on Lyso Crystals for Future High Energy Physics","authors":"P. Schwendimann, A. Gurgone, A. Papa","doi":"10.3390/instruments6040065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments6040065","url":null,"abstract":"The state-of-the-art research at the intensity frontier of particle physics aims to find evidence for new physics beyond the Standard Model by searching for faint signals in a vast amount of background. To this end, detectors with excellent resolution in all kinematic variables are required. For future calorimeters, a very promising material is LYSO, due to its short radiation length, fast decay time and good light yield. In this article, the simulation of a calorimeter assembled from multiple large LYSO crystals is presented. Although there is still a long way to go before crystals of that size can be produced, the results suggest an energy resolution of 1%, a position resolution around 5 mm and a time resolution of about 30 ps for photons and positrons with an energy of 55 MeV. These results would put such a calorimeter at the technology forefront in precision particle physics.","PeriodicalId":13582,"journal":{"name":"Instruments","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44761940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
InstrumentsPub Date : 2022-10-18DOI: 10.3390/instruments6040067
Chen Hu, Liyuan Zhang, R. Zhu, L. Pandian, Yimin Wang, J. Glodo
{"title":"Novel Ultrafast Lu2O3:Yb Ceramics for Future HEP Applications","authors":"Chen Hu, Liyuan Zhang, R. Zhu, L. Pandian, Yimin Wang, J. Glodo","doi":"10.3390/instruments6040067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments6040067","url":null,"abstract":"Inorganic scintillators activated by charge transfer luminescence Yb3+ are considered promising ultrafast material to break the ps timing barrier for future high energy physics applications. Inorganic scintillators in ceramic form are potentially more cost-effective than crystals because of their lower fabrication temperature and no need for aftergrowth mechanical processing. This paper reports an investigation on Lu2O3:Yb and Lu2xY2(1−x)O3:Yb scintillating ceramic samples fabricated by Radiation Monitoring Devices Inc. All samples show X-ray excited luminescence peaked at 370 nm. Ultrafast decay time of 1.1 ns was observed by using a microchannel plate-photomultiplier tube-based test bench at Caltech. Considering its intrinsic high density (9.4 g/cm3), Lu2O3:Yb ceramics are promising for future time of fight application for high energy physics experiments.","PeriodicalId":13582,"journal":{"name":"Instruments","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46860318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
InstrumentsPub Date : 2022-10-18DOI: 10.3390/instruments6040066
Maximilian Pérez Prada, Sarah Barnes, Maurice Stephan
{"title":"Analysis of Secondary Particles as a Compliment to Muon Scattering Measurements","authors":"Maximilian Pérez Prada, Sarah Barnes, Maurice Stephan","doi":"10.3390/instruments6040066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments6040066","url":null,"abstract":"Cosmic ray tomography is an emerging imaging technique utilizing an ambient source of radiation. One common tomography method is based on the measurement of muons scattered by the examined objects, which allows the reconstruction and discrimination of materials with different properties. From the interaction of air shower particles induced through cosmic rays with the material to be scanned, secondary particles, predominantly photons, neutrons and electrons, can be produced, which carry complementary information about the objects and their materials. However, this information is currently not fully exploited or only studied in coincidence with the incoming air shower particles. Therefore, this work presents a novel approach utilizing only the information from secondary particles to reconstruct and discriminate objects made out of a variety of materials. It also includes a detailed analysis of the kinematics of secondary particles and their dependency on material characteristics. In addition, a reconstruction algorithm to produce 3D maps of the examined volume from the measurement of secondary particles is introduced. This results in a successful reconstruction and differentiation of objects in various geometrical compositions.","PeriodicalId":13582,"journal":{"name":"Instruments","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48878232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
InstrumentsPub Date : 2022-10-17DOI: 10.3390/instruments6040064
Piyush Kumar, B. Gomber
{"title":"The CMS Level-1 Calorimeter Trigger for the HL-LHC","authors":"Piyush Kumar, B. Gomber","doi":"10.3390/instruments6040064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments6040064","url":null,"abstract":"The High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) provides an opportunity for a pioneering physics program to harness an integrated luminosity of 4000 fb−1 of ten years of operations. This large volume of collision data will help in high precision measurements of the Standard Model (SM) and the search for new and rare physics phenomena. The harsh environment of 200 proton–proton interactions poses a substantial challenge in the collection of these large datasets. The HL-LHC CMS Level-1 (L1) trigger, including the calorimeter trigger, will receive a massive upgrade to tackle the challenge of a high-bandwidth and high pileup environment. The L1 trigger is planned to handle a very high bandwidth (∼63 Tb/s) with an output rate of 750 kHz, and the desired latency budget is 12.5 μs. The calorimeter trigger aims to process the high-granular information from the new end-cap detector called the high-granularity calorimeter (HGCAL) and the barrel calorimeter. The HL-LHC trigger prototyped boards are equipped with large modern-day FPGAs and high-speed optical links (∼28 Gb/s), which helps in the parallel and rapid computation of the calorimeter trigger algorithms. This article discusses the proposed design and expected performance of the upgraded CMS Level-1 calorimeter trigger system.","PeriodicalId":13582,"journal":{"name":"Instruments","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43848027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
InstrumentsPub Date : 2022-10-14DOI: 10.3390/instruments6040063
D. Paesani, A. Saputi, I. Sarra
{"title":"Mechanical Design of an Electromagnetic Calorimeter Prototype for a Future Muon Collider","authors":"D. Paesani, A. Saputi, I. Sarra","doi":"10.3390/instruments6040063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments6040063","url":null,"abstract":"Measurement of physics processes at new energy frontier experiments requires excellent spatial, time, and energy resolutions to resolve the structure of collimated high-energy jets. In a future Muon Collider, beam-induced backgrounds (BIB) represent the main challenge in the design of the detectors and of the event reconstruction algorithms. The technology and the design of the calorimeters should be chosen to reduce the effect of the BIB, while keeping good physics performance. Several requirements can be inferred: (i) high granularity to reduce the overlap of BIB particles in the same calorimeter cell; (ii) excellent timing (of the order of 100 ps) to reduce the out-of-time component of the BIB; (iii) longitudinal segmentation to distinguish the signal showers from the fake showers produced by the BIB. Moreover, the calorimeter should operate in a very harsh radiation environment, withstanding yearly a neutron flux of 1014 n1MeV /cm2 and a dose of 100 krad. Our proposal consists of a semi-homogeneous electromagnetic calorimeter based on Lead Fluoride Crystals (PbF2) readout by surface-mount UV-extended Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs): the Crilin calorimeter. In this paper, we report the mechanical design for the development of a small-scale prototype, consisting of 2 layers of 3 × 3 crystals.","PeriodicalId":13582,"journal":{"name":"Instruments","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44922991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
InstrumentsPub Date : 2022-10-11DOI: 10.3390/instruments6040062
S. Ceravolo, F. Colao, C. Curatolo, E. Di Meco, E. Diociaiuti, D. Lucchesi, D. Paesani, N. Pastrone, G. Pezzullo, A. Saputi, I. Sarra, L. Sestini, D. Tagnani
{"title":"Crilin: A Semi-Homogeneous Calorimeter for a Future Muon Collider","authors":"S. Ceravolo, F. Colao, C. Curatolo, E. Di Meco, E. Diociaiuti, D. Lucchesi, D. Paesani, N. Pastrone, G. Pezzullo, A. Saputi, I. Sarra, L. Sestini, D. Tagnani","doi":"10.3390/instruments6040062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments6040062","url":null,"abstract":"Calorimeters, as other detectors, have to face the increasing performance demands of the new energy frontier experiments. For a future Muon Collider the main challenge is given by the Beam Induced Background that may pose limitations to the physics performance. However, it is possible to reduce the BIB impact by exploiting some of its characteristics by ensuring high granularity, excellent timing, longitudinal segmentation and good energy resolution. The proposed design, the Crilin calorimeter, is an alternative semi-homogeneous ECAL barrel for the Muon Collider based on Lead Fluoride Crystals (PbF2) with a surface-mount UV-extended Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) readout with an optimized design for a future Muon Collider.","PeriodicalId":13582,"journal":{"name":"Instruments","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47185558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
InstrumentsPub Date : 2022-10-10DOI: 10.3390/instruments6040061
Chuan Zheng, P. Fedorets, R. Engels, C. Kannis, I. Engin, S. Möller, R. Swaczyna, H. Feilbach, H. Glückler, M. Lennartz, Heinz Pfeifer, J. Pfennings, C. Schneider, N. Schnitzler, H. Soltner, M. Büscher
{"title":"Polarimetry for 3He Ion Beams from Laser–Plasma Interactions","authors":"Chuan Zheng, P. Fedorets, R. Engels, C. Kannis, I. Engin, S. Möller, R. Swaczyna, H. Feilbach, H. Glückler, M. Lennartz, Heinz Pfeifer, J. Pfennings, C. Schneider, N. Schnitzler, H. Soltner, M. Büscher","doi":"10.3390/instruments6040061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments6040061","url":null,"abstract":"We present a compact polarimeter for 3He ions with special emphasis on the analysis of short-pulsed beams accelerated during laser–plasma interactions. We discuss the specific boundary conditions for the polarimeter, such as the properties of laser-driven ion beams, the selection of the polarization-sensitive reaction in the polarimeter, the representation of the analyzing-power contour map, the choice of the detector material used for particle identification, as well as the production procedure of the required deuterated foil-targets. The assembled polarimeter has been tested using a tandem accelerator delivering unpolarized 3He ion beams, demonstrating good performance in the few-MeV range. The statistical accuracy and the deduced figure-of-merit of the polarimetry are discussed, including the count-rate requirement and the lower limit of accuracy for beam-polarization measurements at a laser-based ion source.","PeriodicalId":13582,"journal":{"name":"Instruments","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46045721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
InstrumentsPub Date : 2022-10-09DOI: 10.3390/instruments6040060
N. Atanov, V. Baranov, L. Borrel, C. Bloise, J. Budagov, S. Ceravolo, F. Cervelli, F. Colao, M. Cordelli, G. Corradi, Y. Davydov, S. Falco, E. Diociaiuti, S. Donati, B. Echenard, C. Ferrari, A. Gioiosa, S. Giovannella, V. Giusti, V. Glagolev, F. Grancagnolo, D. Hampai, F. Happacher, D. Hitlin, M. Martini, S. Middleton, S. Miscetti, L. Morescalchi, D. Paesani, D. Pasciuto, E. Pedreschi, F. Porter, F. Raffaelli, A. Saputi, I. Sarra, F. Spinella, A. Taffara, A. Zanetti, R. Zhu
{"title":"The Mu2e Crystal Calorimeter: An Overview","authors":"N. Atanov, V. Baranov, L. Borrel, C. Bloise, J. Budagov, S. Ceravolo, F. Cervelli, F. Colao, M. Cordelli, G. Corradi, Y. Davydov, S. Falco, E. Diociaiuti, S. Donati, B. Echenard, C. Ferrari, A. Gioiosa, S. Giovannella, V. Giusti, V. Glagolev, F. Grancagnolo, D. Hampai, F. Happacher, D. Hitlin, M. Martini, S. Middleton, S. Miscetti, L. Morescalchi, D. Paesani, D. Pasciuto, E. Pedreschi, F. Porter, F. Raffaelli, A. Saputi, I. Sarra, F. Spinella, A. Taffara, A. Zanetti, R. Zhu","doi":"10.3390/instruments6040060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments6040060","url":null,"abstract":"The Mu2e experiment at Fermilab will search for the standard model-forbidden, charged lepton flavour-violating conversion of a negative muon into an electron in the field of an aluminium nucleus. The distinctive signal signature is represented by a mono-energetic electron with an energy near the muon’s rest mass. The experiment aims to improve the current single-event sensitivity by four orders of magnitude by means of a high-intensity pulsed muon beam and a high-precision tracking system. The electromagnetic calorimeter complements the tracker by providing high rejection power in muon to electron identification and a seed for track reconstruction while working in vacuum in presence of a 1 T axial magnetic field and in a harsh radiation environment. For 100 MeV electrons, the calorimeter should achieve: (a) a time resolution better than 0.5 ns, (b) an energy resolution <10%, and (c) a position resolution of 1 cm. The calorimeter design consists of two disks, each loaded with 674 undoped CsI crystals read out by two large-area arrays of UV-extended SiPMs and custom analogue and digital electronics. We describe here the status of construction for all calorimeter components and the performance measurements conducted on the large-sized prototype with electron beams and minimum ionizing particles at a cosmic ray test stand. A discussion of the calorimeter’s engineering aspects and the on-going assembly is also reported.","PeriodicalId":13582,"journal":{"name":"Instruments","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47049055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
InstrumentsPub Date : 2022-10-08DOI: 10.3390/instruments6040059
R. Santoro
{"title":"SiPMs for Dual-Readout Calorimetry","authors":"R. Santoro","doi":"10.3390/instruments6040059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments6040059","url":null,"abstract":"A new fibre-sampling dual-readout calorimeter prototype has been qualified on beam at two facilities (DESY and CERN) using electrons from 1 to 100 GeV. The prototype was designed to almost fully contain electromagnetic showers and a central module (highly granular readout) was equipped with 320 Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) spaced by 2 mm and individually read out. The test beams performed in 2021, allowed to qualify the readout boards used to operate the SiPMs, to define the calibration procedure and to measure the light yield for scintillating and Cherenkov signals produced by the shower development. This paper reports the first results obtained with the highly granular readout and discusses the ongoing R&D to address some open questions concerning the mechanical integration and the scalable readout scheme that will allow to build and operate the next prototype designed for hadronic showers containment.","PeriodicalId":13582,"journal":{"name":"Instruments","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48221377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号
