Industrial Crops and Products最新文献

{"title":"Transcriptomics and metabolomics reveal that seed cold priming enhances cold tolerance in tobacco seedlings by activating lignin biosynthesis and auxin signaling pathways","authors":"Haozhen Li, Shaolin Dong, Shuyao Wang, Kangkang Song, Xiaohua Zhang, Long Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.122034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.122034","url":null,"abstract":"Plants frequently encounter repeated cold stress throughout their life cycle. When subjected to future environmental stimulations, plants stress response can be activated after experiencing priming events during the seed stage. This study employed multi omics approaches to investigate the intricate response mechanisms to cold stress at five true leaves and one central bud in two tobacco varieties, resistant variety NC102 and sensitive variety PVH06, which underwent cold- (SC) and non-priming (CK) at the seed stage. After cold stress, NC102 in SC exhibited the strongest tolerance capacity, with relative water content 1.06 times that of CK. Superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, along with proline content, increased by 25 %, 42 %, and 50 %, respectively. Additionally, hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde decreased by 23 % and 12 %, respectively. Both the tricarboxylic acid cycle and amino acid metabolism in NC102 seed priming (NS) and PVH06 seed priming (PS) reacted positive responses to cold stress, with NS accumulating higher levels of unsaturated fatty acids and jasmonic acid. The co-expression network identified three hub genes <em>TAR3</em>, <em>ABP19A</em>, and <em>psb28</em> that were enriched in PS and associated with auxin regulation. PS might enhance cold tolerance by upregulating the early auxin responsive genes <em>GH3</em> and <em>SAUR</em>. Additionally, genes and intermediate metabolites involved in the lignin biosynthetic pathway were significantly expressed in both NS and PS, with a more pronounced response observed in NS. Key metabolites of the lignin biosynthetic pathway were regulated to increase in response to cold stress, and the expression levels of structural genes associated with this pathway were detected via qRT-PCR. This work advances understanding of cold stress tolerance, aiding breeding research.","PeriodicalId":13581,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Crops and Products","volume":"158 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145241435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of supercritical CO2 green extraction of Zingiber officinale Roscoe essential oil and comparative GC-MS profiling and biological activities with steam and simultaneous distillation","authors":"Nabin Narayan Munankarmi ,&nbsp;Sajan Lal Shyaula ,&nbsp;Parash Mani Timilsina ,&nbsp;Sujan Chaudhary ,&nbsp;Dhurva Prasad Gauchan","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.122067","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.122067","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ginger (<em>Zingiber officinale</em> Roscoe) is a renowned medicinal plant in Chinese herbal medicine and Ayurveda. Conventional extraction of ginger essential oil via steam distillation (SD) and simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE) often result in solvent residues and the degradation of heat-sensitive constituents. This study is the first in Nepal aimed to optimize ginger essential oil extraction using supercritical CO₂ extraction (SFE), a green, sustainable, solvent free and efficient alternative, and compare with SD and SDE from Nepalese ginger. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the independent variables– pressure (90–340 bar) and temperatures (35–60 °C). The second-order polynomial regression showed a significant fit (R²=0.7649, p &lt; 0.05). Although RSM-predicted maximum yield at 294.5 bar and 60 °C, experimentally achieved at 300 bar and 55 °C. SFE yielded approximately 4.5 times more oil than SD, and 5–10.7 times more than SDE with different solvent. The SFE oil exhibited strong antioxidant activity (DPPH, IC₅₀=8.13 ± 2.22 µg/ml), surpassing ascorbic acid (10.85 ± 0.74 µg/ml) and ABTS (27.14 ± 2.33 µg/ml) results, and showed cytotoxicity effect against MCF-7 (242.90 ± 1.35 μg/ml) and HeLa (365.34 ± 4.43 μg/ml) cell lines. GC-MS analysis identified ginger signature compound, α-Zingiberene (35.29 %), high in SFE oil and SFE revealed comparative pressure gradient enrichments of monoterpenes at low, sesquiterpenes (especially α-Zingiberene) at mid, and polar compounds at high pressure and supported by principal component analysis (PCA). These findings underscore SFE as a sustainable and superior method, yielding high quality oil with enhanced biological activities and potential applications in nutraceuticals, functional food and therapeutic industries in Nepal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13581,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Crops and Products","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 122067"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145241378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nitrogen-containing phosphate functionalized peanut shell biochars simultaneously reduce Cd and Pb availability in soil and boost wheat seedling growth","authors":"Zhaojun Nie, Hongyu Peng, Yupeng Zhang, Haiyang Liu, Yongfei Ma, Peng Zhao, Hongen Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.122040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.122040","url":null,"abstract":"The heavy metal contamination of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in agricultural soil poses a serious threat to agricultural production safety and human health. In this study, diverse nitrogen-containing phosphates (NCPs) functionalized peanut shell biochars were synthesized and used to simultaneously reduce the availability of Cd/Pb in soil and boost wheat seedling growth. NCPs functionalization increased the thermal stability and yield of biochars. Kinetics analysis demonstrated that NCPs functionalized biochars exhibited the greater adsorption capacity, and ammonia polyphosphate (APP) functionalized peanut shell biochar (APPBC) and urea phosphate (UP) functionalized peanut shell biochar (UPBC) showed the optimized adsorption performance for Cd and Pb, respectively. The adsorption capacity of APPBC for Cd and UPBC for Pb were 2.30 and 7.09 times that of pristine peanut shell biochar (BC), respectively. Soil incubation experiments further confirmed the higher fixation ability of APPBC for Cd and UPBC for Pb than that of BC, and this was beneficial for reducing the heavy metal stress effects on wheat seedling growth and inhibiting Cd/Pb accumulation in wheat seedling. Characterization and density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrated the greater aromaticity, abundant oxygenated groups (e.g., P-O, P = O, P-O-P, C-O), and higher orthophosphate (Or-P) metaphosphate (Me-P) contents of APPBC and UPBC contributed to their favourable performance as above mentioned through π-π conjugation, oxygen/P-containing complexes, electrostatic attraction and co-precipitation (e.g., Cd₃(PO₄)₂, Pb₃(PO₄)₂, Cd(PO₃)₂ and Pb(PO₃)₂). Additionally, APPBC and UPBC addition displayed the higher promotion effect on wheat seedling growth. This study provides insights into understand the fixation ability and mechanism of heavy metal by different NCPs functionalized biochars, together with their promotion influences on crop production.","PeriodicalId":13581,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Crops and Products","volume":"77 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145241438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of quality markers in wine-processed Radix Scutellariae using electronic sensing, chemical analysis, and artificial neural networks","authors":"Yanan Song ,&nbsp;Zhe Jia ,&nbsp;Qing Zhang ,&nbsp;Yanping Liu ,&nbsp;Lin Yan ,&nbsp;Yun Wang ,&nbsp;Cun Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121998","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121998","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wine-processed <em>Radix Scutellariae</em> is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine. Exploration of sensory characteristics and changes in component levels during wine processing of <em>Radix Scutellariae</em> can identify quality markers and provide references for online monitoring and quality evaluation. This study used electronic eye, ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), electronic nose, headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (HS–GC–IMS), and artificial neural networks (ANNs) to compare raw and wine-processed <em>Radix Scutellariae</em> samples. The results showed that the top 10 core indices were chrysin-7-<em>O</em>-glucuronide, cinnamaldehyde, propanal, (<em>E</em>)-undec-2-enal, wogonoside, ethyl butyrate, (<em>E</em>,<em>E</em>)-2,4-heptadienal, (<em>Z</em>)-3-hexen-1-ol, <em>a</em>*, and pentyl formate. The 10 most significant indicators were W1C, 2-hexenal, <em>L</em>*, W1S, baicalein, oroxylin A-7-<em>O</em>-<em>β</em>-<em>D</em>-glucuronide, baicalin, dimethyl sulfide, W2W, and <em>E</em>*<em>ab</em>. The identification of these core indices and significant indices provides a basis for determining the optimal point for wine processing in <em>Radix Scutellariae</em>. These indices provide a reference for the quality assessment of wine-processed <em>Radix Scutellariae</em> along with supporting data for the selection of online monitoring parameters for processing equipment. Screening quality markers involved in wine processing of <em>Radix Scutellariae</em> utilizing an electronic nose, UPLC, GC–IMS, and ANN can provide a reference for establishing markers of wine processing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13581,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Crops and Products","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 121998"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145241376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of analytical techniques coupled with chemometric methods for tobacco origin traceability","authors":"Xiaoyue Yuan ,&nbsp;Lili Cui ,&nbsp;Shulei Han ,&nbsp;Yaning Fu ,&nbsp;Hongjuan Wang ,&nbsp;Yushan Tian ,&nbsp;Xiao Li ,&nbsp;Huan Chen ,&nbsp;Hongwei Hou ,&nbsp;Yuwei Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.122004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.122004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tobacco holds significant economic value and medicinal potential, but illegal trade and counterfeit products pose major barriers to its sustainable development. Tobacco origin traceability technologies offer practical solutions by ensuring product authenticity and quality assurance. Despite the emergence of new technologies, a systematic review of tobacco origin traceability remains lacking. This paper presents the first systematic summary of organic compound fingerprints, mineral element fingerprints, and isotope fingerprints, detailing their respective advantages and limitations. Chemometric methods are introduced, and their integration with these three traceability techniques for tobacco origin identification is discussed. Furthermore, research gaps in blockchain-IoT integration, omics technologies, and spectroscopic techniques are highlighted, with potential integrations with tobacco traceability systems proposed. This review demonstrates that technology integration significantly enhances the accuracy of traceability, offering comprehensive insights into the geographic origin of tobacco.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13581,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Crops and Products","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 122004"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145209367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Salicylic acid-functionalized nanogels enhance tobacco mosaic virus resistance and alleviate oxidative stress in crops","authors":"Aiyuan Xue ,&nbsp;Ningke Fan ,&nbsp;Le Yue ,&nbsp;Xiaona Li ,&nbsp;Xie Wang ,&nbsp;Huimin Liao ,&nbsp;Zhenggao Xiao ,&nbsp;Zhenyu Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.122009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.122009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), one of the most devastating plant pathogens worldwide, causes catastrophic agricultural losses. While chemical pesticides remain primary method for controlling viral diseases, their improper use poses significant ecological risks, including environmental persistence and biomagnification. Herein, we employed a nanogel carrier to encapsulate salicylic acid (SA), creating a green nanobiostimulant termed salicylic acid-functionalized nanogels (SAN). This SAN exhibited excellent stability, strong foliar adhesion, a favorable slow-release profile, and high biosafety for tadpoles. Foliar application of 50 mg/L SAN resulted in a higher control efficiency against TMV in tobacco (<em>Nicotiana tabacum</em> L.) plants than that of SA or lentinan (LNT, a commercial biostimulant) alone, and the disease severity of SAN was significantly reduced by 29.6 % and 20.5 % compared with SA and LNT, respectively. Mechanistically, 50 mg/L SAN directly inactivated TMV by causing the aggregation and fracture of TMV particles. Furthermore, SAN indirectly induced tobacco plant resistance to TMV via activating endogenous signaling (Ca^2 + influx and phytohormone accumulation), upregulating the expression of key genes for disease resistance (<em>e.g</em>., <em>PR1</em>, <em>PR3</em>), and enhancing defense metabolites involved phenylpropanoid pathway (<em>e.g</em>., chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, rutin). Moreover, SAN significantly mitigated tobacco leaf oxidative stress by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, CAT) and the production of flavonoids, and such effect was better than that of SA and LNT. Overall, SAN is a promising eco-friendly nanobiostimulant with the potential to replace conventional biostimulants and pesticides for sustainable disease control in agroecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13581,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Crops and Products","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 122009"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145204032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Canopy nitrogen addition reshapes leaf physiological-metabolic processes in Populus euphratica seedlings with a water dependency","authors":"Yuehan Liu ,&nbsp;Yuchen Wang ,&nbsp;Huifang Wang ,&nbsp;Eryang Li ,&nbsp;Yudong Chen ,&nbsp;Qiong Wu ,&nbsp;Wen Cao ,&nbsp;Guanghui Lv","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.122019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.122019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Compared to soil nitrogen (N) addition, canopy N addition offers a more ecologically relevant simulation of natural N deposition, and plays a pivotal role in regulating plant physiological metabolism and adaptive strategies. However, it is uncertain whether this critical process is water-dependent. This study systematically revealed the synergistic response mechanism of <em>Populus euphratica</em> seedlings to water treatment (drought stress vs. well-watered) and N addition method (canopy N addition vs. soil N addition). The results showed that: (1) The interactive effects significantly regulated soil nutrient characteristics, with N addition method exerting a pronounced positive effects on ammonium nitrogen (AN) and soil organic carbon (SOC) (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05); (2) At the leaf physiological level, canopy N addition under drought stress significantly decreased the contents of Proline (LPRO) and Starch (LST), along with declining trends in Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, Peroxidase (POD) and Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities, indicating its capacity to alleviate drought stress; (3) Metabolomic analysis revealed that drought stress induced changes in various secondary metabolites, including Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates (7.55 %), Amino acids, peptides, and analogues (5.03 %), Flavonoid glycosides (4.40 %), enriched in pathways such as Arachidonic acid metabolism and Flavonoid biosynthesis. Canopy N addition markedly expanded drought-responsive metabolites, predominantly influencing primary metabolism (amino acid metabolism); (4) Structural equation modeling identified that water treatment exerted stronger direct effects on differential metabolites (DMs) variations than N addition method, while the latter indirectly drove metabolic reprogramming through modulation of leaf nutrients and soil N availability. These findings unveil desert plants’ balanced strategies of physiological defense and resource acquisition through water-nitrogen coupling, establishing nutrient stewardship frameworks for maintaining arid ecosystem equilibrium under global climatic perturbations scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13581,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Crops and Products","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 122019"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145195049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The bZIP transcription factor PrABI5 regulates α-linolenic acid synthesis in tree peony seeds","authors":"Yanfeng Xu ,&nbsp;Yihan Ma ,&nbsp;Yuhui Zhai ,&nbsp;Xinrong Xie ,&nbsp;Lixin Niu ,&nbsp;Yanlong Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.122013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.122013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The tree peony (<em>Paeonia rockii</em>), a traditional ornamental plant in Chinese horticulture, has recently gained significant attention as a promising woody oil crop rich in α-linolenic acid (ALA), an omega-3 fatty acid with multiple industrial value and health benefits. The development of plant resources rich in ALA and the molecular mechanisms of plant ALA synthesis have emerged as research hotspots. We previously identified the key gene <em>PrFAD3</em> encoding fatty acid desaturase, which catalyze linoleic acid (LA) to synthesis ALA. In <em>P. rockii</em>, however, the upstream transcriptional mechanism remained unclear. In this study, we disclosed that a bZIP family transcription factor, PrABI5, is involved in the synthesis of ALA in <em>P. rockii</em> seeds. Present research indicated that PrABI5 activates the expression of <em>PrFAD3</em> by binding to the ABRE element in the promoter. We verified the positive role of PrABI5 in promoting ALA synthesis through gene overexpression and virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). Additionally, PrABI5 enhances ALA biosynthesis by recruiting PrCAM7, a member of calmodulin protein family, to strengthen transcriptional regulation of the <em>PrFAD3</em>. Collectively, our study provides novel insights into the transcriptional mechanisms of ALA synthesis in plant seeds and the improvement of plant fatty acid composition through molecular biology techniques.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13581,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Crops and Products","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 122013"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145195126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hierarchical porous carbon derived from waste cotton linter for high-performance capacitive deionization","authors":"Juan Wu, Ying Ni, Hui Sun, Lingzhong Wan, Sihong Ye, Jiabao Zhu, Xiaonan Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.122041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.122041","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, a series of hierarchical porous carbons (HPCs) were prepared from waste cotton linter via activation with zinc carbonate basic, and their structure-performance relationships were systematically explored in the context of CDI. The results demonstrate that the introduction of Zn salt effectively tailored the pore architecture and surface chemistry of the carbon materials, leading to the formation of hierarchical structures with interconnected micro-, meso-, and macropores. Among the samples, HPC3 exhibited the highest BET surface area (1298 m²/g), outstanding electrochemical performance with a specific capacitance of 111.7 F/g, and a superior SAC of 19.2 mg/g in 1000 mg/L NaCl solution, surpassing that of commercial activated carbon. Post-reaction XPS and TEM analyses confirmed the material’s structural integrity and regeneration capability during cycling. These findings highlight the critical role of pore structure and surface functionalities in enhancing CDI performance and offer new insights into the high-value utilization of biomass wastes for advanced water treatment applications.","PeriodicalId":13581,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Crops and Products","volume":"102 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145195072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable additive manufacturing: Microstructural evolution and mechanical viability of recycled Flax/PP via fused granular fabrication","authors":"Baoxing Wang, Adragna Pierre-Antoine, Montay Guillaume, Guang Yang, Siyu Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121997","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121997","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the recyclability of flax fiber-reinforced polypropylene (Flax/PP) composites processed via fused granular fabrication (FGF), with a focus on microstructural evolution, thermal degradation, and mechanical performance under repeated recycling. Flax/PP composites were subjected to six consecutive recycling cycles (R0–R5). Mechanical testing, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and infrared thermography were performed at each cycle to assess property degradation, while thermal analysis (DSC and TGA) was conducted at selected stages (R0, R2, and R5). Results show a progressive and irreversible decline in mechanical performance beyond two cycles: tensile strength dropped from ∼13 MPa (R0) to ∼7 MPa (R5), and elongation at break fell from ∼9 % to ∼3 %, accompanied by a shift from ductile to brittle failure. SEM observations revealed increasing fiber pull-out, interfacial debonding, and porosity growth from ∼12.5 % to ∼32.6 %, with maximum pore sizes exceeding 400 µm. DSC and TGA results confirmed thermal degradation of both flax fibers and the PP matrix, including decreased crystallinity and reduced thermal stability. By the sixth cycle, severe interlayer delamination and nozzle clogging rendered the material unprintable. These findings elucidate the degradation pathways of natural fiber composites under intensive melt processing and provide a foundation for improving recyclability. Future work will verify whether strategies such as virgin PP blending, optimized processing conditions, and the use of bio-based coupling agents can mitigate the observed thermal and interfacial deterioration.","PeriodicalId":13581,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Crops and Products","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145195069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}