Infrared Physics & Technology最新文献_第2页

Infrared and visible image fusion network based on spatial-frequency domain cross-learning 基于空频域交叉学习的红外与可见光图像融合网络

IF 3.1 3区物理与天体物理

Infrared Physics & Technology Pub Date : 2025-04-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.infrared.2025.105854

Haode Shi, Hongyu Chu, Yanhua Shao, XiaoQiang Zhang

{"title":"Infrared and visible image fusion network based on spatial-frequency domain cross-learning","authors":"Haode Shi, Hongyu Chu, Yanhua Shao, XiaoQiang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.105854","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.105854","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The goal of infrared and visible image fusion is to combine complementary information from source images to generate fused images with high contrast, which can highlight salient targets while preserving rich texture details. Most deep learning-based fusion methods focus solely on the spatial domain, neglecting valuable frequency domain information. Furthermore, existing spatial-frequency fusion networks fail to fully exploit the advantages of both domains, resulting in limited fusion performance. To address this challenge, we propose a Spatial-Frequency Domain Cross-Learning Network (SFCFusion) for infrared and visible image fusion. Specifically, we have designed a frequency-domain learning branch that captures global feature information in the Fourier space, thereby more effectively preserving the global consistency of the source images. Additionally, we develop a spatial branch to extract local detail features and propose a Multi-scale Selective Enhancement Module (MSEM). Finally, when bridging the frequency and spatial branches, we observe that the feature information extracted from these two branches are complementary. To leverage this property, we design a Frequency-Spatial Cross-Guidance Module (FSCGM). This module employs a bidirectional guidance learning strategy to integrate critical information from both domains into each branch, thereby enhancing the quality of fused images. Extensive experiments on public datasets demonstrate that our method achieves significant advantages in terms of key fusion performance metrics and visual quality. It also exhibits robust performance in downstream detection tasks. Our code is available at <span><span>https://github.com/HaodeShi/SFCFusion</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13549,"journal":{"name":"Infrared Physics & Technology","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 105854"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143870559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Timing jitter reduction of the sub-nanosecond Nd:YAG/Cr:YAG microchip laser via external optical triggering 外光触发对亚纳秒Nd:YAG/Cr:YAG微芯片激光器定时抖动的抑制

IF 3.1 3区物理与天体物理

Infrared Physics & Technology Pub Date : 2025-04-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.infrared.2025.105886

Jing Chi, Kai Zhong, Fangjie Li, Hongzhan Qiao, Tong Wu, Yue Sun, Yizhe Zheng, Yuxin Liu, Kai Chen, Jining Li, Degang Xu, Jianquan Yao

{"title":"Timing jitter reduction of the sub-nanosecond Nd:YAG/Cr:YAG microchip laser via external optical triggering","authors":"Jing Chi, Kai Zhong, Fangjie Li, Hongzhan Qiao, Tong Wu, Yue Sun, Yizhe Zheng, Yuxin Liu, Kai Chen, Jining Li, Degang Xu, Jianquan Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.105886","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.105886","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A scheme to improve the temporal pulse stability of the passively Q-switched (PQS) sub-nanosecond Nd:YAG/Cr:YAG microchip laser was designed. By injection nanosecond laser pulses into the saturable absorber (SA) of the composite crystal, the SA is bleached compulsively to trigger the PQS laser and realize “optical synchronization”. As a result, the PQS sub-nanosecond laser pulses are locked to the injected pulses temporally and the timing jitter is greatly suppressed. In this work, the timing jitter of the PQS sub-nanosecond laser pulses was reduced from 561.2 ns to 344 ps using the nanosecond laser pulse as the reference signal, improved by over 1600 times, while the required pulse energy was merely at the level of 100 μJ. Based on the rate equations, a timing jitter model of the PQS laser was established by introducing random disturbance and injected photon number density, which could depict the temporal behavior and contributing factors. The dynamic process of locking the sub-nanosecond laser pulses was discussed by varying the injecting pulse energy, triggering time and peak pump power, with consistent theoretical and experimental results. It was also found that the pulse waveform, output power stability and beam quality benefit from optical triggering. This simple and efficient scheme of timing-jitter reduction lays the foundation for high-performance sub-nanosecond lasers, which is of great importance in high-precision ranging and lidar systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13549,"journal":{"name":"Infrared Physics & Technology","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 105886"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143876524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Study on 2.7 μm and 4.0 μm dual-wavelength optical parametric oscillator based on periodic cascade MgO:PPLN 基于周期级联MgO:PPLN的2.7 μm和4.0 μm双波长光参量振荡器的研究

IF 3.1 3区物理与天体物理

Infrared Physics & Technology Pub Date : 2025-04-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.infrared.2025.105887

Erxian Xing, Xiaodai Yao, Chengcheng Chang, Yue Zhao, Zijian Wang, Yongji Yu, Guangyong Jin

{"title":"Study on 2.7 μm and 4.0 μm dual-wavelength optical parametric oscillator based on periodic cascade MgO:PPLN","authors":"Erxian Xing, Xiaodai Yao, Chengcheng Chang, Yue Zhao, Zijian Wang, Yongji Yu, Guangyong Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.105887","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.105887","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A mid-infrared dual-wavelength optical parametric oscillator using a double-ended Yb-doped fiber-pumped double-period cascaded MgO:PPLN is reported. By optimizing the crystal’s effective gain length and adjusting the dual-end pump power, dual-wavelength mid-infrared laser outputs of 2.12 W at 2.7 μm and 1.87 W at 4.0 μm were obtained with pump powers of 14.21 W and 15.87 W from the 1064 nm fiber laser. The effects of gain competition in multi-parameter oscillation were effectively mitigated, enabling dual-wavelength mid-infrared synchronous resonance and reducing the power difference from 0.635 W to 0.25 W. The corresponding conversion efficiencies were 14.9 % and 11.7 %, with pulse widths of 55.39 ns and 40.24 ns, and output power stabilities of 3.16 % and 3.58 %, respectively. By adjusting the temperature of the cascaded crystal between 25 °C and 105 °C, tunable mid-infrared laser outputs with wavelengths ranging from 2477.6 to 2705.6 nm and from 3918.4 to 4006.3 nm were achieved, with corresponding tuning bandwidths of 228 nm and 87.9 nm, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13549,"journal":{"name":"Infrared Physics & Technology","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 105887"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143877135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

High-power single longitudinal-mode thulium-doped fiber laser based on a composite cavity seed source 基于复合腔源的高功率单纵模掺铥光纤激光器

IF 3.1 3区物理与天体物理

Infrared Physics & Technology Pub Date : 2025-04-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.infrared.2025.105855

Xiangdong Wang , Fengping Yan , Ting Li , Dandan Yang , Hao Guo , Siyu Peng , Qiuyu Huang , Yuezhi Cai , Xuemei Du , Ting Feng , Qi Qin

{"title":"High-power single longitudinal-mode thulium-doped fiber laser based on a composite cavity seed source","authors":"Xiangdong Wang , Fengping Yan , Ting Li , Dandan Yang , Hao Guo , Siyu Peng , Qiuyu Huang , Yuezhi Cai , Xuemei Du , Ting Feng , Qi Qin","doi":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.105855","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.105855","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We propose and have demonstrated a single longitudinal mode (SLM) thulium-doped fiber laser (TDFL) in the 2-μm wavelength range and have amplified its output power to achieve high power output. The seed source employs a uniform fiber Bragg grating (UFBG) and a passive sub-ring cavity filter composed of two 3 × 3 couplers to achieve single longitudinal mode selection, resulting in stable single longitudinal mode lasing. This paper explains the design and fabrication of a dual-coupler composite cavity filter (DC-DRC) sub-ring cavity, analyzes the SLM selection mechanism, and reports a seed-source output of 10 mW of SLM laser power at a center wavelength of 1940.79 nm, with a 3 dB spectral bandwidth of 0.05 nm and an optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) greater than 70 dB, the line width of the seed source is approximately 2.91 kHz. The seed laser is amplified using a master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) system, achieving an average output power of 15.36 W and a slope efficiency of approximately 31 %. At maximum output power, no stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) or gain saturation was observed at the reverse monitoring end. We discuss in detail the system architecture and key considerations for power amplification.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13549,"journal":{"name":"Infrared Physics & Technology","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 105855"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143876536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Research on on-line detection of CO and CO2 mixed gas concentration based on improved extreme learning machine and TDLAS 基于改进极限学习机和TDLAS的CO和CO2混合气体浓度在线检测研究

IF 3.1 3区物理与天体物理

Infrared Physics & Technology Pub Date : 2025-04-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.infrared.2025.105868

Yinsong Wang , Qingmei Kong , Jianqiang Gao , Shiman Chen

{"title":"Research on on-line detection of CO and CO2 mixed gas concentration based on improved extreme learning machine and TDLAS","authors":"Yinsong Wang , Qingmei Kong , Jianqiang Gao , Shiman Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.105868","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.105868","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In order to improve the detection accuracy of CO and CO<sub>2</sub> mixtures in the industrial field, and to solve the problems that the existing gas concentration detection models are vulnerable to environmental interference, lack generalization ability, and cannot be updated online, a concentration detection method based on an improved online extreme learning machine is proposed. Based on tunable semiconductor laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS), a deep extreme learning machine was used to detect gas mixtures online. Firstly, a TDLAS system with a wavelength near 1583 nm was used to analyze mixed gases of CO and CO<sub>2</sub> at different concentrations, and the initial gas detection model was established using an offline database. Then, a new sample number is obtained in real time during the detection process to update the model parameters online, and a dynamic forgetting factor is introduced to adjust the weight of the new and old samples to improve the detection accuracy and adaptive ability of the algorithm. Finally, the experimental results show that the algorithm can update the model parameters online when the concentration changes, and the RMSE of CO and CO<sub>2</sub> are 0.01243 % and 0.11856 %, respectively, which achieve high detection accuracy and have certain engineering application value.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13549,"journal":{"name":"Infrared Physics & Technology","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 105868"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143870558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Strong green upconversion luminescence of rare earth Yb3+/Er3+ co-doped Ca3(VO4)2 phosphor for optical sensing 稀土Yb3+/Er3+共掺Ca3(VO4)2荧光粉的强绿色上转换发光光学传感

IF 3.1 3区物理与天体物理

Infrared Physics & Technology Pub Date : 2025-04-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.infrared.2025.105881

Ping Wang, Bin Duan, Yuanyuan Fan, Min Luo, Liming Tang, Changchun Ding, Tong Liu, Wei Jin, Junshan Hu

{"title":"Strong green upconversion luminescence of rare earth Yb3+/Er3+ co-doped Ca3(VO4)2 phosphor for optical sensing","authors":"Ping Wang, Bin Duan, Yuanyuan Fan, Min Luo, Liming Tang, Changchun Ding, Tong Liu, Wei Jin, Junshan Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.105881","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.105881","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel upconversion phosphor, Ca<sub>3</sub>(VO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub> co-doped with Yb<sup>3+</sup> and Er<sup>3+</sup>, was successfully synthesized via a high-temperature solid-state method. Under 980 nm near-infrared excitation, this material exhibits remarkable upconversion luminescence, with intense green emissions at 527 nm and 550 nm, and a weaker red emission at 657 nm. The optimal doping concentrations were determined to be 0.03 for Yb<sup>3+</sup> and 0.005 for Er<sup>3+</sup>, enabling maximum luminescent efficiency. Spectroscopic investigations including upconversion photoluminescence, excitation, and emission spectra confirmed that the upconversion follows a distinct energy transfer mechanism: Yb<sup>3+</sup> (<sup>2</sup>F<sub>5/2</sub>) + Er<sup>3+</sup> (<sup>4</sup>I<sub>11/2</sub>) → Yb<sup>3+</sup> (<sup>2</sup>F<sub>7/2</sub>) + Er<sup>3+</sup> (<sup>4</sup>F<sub>7/2</sub>). In addition to its excellent luminescent properties, the Ca<sub>3</sub>(VO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>: 0.03Yb<sup>3+</sup>/0.005Er<sup>3+</sup> phosphor exhibits reliable optical thermal sensitivity over a wide temperature range (298–673 K), with a peak relative sensitivity of 1.11 % K<sup>−1</sup> at 298 K. These outstanding optical characteristics make Ca<sub>3</sub>(VO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>: 0.03Yb<sup>3+</sup>/0.005Er<sup>3+</sup> a promising candidate for display and lighting technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13549,"journal":{"name":"Infrared Physics & Technology","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 105881"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143856071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

High-performance Te terahertz detector based on Au nanofilm microcavity 基于金纳米膜微腔的高性能太赫兹探测器

IF 3.1 3区物理与天体物理

Infrared Physics & Technology Pub Date : 2025-04-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.infrared.2025.105853

Shifang Wu , Xiong Zhang , Yiwen Sun , Zhimin Liu , Changwen Xv , Peiguang Yan

{"title":"High-performance Te terahertz detector based on Au nanofilm microcavity","authors":"Shifang Wu , Xiong Zhang , Yiwen Sun , Zhimin Liu , Changwen Xv , Peiguang Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.105853","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.105853","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In terahertz system, terahertz detector is one of the core devices that directly affect the system’s performance. At present, the development of terahertz detector with high sensitivity, fast response speed, and simple structure for easy integration is still a research hotspot. In this paper, a high-efficiency and low-cost magnetron sputtering method is used to grow large-area Au nanofilm and Weyl semiconductor Te film. The photon absorption of the semiconductor material Te is significantly enhanced by introducing Au nanofilm as an optical resonance cavity in the bottom layer, which is combined with a sub-wavelength-structured grating electrode and the introduction of a localized surface plasmon (LSP) effect, to fabricate a metal-topological semiconductor–metal structure of large-area terahertz detector successfully. The device breaks through the limitation of material bandgap and can achieve high-sensitivity detection of terahertz wave. Under light irradiation at a frequency of 0.1 THz, the responsivity is 4.71 A/W, the noise equivalent power NEP is 15.6 pW Hz<sup>−1/2</sup>, and the specific detectivity D* is 7.86 × 10<sup>9</sup> cm Hz<sup>1/2</sup> W<sup>−1</sup>. This work provides an effective way to achieve high-sensitivity, large-area detection of terahertz wave.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13549,"journal":{"name":"Infrared Physics & Technology","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 105853"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143864771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

All-fiber mid-infrared supercontinuum generation with high coherence in chalcogenide fiber pumped by 2.8 µm Raman femtosecond solitons 以2.8µm拉曼飞秒孤子泵浦的硫系光纤中产生高相干的全光纤中红外超连续谱

IF 3.1 3区物理与天体物理

Infrared Physics & Technology Pub Date : 2025-04-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.infrared.2025.105882

Chunyu Zhang , Jian Song , Zhilin Zhang , Kai Xia , Zibo Wei , Meng Lv , Chao Mei , PeiLong Yang , Xuefeng Peng , Peipeng Xu , Shixun Dai

{"title":"All-fiber mid-infrared supercontinuum generation with high coherence in chalcogenide fiber pumped by 2.8 µm Raman femtosecond solitons","authors":"Chunyu Zhang , Jian Song , Zhilin Zhang , Kai Xia , Zibo Wei , Meng Lv , Chao Mei , PeiLong Yang , Xuefeng Peng , Peipeng Xu , Shixun Dai","doi":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.105882","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.105882","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We present an all-fiber mid-infrared supercontinuum (MIR-SC) generation in As<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub> chalcogenide glass fiber, powered by a 2.8 µm femtosecond laser generated through the soliton self-frequency shift (SSFS) effect in fluoride fiber. To ensure high-quality femtosecond laser pulse production, we thoroughly investigated the SSFS effect in three types of fibers using 2.0 µm femtosecond laser as pump source. Ultimately, we obtained 2.8 µm soliton pulses with an average power of 241 mW, a conversion efficiency of 42.5 % and a peak power reaching 36.5 kW in an 8 m-long ZrF<sub>4</sub>-BaF<sub>2</sub>-LaF<sub>3</sub>-AlF<sub>3</sub>-NaF (ZBLAN) fiber. By injecting the 2.8 µm pulses into a segment of As<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub> fiber, where this wavelength situated rightly in the normal dispersion region of this fiber, a SC spanning from 1.83 to 4.0 µm was generated with excellent spectral flatness. Furthermore, we simulated the spectral evolution of the pulses in the As<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub> fiber, the simulation results showing strong agreement with experimental observations. The spectral coherence factor <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mo>|</mo><mi>g</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>12</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></msubsup><mrow><mo>|</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> was estimated close to 1 across the entire spectral range, indicating a good coherence of this SC.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13549,"journal":{"name":"Infrared Physics & Technology","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 105882"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143870728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Fabrication of high-aspect-ratio 5 μm ultra-small pitch indium bump arrays by vacuum thermal deposition under variable rate 可变速率真空热沉积制备高宽高比5 μm超小间距铟凸点阵列

IF 3.1 3区物理与天体物理

Infrared Physics & Technology Pub Date : 2025-04-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.infrared.2025.105869

Yang Si, ShunHu Yang, YuNa Shi, Wen Wang, YongLiang Li, QiongFang Wang, ChaoWei Yang, DaFan Zuo, YuanQing Feng, GuiQin Zhao, YanZhen Liu, XiangQian Wang, XiongJun Li, ShouZhang Yuan

{"title":"Fabrication of high-aspect-ratio 5 μm ultra-small pitch indium bump arrays by vacuum thermal deposition under variable rate","authors":"Yang Si, ShunHu Yang, YuNa Shi, Wen Wang, YongLiang Li, QiongFang Wang, ChaoWei Yang, DaFan Zuo, YuanQing Feng, GuiQin Zhao, YanZhen Liu, XiangQian Wang, XiongJun Li, ShouZhang Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.105869","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.105869","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As the pixel pitch of infrared focal plane detectors is scaled down to 5 μm, the vacuum thermal evaporation process for fabricating indium bumps for device flip-chip interconnects faces significant challenges. Simple control of the substrate temperature and deposition rate is insufficient to achieve the high aspect ratio and uniformity indium bumps because of the serious clogging issues. To address this problem, this work investigates the evolution of the volume and profile of the indium bumps fabricated under different deposition conditions, and proposes a dynamic deposition rate approach to maximize the aspect ratio growth rate of the indium bumps. This research enables the successful fabrication of 5 μm pitch indium bump arrays with aspect ratio of 0.92 for 5 μm-pitch indium bumps and 0.78 for 5 μm-pitch indium balls after reflowing. Furthermore, the influence of the under-bump metallization (UBM) size on the height of the reflowed indium balls produced by the high-aspect-ratio indium bumps fabricated using the dynamic deposition rate approach is investigated and analyzed using a spherical cap model. The deformation of large-array indium balls after flip-chip interconnection process also have been investigated and finally achieved an interconnection ratio greater than 99 %. This work lays the groundwork for the further development of ultra-small pixel infrared detectors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13549,"journal":{"name":"Infrared Physics & Technology","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 105869"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143874391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

All-fiber pressure-adaptive CO2 concentration monitoring based on negative curvature anti-resonance hollow core fiber 基于负曲率抗共振中空纤芯光纤的全光纤压力自适应CO2浓度监测

IF 3.1 3区物理与天体物理

Infrared Physics & Technology Pub Date : 2025-04-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.infrared.2025.105879

Kaiyu Chai , Yipeng Zheng , Bo Hu , Zihao Zhou , Kaili Ren , Dongdong Han , Lipeng Zhu , Yongkai Wang , Lei Liang , Linlin Zhang

{"title":"All-fiber pressure-adaptive CO2 concentration monitoring based on negative curvature anti-resonance hollow core fiber","authors":"Kaiyu Chai , Yipeng Zheng , Bo Hu , Zihao Zhou , Kaili Ren , Dongdong Han , Lipeng Zhu , Yongkai Wang , Lei Liang , Linlin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.105879","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.105879","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Greenhouse gas detection is a key foundation for combating climate change and provides indispensable data support for scientific assessment of carbon emissions and their environmental impacts. In this study, an all-fiber pressure-adaptive gas concentration monitoring system based on tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy-wavelength modulation spectroscopy is presented. Within a negative curvature-anti-resonant hollow-core optical fiber, the system achieves simultaneous gas concentration detection and ambient pressure monitoring. A pressure compensation algorithm is implemented to dynamically compensate measured gas concentrations to standardized values at the target pressure under fluctuating ambient pressures. The method effectively suppresses concentration measurement instability induced by pressure fluctuations. Experimental results demonstrate a significant improvement: under 20 kPa pressure variations, the 1-h relative standard deviation of CO<sub>2</sub> concentration measurement is reduced from 3.60 % to 1.36 %. Simultaneously, the minimum detection limit is optimized from 121.4 ppm to 34.3 ppm at a 10-s integration time.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13549,"journal":{"name":"Infrared Physics & Technology","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 105879"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143855786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0