Infrared Physics & Technology最新文献

{"title":"Genetically grouped atmospheric transmissivity weighted multi-group wide-band k-distribution model for remote infrared imaging","authors":"Yihan Li,&nbsp;Haiyang Hu,&nbsp;Qirong Hu,&nbsp;Yiwei Chen,&nbsp;Qiang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.106181","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.106181","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the prediction of remote infrared imaging for hydrocarbon-fueled vehicles and their exhaust plumes, conventional wide-band k-distribution methods encounter significant challenges due to the pronounced non-isothermal and inhomogeneous between combustion gases and the atmosphere, which severely violate the correlated-k assumption. To address this issue, an atmospheric transmissivity weighted multi-group wide-band k-distribution (ATWMGWB) model is proposed, where the atmospheric transmissivity is incorporated into the emission term of the radiative transfer equation. The deviation of correlated-k characteristics between two thermodynamic states is quantitatively evaluated and adopted as the objective function in a genetic algorithm to optimize the spectral grouping results of the proposed model. A set of 102 1-D cases is used to exhaustively search and optimize the model’s computational parameters based on a defined objective function. Results demonstrate that the optimized ATWMGWB model achieves superior accuracy and computational efficiency compared to the fictitious gas-based statistical narrow-band model and narrow band k-distribution model across the 2-2.5 μm, 3-5 μm, and 8-14 μm bands. In a 3-D nozzle fluid field calculated by large eddy simulation, the relative error of multi-band, multi-angle infrared radiance with respect to line-by-line calculations remains within <span><math><mrow><mo>±</mo><mn>8</mn><mtext>%</mtext></mrow></math></span>. With an imaging time comprising only 4.2% of the total LES computation, the ATWMGWB model was demonstrated strong potential for applications in turbulence–radiation interaction (TRI) research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13549,"journal":{"name":"Infrared Physics & Technology","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 106181"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of illumination optical system for long-wave infrared target simulator based on vector diffraction and polarization beam-splitting principles","authors":"Huibo Shao ,&nbsp;Lingyun Wang ,&nbsp;Chun Wang ,&nbsp;Xin Yu ,&nbsp;Yunting Gui ,&nbsp;Guangxi Li","doi":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.106167","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.106167","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Infrared target simulation technology plays a vital role in testing the anti-jamming ability and target recognition ability of infrared guided equipment. However, the current method of designing the illumination system for infrared target simulators leads to low uniformity and energy utilization. To this end, this paper proposes an illumination optical system design method based on the principles of vector diffraction and polarization beam-splitting to improve the uniformity and energy utilization of the infrared target simulator illumination system. By constructing a two-dimensional diffraction grating model, the optimal incidence angle of the DMD and its corresponding diffraction efficiency are calculated by combining the vector diffraction theory. By introducing the optimization strategy of beam-splitting film thickness and the number of layers, the design of the polarization beam-splitting prism is improved, which enhances energy utilization and successfully verifies its effectiveness. The experimental results demonstrate that the illumination system of the long-wave infrared target simulator designed based on this method achieves an irradiation uniformity of 96.62% and an average value of energy utilization of 32.13%, which effectively solves the problems of poor irradiation uniformity and serious energy loss of the illumination optical system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13549,"journal":{"name":"Infrared Physics & Technology","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 106167"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145157113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Grown, NIR spectrum and concentration effect of Yb:PbF2 crystals","authors":"Juncheng Tan ,&nbsp;Hongxu Jin ,&nbsp;Peixiong Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhen Li ,&nbsp;Zhenqiang Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.106168","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.106168","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A series of PbF₂ crystals doped with different concentrations of Yb were successfully grown by the crucible descent method, and the effects of Yb doping concentration on structural properties and NIR spectral parameters were studied. The absorption spectrum, fluorescence spectrum and fluorescence decay curve were tested at room temperature, and the absorption cross section, emission cross section and fluorescence lifetime were calculated. Through comprehensive analysis, the sample doped with 8 %Yb exhibits a longer fluorescence lifetime (970 μs) at ∼1012 nm, a wider FWHM (78 nm), and an optimal emission cross-section (0.58 × 10⁻²⁰ cm²), making it the best doping concentration. Additionally, the gain cross-section and other laser performance parameters of the sample were calculated. The results indicate that Yb:PbF2 crystals are a very promising type of laser crystal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13549,"journal":{"name":"Infrared Physics & Technology","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 106168"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145157114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural and photoluminescent properties of Yb3+/Er3+ co-doped calcium borosilicate glass","authors":"Yuhui Yan ,&nbsp;Weida Feng ,&nbsp;Min Wu ,&nbsp;Fangfang Ruan ,&nbsp;Yanyan Xue ,&nbsp;Zhen Zhang ,&nbsp;Jia Tang ,&nbsp;Hui Luo ,&nbsp;Liangbi Su ,&nbsp;Lihe Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.106164","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.106164","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The 13at.%Yb,0.08at.%Er:CBS laser glass is obtained through a high-temperature melting process possessing a density of 3.08 g·cm⁻³. The site concentrations of Yb³⁺ and Er³⁺ are determined as 7.63 × 10²⁰ atoms·cm⁻³ and 4.65 × 10¹⁸ atoms·cm⁻³, respectively. The refractive index follows the Sellmier Fitting Formula of <em>n</em>²-1 = 0.403367<em>λ</em>²/(<em>λ</em>²-0.0693712) + 0.069375<em>λ</em>²/(<em>λ</em>²-1.0926222) + 0.90913<em>λ</em>²/(<em>λ</em>²-0.0693752) at the wavelength range of 200–1000 nm. The absorption coefficient and absorption cross-section at the wavelength of 976 nm are 28.95 cm⁻¹ and 8.92 × 10⁻²⁰ cm², respectively. The emission cross-section and fluorescence lifetime at 1550 nm are 2.43 × 10⁻²⁰ cm² and 1.22 ms, respectively. The pump saturation intensity (<em>I_sat</em>) and the minimum pump intensity (<em>I_min</em>) under the excitation wavelength of 976 nm are 1.89 kW·cm⁻² and 0.015 kW·cm⁻², respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13549,"journal":{"name":"Infrared Physics & Technology","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 106164"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Octave-spanning supercontinuum generation in As2S3 waveguides pumped by a mid-infrared femtosecond-Raman soliton fiber laser","authors":"Zibo Wei ,&nbsp;Kai Xia ,&nbsp;Lei Yang ,&nbsp;Meng Lv ,&nbsp;Chunyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhilin Zhang ,&nbsp;Peilong Yang ,&nbsp;Peipeng Xu ,&nbsp;Xuefeng Peng ,&nbsp;Shixun Dai ,&nbsp;Qiuhua Nie","doi":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.106163","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.106163","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For mid-infrared supercontinuum generation in fiber-laser-pumped As₂S₃ waveguides, the selection of pumping wavelengths and coupling mechanisms significantly influences the extent of spectral long-wavelength edge broadening. The Raman soliton self-frequency shift (SSFS) technique enables pulses to be turned to longer wavelengths in fibers; however, it is limited to 2.4 μm in silica-based fibers. GeO₂-doped silica fibers are particularly suitable for efficient mid-infrared soliton generation and lensed structure processing due to their wider low-loss infrared transmission window and enhanced mechanical strength compared to conventional silica or soft-glass fibers. In this work, we demonstrate mid-infrared supercontinuum (SC) generation in an As₂S₃ slab waveguide using femtosecond solitons produced by SSFS in a GeO₂-doped silica fiber as the pump source. By integrating an all-fiber source, a home-built GDF lensed fiber, and a carefully engineered As₂S₃ waveguide, we achieved a 1.8-octave-spanning SC with the long-wavelength edge extending up to 2.93 µm. Simulations of pulse evolution in fibers and waveguides show good agreement with experimental results. This work provides a practical platform for on-chip optical sensing and communication.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13549,"journal":{"name":"Infrared Physics & Technology","volume":"151 ","pages":"Article 106163"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145154721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-sensitivity temperature sensing system based on frequency demodulation technology of high birefringence fibers","authors":"Hui Liu ,&nbsp;Fang Wang ,&nbsp;Kecheng Li ,&nbsp;Xinyi Zhao ,&nbsp;Songtao Huang ,&nbsp;Xu Wang ,&nbsp;Yufang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.106166","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.106166","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper proposes and validates a highly sensitive temperature detection system based on polarization mode beat frequency signal (PMBFS) demodulation. The system incorporates high birefringence fiber to enhance the stability of the PMBFS, while the low birefringence single-mode fiber (SMF) resonator is optimized for temperature measurement. Theoretical research demonstrates that the difference in the refractive index between the fast and slow axes of PANDA polarization-maintaining fiber (PMF) exhibits a strong linear response to external temperature, resulting in PMBFS drift. By monitoring this drift, we characterize the external temperature. In this study, we introduce Panda PMF with lengths of 10 cm, 14 cm, and 20 cm into the resonant cavity as the temperature-sensing structure. The experimental results confirm that as the length of the panda polarization-maintaining optical fiber increases, the sensitivity of the sensor to temperature also improves. When PMF is 20 cm long, the maximum sensitivity reaches 3.53409 MHz/°C, and the resolution reaches 0.01 °C. This method utilizes only PMF for temperature sensing, featuring adjustable sensitivity and resolution. It offers significant advantages such as high sensitivity, high precision, and a simple structure during the temperature monitoring process. Given its excellent performance, the sensor has great potential for applications in biochemical reactions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13549,"journal":{"name":"Infrared Physics & Technology","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 106166"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applications of terahertz technology in skin diseases","authors":"Liu Sun,&nbsp;Mingxia He","doi":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.106161","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.106161","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Terahertz (THz) waves refer to electromagnetic waves with a frequency range of 0.1-10THz and a wavelength range of 30 μm-3 mm [<span><span>1</span></span>] (as shown in <span><span>Fig. 1</span></span>). With its unique physical properties, THz technology has been widely used in aerospace, communication, medical and other fields, especially in biomedical field. The frequency range of THz waves is closely related to the rotational motion of molecules, weak hydrogen bonds, and van der Waals interactions [<span><span>[2]</span></span>, <span><span>[3]</span></span>, <span><span>[4]</span></span>]. Due to their low photon energy, THz waves do not cause significant ionizing damage to biological tissues and can be used to directly probe hydration states under physiological conditions. At THz frequencies, water exhibits a high absorption coefficient, which limits the penetration depth into biological tissues to approximately 0.2–0.3 mm. This means that only a few superficial tissues in the human body, such as the skin, cornea, and tympanic membrane, may be significantly affected by external THz radiation. Notably, the thickness of the skin is on the same order of magnitude as the wavelength of THz radiation [<span><span>5</span></span>,<span><span>6</span></span>] (see <span><span>Fig. 2</span></span>, which shows a schematic of the skin structure; <span><span>Fig. 3</span></span>, which illustrates the skin moisture content distribution).</div><div>Given that the penetration depth of THz radiation in the human body is limited to the submillimeter scale, its effects on the skin are a potential clinical concern [<span><span>6</span></span>]. This review aims to systematically summarize recent advances in the application of THz technology in dermatological medicine, with particular emphasis on THz detection (such as THz time-domain spectroscopy, THz-TDS) and the biological effects of THz radiation on skin tissues. We also evaluate the current understanding of safety and potential therapeutic applications, providing a foundation for future research and clinical translation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13549,"journal":{"name":"Infrared Physics & Technology","volume":"151 ","pages":"Article 106161"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145154720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonlinear TiC nanosheets for MIR Q-switched laser in Er:GYAP cavity","authors":"Zhentao Wang ,&nbsp;Dunlu Sun ,&nbsp;Guo Chen ,&nbsp;Keqiang Wang ,&nbsp;Huili Zhang ,&nbsp;Jianqiao Luo ,&nbsp;Cong Quan ,&nbsp;Kunpeng Dong ,&nbsp;Yuwei Chen ,&nbsp;Xinjie Li ,&nbsp;Hongyuan Li ,&nbsp;Shiji Dou ,&nbsp;Maojie Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.106162","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.106162","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The multilayer titanium carbide (TiC) nanosheets were successfully synthesized via liquid-phase exfoliation and the nanostructure was confirmed by electron microscopes and Raman peaks shifts. The modulation depth was fitted to be 8.7 % with a saturation transmittance of 88.4 %. The TiC saturable absorbers (SAs) enabled stable passive Q-switched operations with inserting in an Er:GYAP laser cavity, achieving an average output power of 579 mW, a pulse width of 168 ns and a repetition rate of 214 kHz, corresponding to a single pulse energy of 2.7 µJ and a peak power of 16.1 W. The laser spectra of 2730–2830 nm and beam quality factors of 1.61 and 1.63 were determined. This work not only advances the development of compact MIR pulsed lasers but also expands the potential of transition metal carbides in nonlinear photonics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13549,"journal":{"name":"Infrared Physics & Technology","volume":"151 ","pages":"Article 106162"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145154722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SwinEIF: Explicit and implicit Swin Transformer fusion for infrared and visible images","authors":"Hongfu Zhang ,&nbsp;Xing Wu ,&nbsp;Qiuman Zeng ,&nbsp;Linrui Shi ,&nbsp;Gaochang Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.106156","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.106156","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Infrared and visible image fusion aims to integrate thermal target information from infrared images with fine texture details from visible images, enabling comprehensive scene perception in complex environments. Existing explicit methods rely on hand-crafted rules that struggle with cross-modal discrepancies, while implicit end-to-end models require large paired datasets that are often unavailable. To address these challenges, we propose SwinEIF, a <u>Swin</u> Transformer-based fusion framework that synergizes <u>E</u>xplicit and <u>I</u>mplicit paradigms for infrared-visible image <u>F</u>usion. The framework innovatively combines an explicit unimodal feature extraction branch, which learns modality-specific representations through Swin Transformer’s hierarchical self-attention, with an implicit multi-modal feature interaction branch that facilitates adaptive feature fusion via cross-attention between modalities. Additionally, a Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT)-based fusion decoder is incorporated to fuse features from different frequency bands, and this fusion process uses the content of the source images as fusion weights to generate end-to-end fusion outputs. Leveraging the strengths of the explicit image fusion paradigm, the unimodal feature extraction branch is trained on large-scale, unaligned infrared and visible images, enabling the network to capture diverse patterns and comprehensively extract global information in the first training stage. In the second stage, a smaller, aligned infrared-visible image dataset is then used to fine-tune the multi-modal feature interaction branch and the DWT-based fusion decoder, ensuring high-quality fusion outputs. By fully combining the advantages of both paradigms, SwinEIF demonstrates superior performance across multiple infrared-visible image datasets, outperforming state-of-the-art fusion methods. Experimental results confirm that SwinEIF excels in both subjective visual quality and objective evaluation metrics, showcasing remarkable fusion performance and strong generalization capabilities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13549,"journal":{"name":"Infrared Physics & Technology","volume":"151 ","pages":"Article 106156"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145118470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Suppression of tunneling dark current in unipolar barrier LWIR detectors via contact doping engineering","authors":"Yuhao Chen ,&nbsp;Jing Yu ,&nbsp;Lidan Lu ,&nbsp;Zhenfei Xing ,&nbsp;Rong Yan ,&nbsp;Weiqiang Chen ,&nbsp;Mingli Dong ,&nbsp;Jianzhen Ou ,&nbsp;Lianqing Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.106160","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.106160","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Suppressing tunneling dark current in nBn-type long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) detectors operating under cryogenic conditions has been a continuous challenge. This study proposes an n-contact doping strategy of InAs/GaSb superlattice-based devices to modulate electron accumulation and the interfacial electric field distribution. As a result, the differential resistance increased by an order of magnitude, while a stable turn-on voltage (300 mV) and broadband spectral response (1–11 μm) were maintained. The influence of n-contact doping on the tunneling mechanism (Ea ≈ 0 meV) was evaluated over the 33–90 K temperature range using Arrhenius fitting. This work presents a novel approach to resolving the inherent trade-off between barrier thickness and tunneling dark current density in unipolar barrier structures, thereby contributing to the development of third-generation, high-sensitivity infrared focal plane arrays.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13549,"journal":{"name":"Infrared Physics & Technology","volume":"151 ","pages":"Article 106160"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145118465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}