Infrared Physics & Technology最新文献

{"title":"An Wavelet Steered network for efficient infrared small target detection","authors":"Teng Ma ,&nbsp;Kuanhong Cheng ,&nbsp;Tingting Chai ,&nbsp;Yubo Wu ,&nbsp;Huixin Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.105850","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.105850","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper introduces an innovative approach for infrared small target detection (IRSTD). Our model is primarily motivated by the integration of Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) into a convolutional neural network (CNN), combining the classical multi-scale analysis method with the deep learning (DL) framework. Firstly, it is argued that detail loss may be induced by downsampling operations such as average or maximize pooling, and the interpolation of upsampling is inefficient in increasing useful information. Therefore, Haar DWT and inverse DWT (IDWT) are embedded for lossless downsampling and upsampling, facilitating more effective feature extraction within the CNN. Secondly, a hybrid attention mechanism, referred to as Wavelet Steered Transformer (WST), is designed to fully enhance the DWT features both spatially and across channels. This mechanism consists of two key improvements: (1) Channel-wise Transformer: We propose adapting a channel-wise Transformer to enhance semantic information and suppress background clutter and noise. This enhancement ensures that the targets and background features are distributed across different channels, thereby boosting detection performance. (2) Dilated-Gate Convolutional Module: A dilated-gate convolutional module is employed to enhance spatial location accuracy. Unlike previous methods for location extraction, this module uses a combination of different kernel sizes and dilation rates to improve spatial accuracy. Experimental results on benchmark datasets showcase the supervisor performance of the proposed method. The code and data for this paper will be released at <span><span>https://github.com/Fortuneteller6/WaveTD</span><svg><path></path></svg></span> once the paper is accepted.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13549,"journal":{"name":"Infrared Physics & Technology","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 105850"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143892075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Direct detection of near-infrared fractional vortex beam","authors":"Hui Zhao ,&nbsp;Ruwei Zhao ,&nbsp;Qilu Liu ,&nbsp;Xiaokang Hu ,&nbsp;Tianxiang Xu ,&nbsp;Yan Sheng","doi":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.105893","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.105893","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We report a scheme for direct detection of fractional orbital angular momentum (FOAM) of near-infrared optical beams. By using a designed nonlinear Dammann fractional vortex grating (NDFVG), near-infrared fractional optical vortex could be converted to a multi-channel visible pattern with similar intensities, and the range of FOAM could be read on the basis of the intensity profiles of diffracted beams. A fast method is summarized, which only requires observation at most three points. The detection accuracy of FOAM is 0.1, and it can be optimized by tuning the grating structure. The designed NDFVG is fabricated in a LiNbO₃ crystal, and the detection process is demonstrated with incident FOAM of 0.1 as an example. This method may meet the wide requirements of near-infrared optical vortex detection in optical operation, imaging, and integrated optical communication systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13549,"journal":{"name":"Infrared Physics & Technology","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 105893"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143892076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optically transparent infrared stealth metamaterials based on frequency-selective thermal radiator","authors":"Cuilian Xu ,&nbsp;Jinming Jiang ,&nbsp;Mingbao Yan ,&nbsp;Wenjie Wang ,&nbsp;Lei Wang ,&nbsp;Jun Wang ,&nbsp;Sai Sui ,&nbsp;Qi Fan ,&nbsp;Jiafu Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.105888","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.105888","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Metamaterials provide amazing opportunities for developing frequency selective radiation because of their unique electromagnetic resonance properties. However most frequency-selective thermal radiation metamaterials currently do not have an optical transparency property, which prevents them from being used in some special occasions. Here, an optically transparent frequency-selective thermal radiator is designed and fabricated using the metallic-like properties of ITO. The emissivity of the metamaterial in the atmospheric transparent windows (3.0–5.0 μm and 8.0–14.0 μm) is less than 0.1, while the emissivity outside the windows (5.5–7.6 μm) is very high, thus achieving strong thermal radiation efficiency. Finally, the thermal radiation power of frequency-selective thermal radiator, low-emissivity coatings, and black body was analyzed using the thermal radiation model. Compared to traditional low-emissivity coatings, the advantage of frequency-selective thermal radiators is that it provides an efficient thermal radiation window for the target, further enhancing its infrared stealth capability through radiative cooling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13549,"journal":{"name":"Infrared Physics & Technology","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 105888"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143892074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long wavelength InAs/InAsSb photodetector with electron and hole barriers","authors":"Ting Xue ,&nbsp;Jianliang Huang ,&nbsp;Yanhua Zhang ,&nbsp;Wenquan Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.105861","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.105861","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We report on a long-wavelength InAs/InAsSb photodetector with electron and hole barriers. The as-grown sample exhibits very high structural quality. At 77 K, the 50% cutoff wavelength is <span><math><mrow><mn>8</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>67</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>μ</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow></math></span>. The shot noise limited detectivity <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>D</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>⋆</mo></mrow></msup></math></span> is 1.09 × 10¹¹ cm<span><math><mrow><mi>⋅</mi><mspace></mspace><mi>H</mi><msup><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>/W for the peak wavelength of <span><math><mrow><mn>7</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>42</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>μ</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow></math></span> at 77 K and is 5.14 × 10¹⁰ cm<span><math><mrow><mi>⋅</mi><mspace></mspace><mi>H</mi><msup><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>/W for the peak wavelength of <span><math><mrow><mn>7</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>46</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>μ</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow></math></span> at 100 K. The device can work up to 120 K.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13549,"journal":{"name":"Infrared Physics & Technology","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 105861"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143883134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of As flux on the micro-structures and dark current of InAs/InAsSb superlattice-based infrared detectors","authors":"H.X. Yin,&nbsp;J. Zhang,&nbsp;Ch. Chang,&nbsp;Zh. Jiang,&nbsp;G.R. Deng,&nbsp;J. Yang,&nbsp;X.C. Zhou,&nbsp;J.C. Kong,&nbsp;W. Lei,&nbsp;R.B. Ji","doi":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.105885","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.105885","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, we present a study on the influence of As/In flux ratio during the molecular beam epitaxy growth on the material quality and thus dark current density of the InAs/InAsSb superlattice-based mid-wave infrared detectors. It was observed that a proper As/In flux ratio is essential to achieving higher material quality and thus lower dark current density for InAs/InAsSb superlattice-based detectors. It is also found that a smaller pixel size, a lower reverse bias and a lower operating temperature are essential for achieving a lower dark current density. The dark current of the InAs/InAsSb superlattice detectors grown with an optimized As/In ratio (e.g. 10 in this work) is dominated by diffusion current for the temperature range of 150–270 K, and tunneling current for the temperature range of 90–150 K. The absence of defect-related Shockley-Read-Hall dark current mechanism results in the ultra-low dark current density (2.53 × 10⁻⁶ A/cm²) and excellent device performance observed at 150 K in terms of a responsivity of 1.71 A/W, and a detectivity of 8.22 × 10¹¹ cm·Hz^1/2/W. Such excellent detector performance at 150 K suggests their great potential for high performance sensing and imaging applications at 150 K.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13549,"journal":{"name":"Infrared Physics & Technology","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 105885"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143895628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ISSLDIA: Internal structure self-learning and low-dimensional image assistance for single hyperspectral image super-resolution","authors":"Cong Liu,&nbsp;Jinhao Ren","doi":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.105859","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.105859","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The single hyperspectral image super-resolution (HSI-SR) plays an important role in enhancing the spatial resolution of HSIs by only using their corresponding low-resolution hyperspectral images (LR-HSI). Most single HSI-SR methods have achieved great success recently and can be simply divided into learning-based and model-based methods. However, because of the difficulty of obtaining sufficient and identically distributed trainable HSIs, the former usually cut a portion of LR-HSIs and assumes that the corresponding high-resolution hyperspectral images (HR-HSI) are known to learn a learning module, which is difficult to achieve in reality. Although the latter do not require the training phase, they will inevitably influence the reconstruction accuracy because of the absence of a training phase. In this paper, we propose an internal structure self-learning low-dimensional image assistance (ISSLDIA) HSI-SR method by fully capturing the internal structure of LR-HSIs and similar low-dimensional images to reconstruct HR-HSIs. First, because the LR-HSI and HR-HSI contain complete spectral information, that is, the spectral correlation information of the LR-HSI and HR-HSI are similar to each other, we can extract the spectral information of the LR-HSI to guide the spectral reconstruction of the HR-HSI. Second, although the trainable HR-HSIs are hard to require, the high-resolution low-dimensional images are relatively easy to require. Both of them have similar spatial structures in small patches. We can learn the spatial structures from these low-dimensional images to assist in the spatial structure reconstruction of HR-HSI. Third, the LR-HSI is the downsampled version of the HR-HSI. Similarly, we can also get the downsampled version of LR-HSI by using the same downsampled operator. The similarity relationship between the LR-HSI and the downsampled LR-HSI is similar to that between the HR-HSI and the LR-HSI. Hence, we used the learned similarity relationship to the reconstruction of the HR-HSI. Finally, we integrate the three modules to generate an HSI-SR module, which is optimized using the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM). The experimental results on four HSI datasets show the superiority of the proposed method to some other traditional and advanced SR methods. The demo code can be found at <span><span>https://github.com/jinhaoRen/ISSLDIA</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13549,"journal":{"name":"Infrared Physics & Technology","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 105859"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143874389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of thermal effects on wavefront distribution in a high-power laser processing head","authors":"Yehao Wu ,&nbsp;Wenwen Liu ,&nbsp;Peikai Luo ,&nbsp;Pengcheng Zheng ,&nbsp;Xiaowei Zhu ,&nbsp;Dehua Zhu ,&nbsp;Yu Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.105890","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.105890","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The intricate thermal phenomena including thermotropic deformation and thermal blooming effect inside the cavity of a twelve-kilowatt power laser processing head were thoroughly investigated using COMSOL Multiphysics software. By constructing the mapping relationship between the wavefront aberration/focal plane position maps of collimating and focusing lenses and the thermal effects, the influence laws on lens body/coating deformations and thermally induced deformations of the clamping mechanism for the lens surface temperature were achieved and visualized, as well as how these deformations further altered the beam quality and wavefront. Meanwhile, the experimental verification based on the Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor ensured the accuracy of the simulation results. In addition, it was also explored that controlling the gas flow rate in the cavity in the range of 0.13 m/s-0.15 m/s under a helium environment can effectively alleviate the focal plane shift caused by the thermal blooming effect. These findings are of practical significance for optimizing the processing quality of high-power laser, especially in controlling thermal effect.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13549,"journal":{"name":"Infrared Physics & Technology","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 105890"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143886883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive review of infrared thermography and deep learning applications for solar photovoltaic systems","authors":"Aayush Khatri,&nbsp;Sachin Khadka,&nbsp;Nirjal Lamichhane,&nbsp;Ranjit Shrestha","doi":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.105878","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.105878","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are highly promising source of renewable energy for clean energy production and are likely to replace fossil fuels in the upcoming years. However, the output from PV systems is subjected to losses from various defects, including cracks, hot spots, defective modules, etc. Therefore, in order to keep the energy production from PV systems at its maximum level, regular inspection and monitoring techniques are necessary. Infrared Thermography (IRT) has emerged as a non-destructive diagnostic tool for detecting different types of defects associated with PV systems, while deep learning techniques have demonstrated exceptional capabilities in automating and refining defect identification. This review explores the integration of IRT and deep learning for PV system monitoring, highlighting recent advancements, methodologies, and applications. Initially, the review presents an overview of IRT and deep learning in the context of solar PV systems. Key contributions include a synthesis of state-of-the-art developments, offering a succinct summary of the main findings. Furthermore, the review discusses the challenges faced in combining IRT and deep learning for solar PV systems and explores potential future improvements for better evaluation and monitoring, which will ultimately help establish solar PV systems as a leading renewable energy source in the near future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13549,"journal":{"name":"Infrared Physics & Technology","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 105878"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143874390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A 7 × 1 chalcogenide fiber combiner with high transmission efficiency for mid-infrared high power lasers","authors":"Le Xia ,&nbsp;Weisheng Xu ,&nbsp;Keke Chen ,&nbsp;Yuyang Wang ,&nbsp;Zheming Zhao ,&nbsp;Kai Jiao ,&nbsp;Rongping Wang ,&nbsp;Xunsi Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.105884","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.105884","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fiber combining technology enables the merging of multiple mid-infrared lasers to achieve higher power outputs. However, detailed fabrication methods tailored for mid-infrared applications are rarely reported. In this study, we designed and fabricated a 7 × 1 fiber combiner using infrared chalcogenide glass and evaluated its performance for mid-infrared laser transmission. The fiber combiner consists of three main regions: the input fibers, the taper region, and the taper waist. When the taper ratio is 2 and the taper region length is 15 mm, the combiner demonstrates a uniform optical field distribution and achieves a simulated maximum transmission efficiency of 67.7 %. Experimental results confirmed the simultaneous superposition of laser power across different wavelengths, achieving watts-level output power at a 4.7 μm wavelength for the first time. To address the issue of high Fresnel losses caused by the high refractive index (n = 2.4) of chalcogenide glass at the input and output interfaces of the fiber, we applied a refractive index matching liquid to both ends of the fiber combiner. The average transmission efficiency per port reached 72.84 %, with a maximum transmission power of 2.48 W per single fiber. This advancement surpasses the milliwatt-level power limitations of previous mid-infrared fiber combiners, highlighting the potential of high-power chalcogenide fiber combiners in mid-infrared applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13549,"journal":{"name":"Infrared Physics & Technology","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 105884"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143883191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Single longitudinal mode Nd:YVO4 laser with mode selection based on pre-laser Q-switching and dual Fabry-Perot etalons","authors":"Xiaohua Xu,&nbsp;Shuang Wu,&nbsp;Xiaodai Yao,&nbsp;Meiyu Wang,&nbsp;Liwan Wu,&nbsp;Chang Gao,&nbsp;Hang Liu,&nbsp;Yongji Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.105883","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infrared.2025.105883","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lasers operating in a single longitudinal mode exhibit narrow spectral linewidths and excellent stability, making them highly valuable for practical applications in fields such as nonlinear optics, quantum computing, and gas detection. This paper reports a 1064 nm pulsed Nd:YVO₄ single longitudinal mode laser based on the combined mode selection of pre-laser Q-switching and dual Fabry-Perot (F-P) etalons. A rate equation model for combined mode selection is being established, and the particle number variation during the laser output process is being simulated. Pre-laser Q-switching mode selection experiments are conducted. Additionally, combined mode selection experiments integrating pre-laser Q-switching with dual F-P etalons are performed. In the combined mode selection experiment, a single longitudinal mode output at 1064.1 nm is obtained with a repetition frequency of 10 kHz, achieving a peak output power of 0.862 W. The laser exhibits a pulse duration of 36.03 ns and a spectral linewidth of 58.5 MHz. The findings from the experiment align well with the outcomes predicted by the simulation. This provides a stable, low-cost and easy-to-operate technical solution for future research on single longitudinal mode lasers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13549,"journal":{"name":"Infrared Physics & Technology","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 105883"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143874388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}