ImmunologyPub Date : 2024-04-15DOI: 10.1111/imm.13795
Chengyang Zhang, Yang Zhou, Shuangtong Xi, Danlin Han, Ziyu Wang, Jingwen Zhu, Yizhe Cai, Haifeng Zhang, Ge Jin, Yang Mi
{"title":"The TRIF-RIPK1-Caspase-8 signalling in the regulation of TLR4-driven gene expression","authors":"Chengyang Zhang, Yang Zhou, Shuangtong Xi, Danlin Han, Ziyu Wang, Jingwen Zhu, Yizhe Cai, Haifeng Zhang, Ge Jin, Yang Mi","doi":"10.1111/imm.13795","DOIUrl":"10.1111/imm.13795","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The inflammatory response is tightly regulated to eliminate invading pathogens and avoid excessive production of inflammatory mediators and tissue damage. Caspase-8 is a cysteine protease that is involved in programmed cell death. Here we show the TRIF-RIPK1-Caspase-8 is required for LPS-induced CYLD degradation in macrophages. TRIF functions in the upstream of RIPK1. The homotypic interaction motif of TRIF and the death domain of RIPK1 are essential for Caspase-8 activation. Caspase-8 cleaves CYLD and the D235A mutant is resistant to the protease activity of Caspase-8. TRIF and RIPK1 serve as substrates of Capase-8 <i>in vitro</i>. cFLIP interacts with Caspase-8 to modulate its protease activity on CYLD and cell death. Deficiency in TRIF, Caspase-8 or CYLD can lead to a decrease or increase in the expression of genes encoding inflammatory cytokines. Together, the TRIF-Caspase-8 and CYLD play opposite roles in the regulation of TLR4 signalling.</p>","PeriodicalId":13508,"journal":{"name":"Immunology","volume":"172 4","pages":"566-576"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140572860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ImmunologyPub Date : 2024-04-09DOI: 10.1111/imm.13791
Runfeng Shi, Meixin He, Yongzheng Peng, Xu Xia
{"title":"Homotherapy for heteropathy: Interleukin-41 and its biological functions","authors":"Runfeng Shi, Meixin He, Yongzheng Peng, Xu Xia","doi":"10.1111/imm.13791","DOIUrl":"10.1111/imm.13791","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Interleukin-41 (IL-41) is a newly discovered cytokine, named Cometin, Subfatin, meteorin-like transcription (Metrnl), and so forth. It is widely expressed in animals and can exert its biological roles through autocrine and paracrine forms. It has functions such as anti-inflammatory, improving body metabolism, regulating immunity, regulating fat metabolism and participates in the process of autoimmune disease or inflammatory injury. It plays an important role in psoriasis, diabetes, Crohn's disease (CD), osteoarthritis, Kawasaki disease (KD), Graves' disease, autoimmune hepatitis, infertility, obesity, sepsis, cardiovascular diseases and respiratory diseases. This paper reviews the biological functions of IL-41, the relationship between IL-41 and diseases, the effects of IL-41 in the cytokine network and the possible signalling pathways. In order to explore the same target or the same drug for the treatment of different diseases from the perspective of homotherapy for heteropathy, cytokine strategies based on IL-41 have been put forward for the precise treatment of immune diseases and inflammatory diseases. It is worth noting that IL-41 related preparations for lung protection and smoking cessation are interesting research fields.</p>","PeriodicalId":13508,"journal":{"name":"Immunology","volume":"173 1","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/imm.13791","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140573023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ImmunologyPub Date : 2024-04-07DOI: 10.1111/imm.13790
Ismail Sebina, Sylvia Ngo, Ridwan B. Rashid, Mariah Alorro, Patricia Namubiru, Daniel Howard, Tufael Ahmed, Simon Phipps
{"title":"CXCR3+ effector regulatory T cells associate with disease tolerance during lower respiratory pneumovirus infection","authors":"Ismail Sebina, Sylvia Ngo, Ridwan B. Rashid, Mariah Alorro, Patricia Namubiru, Daniel Howard, Tufael Ahmed, Simon Phipps","doi":"10.1111/imm.13790","DOIUrl":"10.1111/imm.13790","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Lifestyle factors like poor maternal diet or antibiotic exposure disrupt early life microbiome assembly in infants, increasing the risk of severe lower respiratory infections (sLRI). Our prior studies in mice indicated that a maternal low-fibre diet (LFD) exacerbates LRI severity in infants by impairing recruitment of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) and consequently attenuating expansion of lung regulatory T (Treg) cells during pneumonia virus of mice (PVM) infection. Here, we investigated whether maternal dietary fibre intake influences Treg cell phenotypes in the mediastinal lymph nodes (mLN) and lungs of PVM-infected neonatal mice. Using high dimensional flow cytometry, we identified distinct clusters of regulatory T cells (Treg cells), which differed between lungs and mLN during infection, with notably greater effector Treg cell accumulation in the lungs. Compared to high-fibre diet (HFD)-reared pups, frequencies of various effector Treg cell subsets were decreased in the lungs of LFD-reared pups. Particularly, recruitment of chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3<sup>+</sup>) expressing Treg cells was attenuated in LFD-reared pups, correlating with lower lung expression of CXCL9 and CXCL10 chemokines. The recruitment of this subset in response to PVM infection was similarly impaired in pDC depleted mice or following anti-CXCR3 treatment, increasing immunopathology in the lungs. In summary, PVM infection leads to the sequential recruitment and expansion of distinct Treg cell subsets to the lungs and mLN. The attenuated recruitment of the CXCR3<sup>+</sup> subset in LFD-reared pups increases LRI severity, suggesting that strategies to enhance pDCs or CXCL9/CXCL10 expression will lower immune-mediated pathogenesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":13508,"journal":{"name":"Immunology","volume":"172 3","pages":"500-515"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/imm.13790","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140573022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ImmunologyPub Date : 2024-04-02DOI: 10.1111/imm.13789
Soumyadeep Chattopadhyay, Rudradeep Hazra, Arijit Mallick, Sakuntala Gayen, Souvik Roy
{"title":"A review on comprehending immunotherapeutic approaches inducing ferroptosis: Managing tumour immunity","authors":"Soumyadeep Chattopadhyay, Rudradeep Hazra, Arijit Mallick, Sakuntala Gayen, Souvik Roy","doi":"10.1111/imm.13789","DOIUrl":"10.1111/imm.13789","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ferroptosis, a necrotic, iron-dependent controlled cell death mechanism, is distinguished by the development of lipid peroxides to fatal proportions. Malignant tumours, influenced by iron to promote fast development, are vulnerable to ferroptosis. Based upon mounting evidence it has been observed that ferroptosis may be immunogenic and hence may complement immunotherapies. A new approach includes iron oxide-loaded nano-vaccines (IONVs), having supremacy for the traits of the tumour microenvironment (TME) to deliver specific antigens through improving the immunostimulatory capacity by molecular disintegration and reversible covalent bonds that target the tumour cells and induce ferroptosis. Apart from IONVs, another newer approach to induce ferroptosis in tumour cells is through oncolytic virus (OVs). One such oncolytic virus is the Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV), which can only multiply in cancer cells through the p53-SLC7A11-GPX4 pathway that leads to elevated levels of lipid peroxide and intracellular reactive oxygen species leading to the induction of ferroptosis that induce ferritinophagy.</p>","PeriodicalId":13508,"journal":{"name":"Immunology","volume":"172 4","pages":"547-565"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/imm.13789","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140573055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ImmunologyPub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.1111/imm.13788
Mengting Zheng, Zhonglong Liu, Yue He
{"title":"Radiation-induced fibrosis: Mechanisms and therapeutic strategies from an immune microenvironment perspective","authors":"Mengting Zheng, Zhonglong Liu, Yue He","doi":"10.1111/imm.13788","DOIUrl":"10.1111/imm.13788","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Radiation-induced fibrosis (RIF) is a severe chronic complication of radiotherapy (RT) manifested by excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) components deposition within the irradiated area. The lung, heart, skin, jaw, pelvic organs and so on may be affected by RIF, which hampers body functions and quality of life. There is accumulating evidence suggesting that the immune microenvironment may play a key regulatory role in RIF. This article discussed the synergetic or antagonistic effects of immune cells and mediators in regulating RIF's development. Several potential preventative and therapeutic strategies for RIF were proposed based on the immunological mechanisms to provide clinicians with improved cognition and clinical treatment guidance.</p>","PeriodicalId":13508,"journal":{"name":"Immunology","volume":"172 4","pages":"533-546"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/imm.13788","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140335526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ImmunologyPub Date : 2024-03-28DOI: 10.1111/imm.13787
Yi Yun Liang, Xiao Yan Liao, Jun Jun Jia, Yi Zhen Yin, Yue Hua Zhang, Feng Guang Gao
{"title":"K33 only mutant ubiquitin augments bone marrow-derived dendritic cell-mediated CTL priming via PI3K-Akt pathway","authors":"Yi Yun Liang, Xiao Yan Liao, Jun Jun Jia, Yi Zhen Yin, Yue Hua Zhang, Feng Guang Gao","doi":"10.1111/imm.13787","DOIUrl":"10.1111/imm.13787","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To explore the effect of K33 only mutant ubiquitin (K33O) on bone marrow-derived dendritic cells' (BMDCs') maturity, antigen uptake capability, surface molecule expressions and BMDC-mediated CTL priming, and further investigate the role of PI3K-Akt engaged in K33O-increased BMDC maturation, antigen uptake and presentation, surface molecule expressions and BMDC-based CTL priming. BMDCs were conferred K33O and other ubiquitin mutants (K33R, K48R, K63R-mutant ubiquitin) incubation or LY294002 and wortmannin pretreatment. PI3K-Akt phosphorylation, antigen uptake, antigenic presentation and CD86/MHC class I expression in BMDC were determined by western blot or flow cytometry. BMDC-based CTL proliferation and priming were determined by in vitro mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), ex vivo enzyme-linked immunospot assay (Elispot) and flow cytometry with intracellular staining, respectively. The treatment with K33O effectively augmented PI3K-Akt phosphorylation, BMDCs' antigen uptake, antigenic presentation, CD86/MHC class I and CD11c expressions. MLR, Elispot and flow cytometry revealed that K33O treatment obviously enhanced CTL proliferation, CTL priming and perforin/granzyme B expression. The pretreatment with PI3K-Akt inhibitors efficiently abrogated K33O's effects on BMDC. The replenishment of K33 only mutant ubiquitin augments BMDC-mediated CTL priming in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells via PI3K-Akt signalling.</p>","PeriodicalId":13508,"journal":{"name":"Immunology","volume":"172 3","pages":"486-499"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140318191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ImmunologyPub Date : 2024-03-27DOI: 10.1111/imm.13784
Hanxiao Sun, Jie Shu, Jupei Tang, Yue Li, Jinxin Qiu, Zhaoyun Ding, Binbin Xuan, Minghui Chen, Chenxin Gan, Jinpiao Lin, Ju Qiu, Huiming Sheng, Chuanxin Wang
{"title":"GLP-1 receptor agonists alleviate colonic inflammation by modulating intestinal microbiota and the function of group 3 innate lymphoid cells","authors":"Hanxiao Sun, Jie Shu, Jupei Tang, Yue Li, Jinxin Qiu, Zhaoyun Ding, Binbin Xuan, Minghui Chen, Chenxin Gan, Jinpiao Lin, Ju Qiu, Huiming Sheng, Chuanxin Wang","doi":"10.1111/imm.13784","DOIUrl":"10.1111/imm.13784","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), which are drugs used for treating type 2 diabetes, have been reported to exert anti-inflammatory effects on inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the mechanism of which remains elusive. Here, we report that GLP-1RAs ameliorate dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in both wild-type and T/B-cell-deficient mice through modulating group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s), a subset of innate lymphoid cells that regulate intestinal immunity. GLP-1RAs promote IL-22 production by ILC3, and the protective effect of GLP-1RAs on DSS-induced colitis was abrogated in ILC3-deficient <i>RORgt</i><sup><i>gfp/gfp</i></sup> mice. Furthermore, the treatment effect of GLP-RAs on colitis, as well as the generation of IL-22-producing ILC3s by GLP-RAs, is dependent on the gut microbiota. GLP-1RAs increase the abundance of <i>Firmicutes</i> and <i>Proteobacteria</i> in the gut, particularly beneficial bacteria such as <i>Lactobacillus reuteri,</i> and decrease the abundance of enteropathogenic <i>Staphylococcus</i> bacteria. The untargeted gas chromatography (GC)/liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS) of faecal metabolites further revealed enrichment of N,N-dimethylsphingosine (DMS), an endogenous metabolite derived from sphingosine, in the GLP-1RA-treated group. Strikingly, DMS ameliorates colitis while promoting intestinal IL-22-producing ILC3s. Taken together, our findings show that GLP-1RAs exert a therapeutic effect on colitis possibly by regulating the microbiota-DMS-IL-22<sup>+</sup>ILC3 axis, highlighting the potential beneficial role of GLP-RAs in inflammatory intestinal disorders with diabetes complications.</p>","PeriodicalId":13508,"journal":{"name":"Immunology","volume":"172 3","pages":"451-468"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140305510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The dysfunction of CD8+ T cells triggered by endometriotic stromal cells promotes the immune survival of endometriosis","authors":"Zhi-Xiong Huang, Dian-Chao Lin, Hua-Ying Zhang, Meng-Jie Yang, Jia-Hao Chen, Xin-Yu Ding, Song-Juan Dai, Yi-Huang Hong, Gui-Shuang Liang, Qi-Yuan Li, Qiong-Hua Chen","doi":"10.1111/imm.13786","DOIUrl":"10.1111/imm.13786","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Endometriosis is defined as an oestrogen-dependent and inflammatory gynaecological disease of which the pathogenesis remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the cellular heterogeneity and reveal the effect of CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells on the progress of endometriosis. Three ovarian endometriosis patients were collected, and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) progressed and delineated the cellular landscape of endometriosis containing five cell clusters. The endometrial cells (EMCs) were the major component, of which the mesenchymal cells were preponderant and characterized with increased inflammation and oestrogen synthesis in endometriosis. The proportion of T cells, mainly CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells rather than CD4<sup>+</sup>, was reduced in endometriotic lesions, and the cytokines and cytotoxicity of ectopic T cells were depressed. CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells depressed the proliferation of ESCs through inhibiting CDK1/CCNB1 pathway to arrest the cell cycle and triggered inflammation through activating STAT1 pathway. Correspondingly, the coculture with ESCs resulted in the dysfunction of CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells through upregulating STAT1/PDCD1 pathway and glycolysis-promoted metabolism reprogramming. The endometriotic lesions were larger in nude mouse models with T-cell deficiency than the normal mouse models. The inhibition of T cells via CD90.2 or CD8A antibody increased the endometriotic lesions in mouse models, and the supplement of T cells to nude mouse models diminished the lesion sizes. In conclusion, this study revealed the global cellular variation of endometriosis among which the cellular count and physiology of EMCs and T cells were significantly changed. The depressed cytotoxicity and aberrant metabolism of CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells were induced by ESCs with the activation of STAT1/PDCD1 pathway resulting in immune survival to promote endometriosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":13508,"journal":{"name":"Immunology","volume":"172 3","pages":"469-485"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140305511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ImmunologyPub Date : 2024-03-22DOI: 10.1111/imm.13785
Lingli Cai, Anqi Chen, Dong Tang
{"title":"A new strategy for immunotherapy of microsatellite-stable (MSS)-type advanced colorectal cancer: Multi-pathway combination therapy with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors","authors":"Lingli Cai, Anqi Chen, Dong Tang","doi":"10.1111/imm.13785","DOIUrl":"10.1111/imm.13785","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a frequent gastrointestinal malignancy with high rates of morbidity and mortality; 85% of these tumours are proficient mismatch repair (pMMR)-microsatellite instability-low (MSI-L)/microsatellite stable (MSS) CRC known as ‘cold’ tumours that are resistant to immunosuppressive drugs. Monotherapy with programmed death 1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors is ineffective for treating MSS CRC, making immunotherapy for MSS CRC a bottleneck. Recent studies have found that the multi-pathway regimens combined with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors can enhance the efficacy of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 in MSS CRC by increasing the number of CD8+ T cells, upregulating PD-L1 expression and improving the tumour microenvironment. This paper reviews the research progress of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in combination with cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) inhibitors, oncolytic virus, intestinal flora, antiangiogenic agents, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and epigenetic drugs for the treatment of pMMR-MSI-L/MSS CRC.</p>","PeriodicalId":13508,"journal":{"name":"Immunology","volume":"173 2","pages":"209-226"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/imm.13785","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140184296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ImmunologyPub Date : 2024-03-21DOI: 10.1111/imm.13779
Ane Calvo-Apalategi, Marta López Nevado, Luz Yadira Bravo-Gallego, Luis Ignacio González-Granado, Luis M. Allende, Rebeca Rodríguez Pena, Eduardo López-Granados, Hugh T. Reyburn
{"title":"The lack of either IRF9, or STAT2, has surprisingly little effect on human natural killer cell development and function","authors":"Ane Calvo-Apalategi, Marta López Nevado, Luz Yadira Bravo-Gallego, Luis Ignacio González-Granado, Luis M. Allende, Rebeca Rodríguez Pena, Eduardo López-Granados, Hugh T. Reyburn","doi":"10.1111/imm.13779","DOIUrl":"10.1111/imm.13779","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Analysis of genetically defined immunodeficient patients allows study of the effect of the absence of specific proteins on human immune function in real-world conditions. Here we have addressed the importance of type I interferon signalling for human NK cell development by studying the phenotype and function of circulating NK cells isolated from patients suffering primary immunodeficiency disease due to mutation of either the human interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9) or the signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 (STAT2) genes. IRF9, together with phosphorylated STAT1 and STAT2, form a heterotrimer called interferon stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3) which promotes the expression of hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes that mediate antiviral function triggered by exposure to type I interferons. IRF9- and STAT2-deficient patients are unable to respond efficiently to stimulation by type I interferons and so our experiments provide insights into the importance of type I interferon signalling and the consequences of its impairment on human NK cell biology. Surprisingly, the NK cells of these patients display essentially normal phenotype and function.</p>","PeriodicalId":13508,"journal":{"name":"Immunology","volume":"172 3","pages":"440-450"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/imm.13779","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140184297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}