Immunology最新文献

{"title":"Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Signalling Inhibition Suppresses Th1-Like Treg Generation by Reversing Mitochondrial Uncoupling","authors":"Rachel Coulombeau,&nbsp;Claudia Selck,&nbsp;Nicolas Giang,&nbsp;Abdulrahman Al-Mohammad,&nbsp;Natalie Ng,&nbsp;Allison K. Maher,&nbsp;Rafael Argüello,&nbsp;Antonio Scalfari,&nbsp;James Varley,&nbsp;Richard Nicholas,&nbsp;Margarita Dominguez-Villar","doi":"10.1111/imm.13870","DOIUrl":"10.1111/imm.13870","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Inflammatory environments induce the generation of dysfunctional IFNγ⁺T-bet⁺FOXP3⁺ Th1-like Tregs, which show defective function and are found in autoimmune conditions including multiple sclerosis (MS). The pathways that control the generation of Th1-like Tregs are not well understood. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) signalling molecules are upregulated in Th1-like Tregs, and in vivo S1P inhibition with Fingolimod (FTY720) inhibits the expression of genes responsible for Treg plasticity in MS patients. However, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Here we show that S1P signalling inhibition by FTY720 inhibits the generation of Th1-like Tregs and rescues their suppressive function. These effects are mediated by a decrease in mTORC1 signalling and reversal of the mitochondrial uncoupling that Tregs undergo during their reprogramming into Th1-like Tregs in vitro. Finally, these results are validated in in vivo-generated Th1-like Tregs, as Tregs from MS patients treated with FTY720 display decreased Th1-like Treg frequency, increased suppressive function and mitochondrial metabolism rebalance. These results highlight the involvement of mitochondrial uncoupling in Treg reprogramming and identify S1P signalling inhibition as a target to suppress the generation of dysfunctional Th1-like Tregs.</p>","PeriodicalId":13508,"journal":{"name":"Immunology","volume":"174 1","pages":"153-166"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11652410/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142499557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RGS10 Deficiency Alleviated Intestinal Mucosal Inflammation Through Suppression of Th1/Th17 Cell Immune Responses in Ulcerative Colitis","authors":"Yonghong Yang,&nbsp;Yiming Shao,&nbsp;Xizhuang Gao,&nbsp;Zongjing Hu,&nbsp;Yan Wang,&nbsp;Cuimei Ma,&nbsp;Guiyuan Jin,&nbsp;Fengqin Zhu,&nbsp;Guanjun Dong,&nbsp;Guangxi Zhou","doi":"10.1111/imm.13869","DOIUrl":"10.1111/imm.13869","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Regulator of G-protein signalling (RGS) 10 plays critical roles in several immune related diseases. However, whether RGS10 is involved in colonic inflammation of ulcerative colitis (UC) is still obscure. This study aimed to investigate the role of RGS10 in UC. In this study, RGS10 expression was examined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescent analysis. Single-cell RNA sequencing of intestinal mucosa was performed to identify key immune cells with differentially expressed RGS10. RGS10 knockout mice were generated and established dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Expression of inflammatory cytokines on mRNA and protein levels was detected by qRT-PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and flow cytometry. We found that RGS10 expression was significantly elevated in UC patients, especially in CD4⁺ T cells, compared with healthy subjects. Intriguingly, RGS10 deficiency markedly alleviated DSS-induced colitis and decreased the proportion of Th1 and Th17 cells in lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMCs), peripheral blood (PB), spleens, and mesenteric lymph nodes (mLNs). Mechanistically, RGS10 deficiency blocked the differentiation of Th1 and Th17 cells by inhibiting the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1 and STAT3. The co-immunoprecipitation analysis further showed that RGS10 could interact with protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 2 (PTPN2), and further regulated Th1 and Th17 cells differentiation of CD4⁺ T cells. In conclusion, RGS10 deficiency alleviated intestinal mucosal inflammation through inhibition of Th1/Th17 cell-mediated immune responses via interaction with PTPN2 in CD4⁺ T cells. Therefore, targeting RGS10 may represent a novel therapeutic approach for UC treatment.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13508,"journal":{"name":"Immunology","volume":"174 1","pages":"139-152"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142464273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Immune Regulatory Functions in B Cells Are Restored by CpG to Reduce Experimental Food Allergy","authors":"Qiao Liu,&nbsp;Dong-Hua Bin,&nbsp;Zhuo-Ya Wang,&nbsp;Ke-Ping Peng,&nbsp;Wang Tang,&nbsp;Jing-Weng Huang,&nbsp;Ling-Zhi Xu,&nbsp;Xiang-Yu Wang,&nbsp;Ping-Chang Yang,&nbsp;Gui-Xiang Tian","doi":"10.1111/imm.13868","DOIUrl":"10.1111/imm.13868","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Dysfunctional immune regulation contributes to the pathogenesis of food allergy (FA). The mechanism behind regulatory B-cell dysfunction is unclear. CpG has immune regulatory functions. The purpose of this study is to use CpG to recover the immune suppressive functions of B cells in mice with FA. An FA mouse model was created using ovalbumin as the specific antigen. Flow cytometry was used to isolate B cells from the intestinal tissues. The immune regulatory functions of B cells were assessed using immunological approaches. The results showed that the FA response was linked to low IL-10 levels in gut lavage fluids of FA mice. FA mouse intestinal B cells produced lower amounts of IL-10 as compared with B cells isolated from naïve control mice. Impaired immune suppressive functions were observed in B cells isolated from the FA mouse intestine. The inducibility of the <i>Il10</i> expression in naïve B cells of the intestine of FA mice was defective. The induction of <i>Il10</i> expression in FA B cells could be restored by CpG through regulating the methylation status of the <i>Cmip</i> promoter. CpG promoted the therapeutic efficacy of allergen specific immunotherapy by restoring the induction of IL-10⁺ B cells in the intestine. The expression of <i>Il10</i> in B cells of the FA mouse intestine was impaired. Administration of CpG could restore the expression of <i>Il10</i> in B cells in the intestine and promote immunotherapy for FA.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13508,"journal":{"name":"Immunology","volume":"174 1","pages":"128-138"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142390322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Helios—Illuminating the way for lymphocyte self-control","authors":"Iivo Hetemäki,&nbsp;T. Petteri Arstila,&nbsp;Eliisa Kekäläinen","doi":"10.1111/imm.13866","DOIUrl":"10.1111/imm.13866","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Transcription factor Helios, encoded by the <i>IKZF2</i> gene, has an important role in regulatory T cells by stabilizing their suppressive phenotype. While Helios is prominently expressed in regulatory T cells, its expression extends beyond to include effector T cells, follicular regulatory T cells, B cells, and innate-like lymphocyte populations. Recent characterizations of patients with inborn error of immunity due to damaging <i>IKZF2</i> variants coupled with translational research on lymphocytes from healthy individuals, have increased our understanding on Helios' multifaceted role in controlling the human adaptive immune system. A less studied role for Helios beyond the stabilizing of regulatory T cells has emerged in directing effector T cell maturation. In the absence of functional Helios, effector T cells acquire more inflammatory phenotype and are prone to senescence. Loss of Helios expression disrupts the regulation of the germinal centre reaction, often resulting in either hypogammaglobulinemia or B cell autoimmunity. This review summarizes findings from studies in both mice and men offering a comprehensive understanding of the impact of the transcription factor Helios on the adaptive immune system.</p>","PeriodicalId":13508,"journal":{"name":"Immunology","volume":"174 1","pages":"17-29"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11652420/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142361363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Downregulation of type I interferon signalling pathway by urate in primary human PBMCs","authors":"Medeea Badii,&nbsp;Valentin Nica,&nbsp;Ancuța R. Straton,&nbsp;Brenda Kischkel,&nbsp;Orsolya Gaal,&nbsp;Georgiana Cabău,&nbsp;Viola Klück,&nbsp;Ioana Hotea,&nbsp;HINT Consortium,&nbsp;Boris Novakovic,&nbsp;Cristina Pamfil,&nbsp;Simona Rednic,&nbsp;Mihai G. Netea,&nbsp;Radu A. Popp,&nbsp;Leo A. B. Joosten,&nbsp;Tania O. Crișan","doi":"10.1111/imm.13858","DOIUrl":"10.1111/imm.13858","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Type I interferons (IFN1s) mediate innate responses to microbial stimuli and regulate interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-1 receptor antagonist (Ra) production in human cells. This study explores interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) alterations in the transcriptome of patients with gout and stimulated human primary cells in vitro in relation to serum urate concentrations. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and monocytes of patients with gout were primed in vitro with soluble urate, followed by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Separately, PBMCs were stimulated with various toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands. RNA sequencing and IL-1Ra cytokine measurement were performed. STAT1 phosphorylation was assessed in urate-treated monocytes. Cytokine responses to IFN-β were evaluated in PBMCs cultured with or without urate and restimulated with LPS and monosodium urate (MSU) crystals. Transcriptomics revealed suppressed IFN-related signalling pathways in urate-exposed PBMCs or monocytes which was supported by diminishment of phosphorylated STAT1. The stimulation of PBMCs with IFN-β did not modify the urate-induced inflammation. Interestingly, in vivo, serum urate concentrations were inversely correlated to in vitro ISG expression upon stimulations with TLR ligands. These findings support a deficient IFN1 signalling in the presence of elevated serum urate concentrations, which could translate to increased susceptibility to infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":13508,"journal":{"name":"Immunology","volume":"174 1","pages":"100-112"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11652411/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142361362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Engineered-Chimeric Botulinum Neurotoxin Mutant Acts as an Effective Bivalent Vaccine Against Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype A and E","authors":"Jingrong Wang,&nbsp;Jiansheng Lu,&nbsp;Bolin Li,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Liu,&nbsp;Rong Wang,&nbsp;Peng Du,&nbsp;Shuo Yu,&nbsp;Zhixin Yang,&nbsp;Yunzhou Yu","doi":"10.1111/imm.13867","DOIUrl":"10.1111/imm.13867","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), including serotypes A and E, are potent biotoxins known to cause human poisoning. In addition to the critical protective antigen found in the full BoNT molecule, the receptor binding domain (Hc domain), BoNTs also harbour another essential protective antigen—the light chain-translocation domain (L-HN domain). Leveraging these pivotal protective antigens, we genetically engineered a series of inactivated chimeric molecules incorporating L-HN and Hc domains of BoNT/A and E. The structure of these chimeric molecules, mirror BoNT/A and E, but are devoid of enzyme activity. Experimental findings demonstrated that a lead candidate mEL-HN-mAHc harnessing the inactivated protease LCHN/E with the mutated gangliosides binding site Hc/A (mE-mA) elicited robust immune protection against BoNT/A and E simultaneously in a mouse model, requiring low immune dosages and minimal immunisations. Moreover, mE-mA exhibited high protective efficacy against BoNT/A and E in guinea pigs and New Zealand white rabbits, resulting in elevated neutralising antibody titres. Furthermore, mE-mA proved to be a more stable and safer vaccine compared to formaldehyde-inactivated toxoid. Our data underscore the genetically engineered mE-mA as a highly effective bivalent vaccine against BoNT/A and E, paving the way for the development of polyvalent vaccines against biotoxins.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13508,"journal":{"name":"Immunology","volume":"174 1","pages":"113-127"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142361364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How maternal factors shape the immune system of breastfed infants to alleviate food allergy: A systematic and updated review","authors":"Yuhong Wu,&nbsp;Bihua Chen,&nbsp;Huan Wu,&nbsp;Jinyan Gao,&nbsp;Xuanyi Meng,&nbsp;Hongbing Chen","doi":"10.1111/imm.13864","DOIUrl":"10.1111/imm.13864","url":null,"abstract":"<p>What infants eat early in life may shape the immune system and have long-standing consequences on the health of the host during later life. In the early months post-birth, breast milk serves as the exclusive and optimal nourishment for infants, facilitating crucial molecular exchanges between mother and infant. Recent advances have uncovered that some maternal factors influence breastfed infant outcomes, including the risk of food allergy (FA). To date, accumulated data show that breastfed infants have a lower risk of FA. However, the issue remains disputed, some reported preventive allergy effects, while others did not confirm such effects, or if identified, protective effects were limited to early childhood. The disputed outcomes may be attributed to the maternal status, as it determines the compounds of the breast milk that breastfed infants are exposed to. In this review, we first detail the compounds in breast milk and their roles in infant FA. Then, we present maternal factors resulting in alterations in breast milk compounds, such as maternal health status, maternal diet intake, and maternal food allergen intake, which subsequently impact FA in breastfed infants. Finally, we analyze how these compounds in breast milk alleviated the infant FA by mother-to-infant transmission. Altogether, the mechanisms are primarily linked to the synergetic and direct effects of compounds in breast milk, via promoting the colonization of gut microbiota and the development of the immune system in infants.</p>","PeriodicalId":13508,"journal":{"name":"Immunology","volume":"174 1","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/imm.13864","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142345953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RNA technology and nanocarriers empowering in vivo chimeric antigen receptor therapy","authors":"Jingsheng Cai,&nbsp;Shaoyi Chen,&nbsp;Zheng Liu,&nbsp;Haoran Li,&nbsp;Peiyu Wang,&nbsp;Fan Yang,&nbsp;Yun Li,&nbsp;Kezhong Chen,&nbsp;Ming Sun,&nbsp;Mantang Qiu","doi":"10.1111/imm.13861","DOIUrl":"10.1111/imm.13861","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The remarkable success of mRNA-based coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines has propelled the advancement of nanomedicine, specifically in the realm of RNA technology and nanomaterial delivery systems. Notably, significant strides have been made in the development of RNA-based in vivo chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapy. In comparison to the conventional ex vivo CAR therapy, in vivo CAR therapy offers several benefits including simplified preparation, reduced costs, broad applicability and decreased potential for carcinogenic effects. This review summarises the RNA-based CAR constructs in in vivo CAR therapy, discusses the current applications of in vivo delivery vectors and outlines the immune cells edited with CAR molecules. We aim for the conveyed messages to contribute towards the advancement of in vivo CAR application.</p>","PeriodicalId":13508,"journal":{"name":"Immunology","volume":"173 4","pages":"634-653"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/imm.13861","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142345954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expression of RAG and secondary gene rearrangement of BCR in mature peripheral B lymphocytes in Takayasu arteritis","authors":"Zhenni Wang,&nbsp;Zongxu Jing,&nbsp;Xiaoyun Luo","doi":"10.1111/imm.13865","DOIUrl":"10.1111/imm.13865","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To evaluate the expression of recombinant activating gene (RAG) and B cell receptor (BCR) gene rearrangements in mature peripheral B lymphocytes in Takayasu arteritis (TA) to explore the possible mechanism of humoral immune response in TA. Ten patients with TA and 10 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers (control group) from Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, between 2022 and 2023, were included in this study. The mRNA of the RAG was measured using real-time quantitative PCR (RT-PCR). Western blotting was used to detect RAG protein expression levels. NGS technology was used to detect BCR gene rearrangement. The mRNA expression level of RAG1 and RAG2 in peripheral mature B lymphocytes in patients with TA was significantly higher than in the control group (RAG1 5.56 ± 1.71 vs. 1.94 ± 0.86, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05; RAG2 5.26 ± 1.59 vs. 1.65 ± 0.64, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05), respectively. The protein expression level of the RAG1 and the RAG2 in peripheral mature B lymphocytes in patients with TA was significantly higher than in the healthy control group (RAG1 4.33 ± 1.58 vs. 1.52 ± 0.59, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001; RAG2 4.67 ± 1.88 vs. 1.59 ± 0.56, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). The number of peripheral B lymphocyte BCR clonotypes in the group of patients with TA was significantly higher than in the normal control group (1574 ± 317.7 vs. 801.3 ± 202.1, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). The abundance of IGHV clones in patients with TA was higher than in the normal control group (31.185% vs. 13.449%), which was positively correlated with the expression levels of RAG1 and RAG2 (correlation coefficient <i>r</i> = 1.00, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), respectively. High expression of the RAG gene coexists with secondary BCR gene rearrangement in mature peripheral B lymphocytes in patients with TA, providing important clues regarding the potential humoral response in TA; however, further studies with larger samples are needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":13508,"journal":{"name":"Immunology","volume":"174 1","pages":"92-99"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142286190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiomic-based immune response profiling in migraine, vestibular migraine and Meniere's disease","authors":"Pablo Cruz-Granados,&nbsp;Lidia Frejo,&nbsp;Patricia Perez-Carpena,&nbsp;Juan Carlos Amor-Dorado,&nbsp;Emilio Dominguez-Duran,&nbsp;Maria Jose Fernandez-Nava,&nbsp;Angel Batuecas-Caletrio,&nbsp;Elisheba Haro-Hernandez,&nbsp;Marta Martinez-Martinez,&nbsp;Jose A. Lopez-Escamez","doi":"10.1111/imm.13863","DOIUrl":"10.1111/imm.13863","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Migraine (MI) is the most common neurological disease, affecting with 20% of the world population. A subset of 25% of MI patients showcase concurrent vestibular symptoms, which may classify as vestibular migraine (VM). Meniere's disease (MD) is a complex inner ear disorder defined by episodes of vertigo associated with tinnitus and sensorineural hearing loss with a significant autoimmune/autoinflammatory contribution, which symptoms overlap with VM. Blood samples from 18 patients with MI (5), VM (5) and MD (8) and 6 controls were collected and compared in a case–control study. Droplet-isolated nuclei from mononuclear cells used to generate scRNAseq and scATACseq data sets from MI, VM and MD. MI and VM have no differences in their immune transcriptome; therefore, they were considered as a single cluster for further analyses. Natural Killer (NK) cells transcriptomic data support a polarisation triggered by Type 1 innate immune cells via the release of interleukin (IL)-12, IL-15 and IL-18. According to the monocyte scRNAseq data, there were two MD clusters, one inactive and one driven by monocytes. The unique pathways of the MI + VM cluster were cellular responses to metal ions, whereas MD monocyte-driven cluster pathways showed responses to biotic stimuli. MI and MD have different immune responses. These findings support that MI and VM have a Type 1 immune lymphoid cell response, and that there are two clusters of MD patients, one inactive and one Monocyte-driven.</p>","PeriodicalId":13508,"journal":{"name":"Immunology","volume":"173 4","pages":"768-779"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/imm.13863","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142261864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}