IIUM Engineering Journal最新文献

{"title":"BIPHASIC CRUDE PALM OIL DECHLORINATION: EFFECT OF VOLUME RATIO AND CONCENTRATION OF SODIUM SILICATE TO HYDROXIDE ION DISTRIBUTION","authors":"Zulfa Kurnia Umani Hari, Syamsul Bahari Abdullah, S. Jamari, Che Rahmat Che Mat, M. S. Mahmud","doi":"10.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2882","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2882","url":null,"abstract":"Dechlorination of crude palm oil (CPO) to prevent toxic contaminant formation inspired studies of applying alkaline in its treatments. This paper reports distribution of hydroxide ion (OH-) from sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (SS) between aqueous solution and CPO under equilibrium systems to moderate its presence in CPO and minimize saponification. In this study, OH- was determined through pH measurements, which also indicated sodium hydroxide (NaOH) presence. Filtered CPO was mixed with SS solution at room temperature in various volume ratios and SS concentrations under 800-rpm agitation before being settling down to form layers of liquids. The One-Factor-in-A-Time approach was used to optimize the ratio. Acid value test and GCMS analyses were used to determine free fatty acids. Calibration curve construction revealed 0.0818 of OH- dissociation constant. SS solution could turn to acidic at 6.344 × 10-5 g/ml of concentration probably due to hydrated silica. Using 0.01 g/ml SS solution, volume ratios between CPO and SS solution spanning from 0.33 to 3 were all under alkaline conditions but decreasing OH- concentration, where 2 liquid phases only appeared in the ratio of 2.33 and 3. Concentration of SS was then varied for the 2.33 volume ratio and a sigmoid trend of OH- increase was evident. The McCabe-Thiele plot revealed hydroxide ion equilibrium below operating line suggesting its extraction impossibility to CPO. ABSTRAK: Penyahklorinan minyak sawit mentah (MSM) bertujuan mencegah pembentukan bahan cemar toksik telah mendorong penggunaan alkali dalam rawatan minyak itu. Manuskrip ini melaporkan taburan ion hidroksida (OH-) daripada sodium hidroksida dan sodium silikat (SS) antara larutan akueus dan MSM di bawah keadaan penampan untuk mengurangkan kehadirannya dalam MSM bagi mengelakkan pembentukan sabun. Dalam kajian ini, kepekatan OH- ditentukan melalui pengukuran pH, yang juga merupakan petunjuk kepada kewujudan NaOH. MSM yang ditapis dicampur dengan larutan SS pada suhu bilik dalam pelbagai nisbah isipadu dan kepekatan di bawah pengadukan 800 rpm sebelum diendapkan untuk membentuk lapisan cecair. Pendekatan Satu-Faktor-Sekali telah digunakan untuk mengoptimakan nisbah tersebut. Ujian nilai asid dan analisis GCMS digunakan untuk menentukan kandungan asid lemak bebas. Penjanaan lengkung penentu-ukuran membolehkan pemalar pelepasan OH- diperoleh iaitu 0.0818. Larutan SS boleh bertukar asid pada kepekatan 6.344 × 10-5 g/ml mungkin disebabkan silika yang terhidrasi. Dengan menggunakan larutan SS 0.01 g/ml, nisbah isipadu antara MSM dan larutan SS dari 0.33 ke 3 berkeadaan alkali dan menurun kepekatan hidroksida. 2 fasa cecair hanya wujud pada nisbah 2.33 dan 3. Kemudian kepekatan SS diubah-ubah untuk nisbah isipadi 2.33 itu dan corak sigmoid hidroksida diperoleh. Plot McCabe-Thiele mendapati keseimbangan kepekatan hidroksida berada di bawah garisan operasi menunjukkan pengekstrakan adalah mustahil berlaku terhadap OH- ke dalam MSM.","PeriodicalId":13439,"journal":{"name":"IIUM Engineering Journal","volume":"18 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139125362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"POWER OF ALIGNMENT: EXPLORING THE EFFECT OF FACE ALIGNMENT ON ASD DIAGNOSIS USING FACIAL IMAGES","authors":"Muhammad Mahbubur Rashid, Mohammad Shafiul Alam","doi":"10.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2838","url":null,"abstract":"Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder that impacts social communication and conduct. ASD lacks standard treatment protocols or medication, thus early identification and proper intervention are the most effective procedures to treat this disorder. Artificial intelligence could be a very effective tool to be used in ASD diagnosis as this is free from human bias. This research examines the effect of face alignment for the early diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) using facial images with the possibility that face alignment can improve the prediction accuracy of deep learning algorithms. This work uses the SOTA deep learning-based face alignment algorithm MTCNN to preprocess the raw data. In addition, the impacts of facial alignment on ASD diagnosis using facial images are investigated using state-of-the-art CNN backbones such as ResNet50, Xception, and MobileNet. ResNet50V2 achieves the maximum prediction accuracy of 93.97% and AUC of 96.33% with the alignment of training samples, which is a substantial improvement over previous research. This research paves the way for a data-centric approach that can be applied to medical datasets in order to improve the efficacy of deep neural network algorithms used to develop smart medical devices for the benefit of mankind. ABSTRAK: Gangguan Spektrum Autisme (ASD) adalah gangguan perkembangan yang memberi kesan kepada komunikasi dan tingkah laku sosial. Kelemahan dalam rawatan ASD adalah ianya tidak mempunyai protokol rawatan standard atau ubat. Oleh itu pengenalan awal dan campur tangan betul merupakan prosedur paling berkesan bagi merawat gangguan ini. Kecerdasan buatan boleh menjadi alat berkesan bagi diagnosis ASD kerana bebas campur tangan manusia. Penyelidikan ini mengkaji kesan penjajaran muka bagi diagnosis awal ASD menggunakan imej muka dengan kebarangkalian penjajaran muka dapat meningkatkan ketepatan ramalan algoritma pembelajaran mendalam. Kajian ini menggunakan algoritma penjajaran muka MTCNN berasaskan pembelajaran mendalam SOTA bagi pra-proses data mentah. Selain itu, kesan penjajaran muka pada diagnosis ASD menggunakan imej muka disiasat menggunakan CNN terkini seperti ResNet50, Xception dan MobileNet. ResNet50V2 mencapai ketepatan ramalan maksimum sebanyak 93.97% dan AUC 96.33% dengan  sampel penjajaran latihan, yang merupakan peningkatan ketara berbanding penyelidikan terdahulu. Kajian ini membuka jalan bagi pendekatan data berpusat yang boleh digunakan pada set data perubatan bagi meningkatkan keberkesanan algoritma rangkaian saraf mendalam dan membangunkan peranti perubatan pintar bermanfaat untuk manusia.","PeriodicalId":13439,"journal":{"name":"IIUM Engineering Journal","volume":"38 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139129796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ADSORPTION PERFORMANCE OF FIXED-BED COLUMNS FOR THE REMOVAL OF PHENOL USING BAOBAB FRUIT SHELL BASED ACTIVATED CARBON","authors":"R. Nedjai, N. Kabbashi, Md Zahangir Alam, M. Alkhatib, Amina Tahreen, Abdullah Al Mamun","doi":"10.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2932","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2932","url":null,"abstract":"A continuous adsorption study in a fixed-bed column using baobab fruit shell activated carbon (BF-AC) was investigated for phenol removal from an aqueous solution. Baobab fruit shell (BFS) was chemically activated using potassium hydroxide (KOH) at 700 °C in a nitrogen (N2) atmosphere. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and BET surface area analyses were performed for the characterization of BF-AC. Fixed-bed experiments were carried out and the effect of feed flowrate (10, 15, 20 mL/min) and bed height (5, 10, 15 cm) on the adsorption were investigated by evaluating the breakthrough curves. BET surface area of BF-AC was 1263 m2/g, indicating its well-developed pores and its good quality as an adsorbent. The findings showed that the exhaustion time (t????) and breakthrough time (tb) reduced as the flowrate augmented, while they increased as the bed height augmented. With the increase in the bed height and the flowrate, phenol solution volume treated was augmented. Also, BF-AC with bed height of 15 cm provided better elimination of phenol with carbon usage rate (CUR) of 1.74 g/L and empty bed contact time (EBCT) of 9.9 minutes. According to the findings, BF-AC is an effective adsorbent for removing phenol from aqueous solutions. ABSTRAK: Kajian penjerapan berterusan menggunakan kulit buah baobab diaktifkan karbon (BF-AC) telah dikaji mengguna pakai kolum lapisan tetap bagi penyingkiran fenol daripada larutan cecair. Kulit buah Baobab (BFS) diaktifkan secara kimia menggunakan kalium hidroksida (KOH) pada suhu 700 °C dalam atmosfera nitrogen (N2). Imbasan mikroskop elektron (SEM), pembelahan sinar-X (XRD, dan analisis permukaan BET dijalankan bagi pencirian BF-AC. Eksperimen kolum lapisan tetap bagi mengkaji kesan penjerapan pada aliran suapan (10, 15, 20 mL/min) dengan ketinggian (5, 10, 15 cm) dinilai melalui lengkung bulus. Kawasan permukaan BET BF-AC adalah 1263 m2/g, menunjukkan liang yang elok terbentuk dan berkualiti baik sebagai penyerap. Penemuan ini menunjukkan bahawa puncak masa maksima (t????) dan masa terbaik (tb) berkurangan pada kadar aliran bertambah, sebaliknya ianya meningkat pada ketinggian bertambah. Dengan penambahan ketinggian katil dan kadar aliran, jumlah larutan fenol yang dirawat telah bertambah. Selain itu, BF-AC pada ketinggian 15 cm menunjukkan penghapusan fenol terbaik pada kadar penggunaan karbon (CUR) 1.74 g/L dan masa sentuhan kolum kosong (EBCT) 9.9 minit. Ini menunjukkan, BF-AC adalah penyerap yang berkesan bagi menyingkirkan fenol daripada larutan cecair.","PeriodicalId":13439,"journal":{"name":"IIUM Engineering Journal","volume":"21 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139126067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"INFLUENCE OF CURING CONDITIONS ON THE EARLY STRENGTH OF LOW TEMPERATURE BELITE CEMENTS","authors":"Sambo Gwandu Haliru, Rodiah Zawawi","doi":"10.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v25i1.2829","url":null,"abstract":"Low temperature belite cements are produced using techniques that stabilize the more reactive high temperature polymorphs of dicalcium silicate (C2S) to improve early strength, but the effect of curing conditions on them is not well studied. The focus of this work is to assess the improvement of their early strength in different curing conditions. During the synthesis of the cements at 1000 ºC, the more reactive polymorphs, -C2S and ?-C2S, were stabilized using gypsum and hydrothermal treatment with potassium hydroxide. The phase composition of the synthesized cements was analysed using X-ray powder diffraction. The morphology and elemental composition of the C2S crystals and hydrated pastes was determined using a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray system. Mortar samples were cured in different conditions that include hot air and hot water curing at 60 ºC and 90 ºC. The 28-day strength development, capillary water porosity, water absorption, and ultrasonic pulse velocity were tested. The formation of hydration products and strength was dependent on the type of C2S polymorph. Curing at elevated temperatures improved the transport properties of mortars. Samples cured at 90 ºC in hot air obtained the highest early strength. The presence of -C2S and elevated curing temperatures significantly improve the early strength of the mortar samples. ABSTRAK:  Simen belite suhu rendah dihasilkan melalui teknik menstabilkan reaktif polimof dikalsium silikat (C2S) bersuhu tinggi bagi meningkatkan kekuatan awal, tetapi kesan keadaan pengawetan ke atasnya tidak dikaji dengan baik. Fokus kerja ini adalah bagi menilai peningkatan kekuatan awal pada keadaan pengawetan berbeza. Sintesis simen pada suhu 1000 ºC, iaitu pada polimof lebih reaktif, -C2S dan ?-C2S, telah distabilkan menggunakan rawatan gipsum dan hidroterma dengan kalium hidroksida. Fasa komposisi simen tersintesis dianalisa menggunakan pembelauan serbuk sinar-X. Komposisi morfologi dan unsur kristal C2S dan pes terhidrat ditentukan menggunakan pengimbas mikroskop elektron yang dilengkapi sistem sinar-X penyebar tenaga. Sampel mortar telah diawetkan dalam keadaan berbeza termasuk pengawetan udara panas dan air panas pada suhu 60 ºC dan 90 ºC. Perkembangan kekuatan keliangan kapilari air, penyerapan air, dan halaju nadi ultrasonik telah diuji pada hari ke 28. Pembentukan produk penghidratan dan kekuatan adalah bergantung kepada jenis polimof C2S. Pengawetan pada suhu tinggi meningkatkan sifat pengangkutan mortar. Sampel yang diawet pada 90 ºC dalam udara panas memperoleh kekuatan awal tertinggi. Kehadiran -C2S dan suhu pengawetan tinggi dengan ketara meningkatkan kekuatan awal sampel mortar.","PeriodicalId":13439,"journal":{"name":"IIUM Engineering Journal","volume":"38 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139128913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EMG BASED CONTROL OF WRIST EXOSKELETON","authors":"M. S. Karis, H. Kasdirin, N. Abas, Wira Hidayat Mohd Saad, Mohd Shahrieel MOHD ARAS","doi":"10.31436/iiumej.v24i2.2804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v24i2.2804","url":null,"abstract":"The significance of human motion intentions in a designed exoskeleton wrist control hand is essential for stroke survivors, thus making EMG signals an integral part of the overall system is critically important. However, EMG is a nonlinear signal that is easily influenced by several errors from its surroundings and certain of its applications require close monitoring to provide decent outcomes. Hence, this paper proposes to establish the relationship between EMG signals and wrist joint angle to estimate the desired wrist velocity. Fuzzy logic has been selected to form a dynamic modelling of wrist movement for a single muscle at different MVC levels and double muscles at a similar MVC level. The physical model of the exoskeleton hand using Simmechanics Matlab software has been developed to validate the performance of the fuzzy logic output result from both dynamic modelling approaches. A PID controller has been developed to smooth the exoskeleton hand movement fluctuations caused by the fuzzy logic decision-making process. As a conclusion, results showed a strong relationship between EMG signals and wrist joint angle improved the estimation results of desired wrist velocity for both dynamic modelling approaches hence strengthened the prediction process by providing a myoelectronic control device for the exoskeleton hand.\u0000ABSTRAK: Kepentingan dalam mengetahui kehendak gerakan pergelangan tangan manusia adalah penting untuk pesakit strok yang terselamat, justeru menjadikan isyarat EMG amat penting pada keseluruhan sistem. Walau bagaimanapun, EMG adalah isyarat tidak linear yang mudah dipengaruhi ralat sekitaran dan memerlukan pemantauan rapi bagi hasil yang baik. Oleh itu, kajian ini mencadangkan kewujudan hubungan antara isyarat EMG dan sudut sendi pergelangan tangan bagi menganggarkan halaju pergelangan tangan yang dikehendaki. Logik kabur (fuzzy logic) telah dipilih bagi membentuk model dinamik pergerakan pergelangan tangan pada otot tunggal di tahap MVC yang berbeza dan otot berganda pada tahap MVC yang serupa.  Model fizikal rangka luar tangan menggunakan perisian Matlab Simmekanik telah dibangunkan bagi mengesahkan prestasi Logik Kabur daripada kedua-dua pendekatan model dinamik. Pengawal PID telah dibangunkan bagi melicinkan gerakan turun naik tangan yang disebabkan proses membuat keputusan oleh Logik Kabur. Sebagai kesimpulan, dapatan kajian menunjukkan hubungan yang kukuh antara isyarat EMG dan sudut sendi pergelangan tangan. Ini meningkatkan anggaran dapatan halaju pergelangan tangan yang dikehendaki bagi kedua-dua pendekatan model dinamik seterusnya mengukuhkan proses ramalan melalui peranti kawalan mioelektronik rangka tangan.","PeriodicalId":13439,"journal":{"name":"IIUM Engineering Journal","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90980822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FEATURE EXTRACTION AND SUPERVISED LEARNING FOR VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS GAS RECOGNITION","authors":"Nor Syahira Mohd Tombel, Hasan Firdaus Mohd Zaki, Hanna Farihin Mohd Fadglullah","doi":"10.31436/iiumej.v24i2.2832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v24i2.2832","url":null,"abstract":"The emergence of advanced technologies, particularly in the field of artificial intelligence (AI), has sparked significant interest in exploring their potential benefits for various industries, including healthcare. In the medical sector, the utilization of sensing systems has proven valuable for diagnosing pulmonary diseases by detecting volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath. However, the identification of the most informative and discriminating features from VOC sensor arrays remains an unresolved challenge, essential for achieving robust VOC class recognition. This research project aims to investigate effective feature extraction techniques that can be employed as discriminative features for machine learning algorithms. A preliminary dataset was used to predict VOC classification through the application of five supervised machine learning algorithms: k-Nearest Neighbors (kNN), Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machines (SVM), Logistic Regression (LR), and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). Ten feature extraction methods were proposed based on changes in sensor response as inputs to classify three types of gases in the dataset. The performance of each model was evaluated and compared using k-Fold cross-validation (k=10) and metrics derived from the confusion matrix. The results demonstrate that the RF model achieved the highest mean accuracy and standard deviation, with values of 0.813 ± 0.035, followed closely by kNN with 0.803 ± 0.033. Conversely, LR, SVM (kernel=Polynomial), and ANN exhibited poor performances when applied to the VOC dataset, with accuracies of 0.447 ± 0.035, 0.403 ± 0.041, and 0.419 ± 0.035, respectively. Therefore, this paper provides evidence that classifying VOC gases based on sensor responses is feasible and emphasizes the need for further research to explore sensor array analysis to enhance feature extraction techniques.\u0000ABSTRAK: Perkembangan teknologi canggih, khususnya dalam bidang kecerdasan buatan (AI), telah mencetuskan minat yang ketara dalam menerokai manfaatnya untuk pelbagai industri, termasuk bidang kesihatan. Dalam sektor perubatan, penggunaan sistem penderiaan telah terbukti bernilai untuk mendiagnosis penyakit paru-paru dengan mengesan sebatian organik meruap (VOC) dalam nafas yang dihembus manusia. Walau bagaimanapun, pengenalpastian ciri yang paling bermaklumat dan mendiskriminasi daripada penderia  VOC kekal sebagai cabaran yang tidak dapat diselesaikan, penting untuk mencapai pengiktirafan kelas VOC yang kukuh. Projek penyelidikan ini bertujuan untuk menyiasat teknik pengekstrakan ciri yang berkesan yang boleh digunakan sebagai ciri diskriminatif untuk algoritma pembelajaran mesin. Set data awal digunakan untuk meramalkan klasifikasi VOC melalui aplikasi lima algoritma pembelajaran mesin yang diselia: k-Nearest Neighbors (kNN), Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machines (SVM), Logistic Regression (LR), dan Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). Sepuluh kaedah pengekstrakan ciri telah dicadang","PeriodicalId":13439,"journal":{"name":"IIUM Engineering Journal","volume":"100 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80719497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE EFFECTIVENESS OF 6T BEAMFORMER ALGORITHM IN SMART ANTENNA SYSTEMS FOR CONVERGENCE ANALYSIS","authors":"S. Thazeen, Srikantaswamy Mallikarjunaswamy","doi":"10.31436/iiumej.v24i2.2730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v24i2.2730","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, the need for more capacity in wireless networks has motivated this current research towards the creation of standards and algorithms that selectively take advantage of space. The development of smart antenna arrays and related beamforming algorithms has received a lot of attention. Cell Planning is an important process in networking, which is used to ensure coverage and avoid interference. Also, cell planning plays a vital role in the placement of base stations in a network. The communication between the base station (BS) and mobile station can happen either using a single antenna or an array of antenna elements. In the case of using a single antenna, if the Electromagnetic (EM) wave has low SNR, then BS cannot decode the data and drops the signal. Conversely, when an array is used, a signal with low SNR also falls on the base station, and due to multiple delayed copies of the same signal, the data gets decoded successfully. With Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA), the frequencies allotted for mobile communication are reused to provide channel access to multiple users at the same time preserving the allowable reuse distance in network architecture, thus increasing the channel capacity and facilitating multiple users separated by a distance at the same time with frequency reuse. The smart antenna system at the base station performs the transceiver function. The transmission phase uses the output from the reception i.e., the detected user direction radiates a beam towards the desired user for communication to narrow the beam. The proposed 6T Beamformer method is a six-tap-based system with three taps having fixed step sizes and the other three having variable step sizes. With the execution of each tap or module, better convergence and quality of service are achieved. In the result analysis, the proposed method is compared with existing high-performing algorithms like LMS, Griffiths, and VSSLMS against Mean Square Error (MSE) to show that it converges faster at the 9th iteration which is better than others in all the probabilities.\u0000ABSTRAK: Dewasa ini, keperluan terhadap lebih kapasiti dalam rangkaian tanpa wayar menjadi motivasi kepada kajian terkini dalam membentu piawai dan algoritma yang menjimatkan ruang. Pembangunan tata susun antena pintar dan algoritma pembentukan pancaran telah mendapat perhatian ramai. Merancang sel adalah proses penting dalam jaringan, bagi memastikan liputan terhasil dan mengelak dari gangguan. Juga, merancang sel memainkan peranan penting dalam menempatkan tapak stesen dalam rangkaian. Komunikasi antara stesen pusat (BS) dan stesen bergerak dapat berlaku samada menggunakan antena tunggal atau elemen tata susunan antena. Dalam kes antena tunggal, jika gelombang Elektromagnetik (EM) mempunyai SNR rendah, BS tidak dapat menafsirkan kod data dan signal akan terabai. Sebaliknya, apabila susun atur digunakan, signal dengan gelombang SNR rendah akan terus ke stesen pusat dan disebabkan beberapa gelombang sama yang","PeriodicalId":13439,"journal":{"name":"IIUM Engineering Journal","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74020937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EFFECTS OF HIVE SIZES AND MESH MATERIALS ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF PROPOLIS PRODUCED BY TETRAGONULA LAEVICEPS","authors":"M. Abduh, Annisa Shabrina, Andreas Raden Caman, Arsyannur Pratiwi, M. Insanu","doi":"10.31436/iiumej.v24i2.2709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v24i2.2709","url":null,"abstract":"Propolis and honey are bioproducts produced by Tetragonula laeviceps, a stingless bee species. Both products have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antibacterial properties. Modular Tetragonula hives of different sizes were used in the cultivation of T. laeviceps to increase the productivity of propolis while maintaining the sustainability of the bee colonies. This study was carried out in Jatinangor, West Java, Indonesia, with three size variations: small (21 × 18 × 14 cm), medium (26 × 22 ×17 cm), and large (30 × 26 × 17 cm). Each hive was equipped with a mesh of a different material. The results obtained in this study showed that increasing the hive’s size increases the productivity of propolis. The highest productivity of propolis (2.53 ± 0.37 g/colony/week) was obtained when T. laeviceps was cultivated in large hives equipped with a nylon-based mesh. The highest productivity of honey (0.78 ± 0.18 g/colony/week) was obtained when T. laeviceps was cultivated in medium hives equipped with an aluminum-based mesh. The harvested propolis was extracted using a maceration method. Total flavonoid and phenolic content of the propolis solution lies in the range of 1.77 ± 0.86 to 3.18 ± 1.43 mg QE/g propolis and 32.23 ± 14.09 to 112.13 ± 47.64 mg GAE/g propolis, respectively. The harvested honey had a water content of 21.86%, with 72.86% reducing sugar, 192.86 ?g/mL vitamin C, and 2613.41 ?g/mL of antioxidant content.\u0000ABSTRAK: Propolis dan madu adalah produk bio yang dihasilkan oleh Tetragonula laeviceps, spesies lebah kelulut. Kedua-dua produk mempunyai ciri anti-radang, anti-mikrob dan antibakteria. Sarang Tetragonula modular dengan saiz yang berbeza digunakan dalam mengusahakan T. laeviceps bagi meningkatkan produktiviti propolis sambil mengekalkan kemampanan koloni lebah. Kajian ini dijalankan di Jatinangor, Jawa Barat, Indonesia, dengan tiga variasi saiz: kecil (21×18×14 cm), sederhana (26×22×17 cm), dan besar (30×26×17 cm). Setiap sarang dilengkapi dengan jaringan bahan yang berbeza. Dapatan kajian yang diperolehi melalui kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa penambahan saiz sarang dapat meningkatkan produktiviti propolis. Produktiviti tertinggi propolis (2.53±0.37 g/koloni/minggu) diperoleh apabila T. laeviceps dibela dalam sarang besar yang dilengkapi dengan jaring berasaskan nilon. Produktiviti madu tertinggi (0.78±0.18 g/koloni/minggu) diperoleh apabila T. laeviceps diusahakan dalam sarang sederhana yang dilengkapi dengan jaring berasaskan aluminium. Propolis yang dituai telah diekstrak menggunakan kaedah maserasi. Jumlah kandungan flavonoid dan kandungan fenolik larutan propolis berada dalam julat 1.77 ± 0.86 hingga 3.18 ± 1.43 mg QE/g propolis dan 32.23 ± 14.09 hingga 112.13 ± 47.64 mg GAE/g propolis, masing-masing. Madu yang dituai mempunyai kandungan air 21.86%, dengan 72.86% penurunan gula, 192.86 ?g/mL vitamin C, dan 2613.41 ?g/mL kandungan antioksidan.","PeriodicalId":13439,"journal":{"name":"IIUM Engineering Journal","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84292319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CORONARY HEART DISEASE CLASSIFICATION USING IMPROVED PENGUIN EMPEROR OPTIMIZATION-BASED LONG SHORT TERM MEMORY NETWORK","authors":"Rajeshwari Maramgere Ramaiah, Kavitha Kuntaegowdanalli Srikantegowda","doi":"10.31436/iiumej.v24i2.2698","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v24i2.2698","url":null,"abstract":"Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is the most life-threatening and dangerous type of Cardiac Arrhythmia (CA), with a mortality rate of 10-15% in a year. Therefore, early detection of cardiac arrhythmia is important to reduce the mortality rate. Many machine learning algorithms have been proposed and have proven their usefulness in the classification and detection of heart problems. In this research manuscript, a novel Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) classifier with Improved Penguin Optimization (IPEO) is implemented for VF classification. The IPEO is used in finding optimal hyperparameters that overcome the overfitting problem. The presented model is tested, trained, and validated using two standard datasets that are available publicly: Massachusetts Institute of Technology-Beth Israel Hospital (MIT-BIH) and the China Physiological Signal Challenge (CPSC) 2018 dataset. Both of them consist of ECG recordings for five seconds of coronary heart disease (CHD) patients. Furthermore, Fuzzy C-Means and Enhanced Fuzzy Rough Set method (FCM-ETIFRST) are used for feature selection to extract informative features and to cluster membership degree, non-membership degree, and hesitancy degree. On the MIT-BIH dataset, the proposed model achieved accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision, and Matthews’s correlation coefficient (MCC) of 99.75%, 98.29%, 98.39%, 98.35%, and 97.79% respectively. On the CPSC 2018 dataset, the proposed model achieved accuracy of 99.79%, sensitivity of 99.11%, specificity of 98.20%, precision of 99.43%, and MCC of 98.57%. Hence, the results proved that the proposed method provides better results in the classification of VF.\u0000ABSTRAK:  Pemfibrilan Ventrikel (VF) adalah ancaman nyawa nombor satu dan jenis Aritmia Jantung (CA) berbahaya dengan kadar kematian 10-15% setahun. Oleh itu, pengesanan awal Aritmia Jantung sangat penting bagi mengurangkan kadar kematian. Terdapat banyak algoritma pembelajaran mesin yang telah dicadangkan dan terbukti berkesan dalam pengelasan dan pengesanan sakit jantung. Kajian ini mencadangkan kaedah baru pengelasan Memori Ingatan Jangka Panjang Pendek (LSTM) dengan Pengoptimuman Penambahbaikan Penguin (IPEO) yang dilaksanakan bagi  klasifikasi VF.  IPEO digunakan bagi mencari hiperparameter yang dapat mengatasi masalah padanan berlebihan. Model yang dicadangkan diuji, dilatih dan disahkan menggunakan dua dataset piawai yang dapat diperoleh secara terbuka: Institut Teknologi Hospital Massachusetts-Beth Israel (MIT-BIH) dan Cabaran Signal Psikologi Cina  2018 (CPSC). Kedua-dua data ini mempunyai rakaman ECG selama lima saat daripada pesakit Penyakit Jantung Koronari (CHD). Malah, kajian itu turut menggunakan Purata-C Kabur dan Kaedah Set Kasar Kabur Dipertingkat (FCM-ETIFRST) untuk pemilihan bagi mengekstrak ciri-ciri dan mengelaskan kelompok tahap keahlian, bukan ahli dan tahap keraguan. Bagi dataset MIT-BIH, model yang dicadangkan mencapai ketepatan, tahap sensitif, tahap spesifik, kejituan dan pekali kaitan Matt","PeriodicalId":13439,"journal":{"name":"IIUM Engineering Journal","volume":"113 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72982416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ENHANCEMENT OF MPPT MODULE FOR PARTIAL SHADING PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM UNDER UNIFORM IRRADIANCE CONDITIONS","authors":"H. Mohammed, Rosmiwati Mohd Mokhtar, H. Ali","doi":"10.31436/iiumej.v24i2.2752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v24i2.2752","url":null,"abstract":"Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithms play a critical role in maximizing the output power of solar panels. Different MPPT techniques are evaluated based on several criteria, such as tracking speed, simplicity, and accuracy with changes in solar irradiance and ambient temperature. Under partial shading conditions (PSCs), conventional techniques fail to track global maximum power points (GMPP). This paper aims to present an automatic and accurate method to fix the complexity of determining the accurate lookup table data in an automatic and fast process under uniform irradiance conditions (UICs) and PSCs. The proposed method runs the photovoltaic (PV) module with all potential irradiance and temperature. It automatically calculates the perfect voltage reference (Vref) for all potential PV system cases. The Vref is collected in an array, sent into a two-dimensional lookup table, and used for controlling the boost converter. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. In addition, a comparison was also made with the conventional perturb and observe (P&O) method. Under UICs, the proposed method takes less time than the conventional P&O algorithm to reach the MPP. The time difference between them is ?t = 0.133 sec and ?t = 0.04 sec for the first scanning process at t = 0 sec and sudden change irradiance at t = 1.5 sec, respectively. As for PSCs, the proposed method reached the GMPP during pattern 104 (first peak) without any power loss, while the P&O MPPT was able to track the GMPP but with power losses of 2729.97 watts.   \u0000ABSTRAK: Algoritma Penjejakan Titik Kuasa Maksimum (MPPT) memainkan peranan penting dalam memaksimumkan kuasa keluaran panel solar. Teknik MPPT yang berbeza dinilai berdasarkan beberapa kriteria seperti kelajuan pengesanan, kesederhanaan, dan ketepatan dengan perubahan dalam sinaran suria dan suhu ambien. Di bawah keadaan teduhan separa (PSC), teknik konvensional gagal menjejak titik kuasa maksimum global (GMPP). Kajian ini bertujuan bagi membentangkan kaedah automatik dan tepat bagi membetulkan kesusahan dalam menentukan carian data berjadual secara tepat, automatik dan pantas di bawah keadaan sinaran seragam (UIC) dan PSC. Kaedah yang dicadangkan menjalankan modul fotovoltaik (PV) dengan semua potensi sinaran dan suhu dan mengira rujukan voltan sempurna (Vref) secara automatik bagi semua kes yang berpotensi dalam sebarang jenis sistem PV. Vref dikumpul dalam tata susunan, dihantar ke dalam jadual carian dua dimensi, dan digunakan bagi mengawal penukar rangsangan. Keputusan simulasi mengesahkan keberkesanan kaedah yang dicadangkan. Perbandingan juga dibuat dengan kaedah konvensional perhati dan ganggu (P&O). Di bawah UIC, kaedah yang dicadangkan mengambil masa yang lebih singkat berbanding algoritma konvensional P&O bagi mencapai MPP. Perbezaan masa antara keduanya adalah masing-masing, ?t = 0.133 saat dan ?t = 0.04 saat bagi proses pengimbasan pertama iaitu pada t = 0 saat dan sinaran perubahan mend","PeriodicalId":13439,"journal":{"name":"IIUM Engineering Journal","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85191502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}