{"title":"Optimization of Off-Grid Hydrogen Production System with Shared Energy Storage Plant Based on Master–Slave Game Theory","authors":"Pengfei Zhang, Jiandong Duan","doi":"10.1002/tee.70104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tee.70104","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The off-grid system (OGS) has relatively low voltage and frequency requirements, making it suitable for renewable energy generation modes such as wind and solar power. However, due to the large volatility of the power from the generation side and the upper-bound constraints on its energy supply capacity, OGS faces issues such as low energy utilization efficiency, weak generation-load power matching, and poor system economic performance. To address these challenges, flexible management on the load side is necessary to achieve optimal operation of generation-load power balance. This paper establishes a bi-level optimization model for OGS, incorporating renewable energy power plant (REPP), shared energy storage plant (SESP), and load aggregator (LA), based on master-slave game theory. The model is solved using a combination of Adaptive Differential Evolution (ADE) algorithm and the CPLEX solver. Through simulation examples, the results show that the integration of SESP into the system alleviates the issue of generation-load power mismatch, reducing the OGS's curtailment of electricity by 34.15%. This significantly improves the energy utilization efficiency, while the net profit of the REPP increases by 68.62% and the net profit of the LA rises by 6.59%, effectively achieving a win-win situation among all the stakeholders. © 2025 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC.</p>","PeriodicalId":13435,"journal":{"name":"IEEJ Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Engineering","volume":"21 2","pages":"167-177"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145994064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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