IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering最新文献

{"title":"The Wizard Apprentice: A Serious Games System in Immersive VR as a Feasible Rehabilitation Approach in Children With Cerebral Palsy","authors":"Cristian Camardella;Federica Serra;Caterina Linciano;Chiara Malasoma;Gabriele Carrieri;Sara Aliboni;Ilaria Bortone;Federico Posteraro;Luca Bonfiglio;Daniele Leonardis","doi":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3595420","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3595420","url":null,"abstract":"Virtual reality offers the opportunity to engage the participant in challenging rehabilitation exercises, proposed in the shape of serious games. Modern VR technologies can further enhance usability, allowing the participant to seamlessly interact with VR environment with bare hands, without need of external tracking systems and complex setups. In children neurorheabilitation engagement can promote motivation and attention to the exercise, two key elements for effectiveness of the rehabilitation process. In this work we developed a rehabilitation system composed of three serious games in immersive VR, with motor exercises targeting the upper limb and trunk in children with Cerebral Palsy. The participant plays in the role of a wizard apprentice, called to cast spells, to prepare potions and to ride a magic eagle. These game scenarios involve coordinated motor functions related to trajectory tracking, pick-and-place with prono-supination, and trunk balance. The presented pilot study (12 CP children, 24 sessions), focuses on the feasibility assessment of the rehabilitation method, then, it allows a more in depth analysis on the adaptation and progress of the exercise parameters through data recorded during the whole treatment. The study shows that immersive VR games are a feasible approach in rehabilitation procedures, with positive results regarding acceptability, retention, adherence to the planned exercises and absence of adverse effects in the long-term use. They also show promising results in improvements of motor functions, although a direct comparison with a control group was not included in the study.","PeriodicalId":13419,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering","volume":"33 ","pages":"3105-3115"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11109068","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144784245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Freeing P300-Based Brain–Computer Interfaces From Daily Recalibration by Extracting Daily Common ERPs","authors":"Dojin Heo;Sung-Phil Kim","doi":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3594341","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3594341","url":null,"abstract":"When people use brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) based on event-related potentials (ERPs) over different days, they often need to repeatedly calibrate BCIs every day using ERPs acquired on the same day. This cumbersome recalibration procedure would make it difficult to use BCIs daily. We aim to address the daily recalibration issue by examining across-day variations of the BCI performance and proposing a method to avoid daily recalibration. To this end, we implemented a P300-based BCI system designed to control a home appliance over five days. We first examined how the BCI performance varied across days with or without daily recalibration. On each day, the BCIs were tested using recalibration-based and recalibration-free decoders (RB and RF), with an RB or an RF decoder being built on the training data on each day or those on the first day, respectively. Using the RF decoder resulted in lower BCI performance on subsequent days compared to the RB decoder. Then, we developed a method to extract daily common ERP patterns from observed ERP signals using the sparse dictionary learning algorithm. We applied this method to the RF decoder and retested the BCI performance over days. Using the proposed method improved the RF decoder performance on subsequent days; the performance was closer to the level of the RB decoder compared to the original RF decoder. The method may provide a novel approach to addressing the daily-recalibration issue for P300-based BCIs, which is essential to implementing BCIs into daily life.","PeriodicalId":13419,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering","volume":"33 ","pages":"2977-2987"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11105461","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144759994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rotational Power: A New Accelerometer-Derived Metric to Assess Functional Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis","authors":"Guido Mascia;Brett M. Meyer;Josh Cherian;Dheeraj D. Kairamkonda;Jason Fanning;Paige E. Rice;Jacob J. Sosnoff;Andrew J. Solomon;Ellen W. McGinnis;Ryan S. McGinnis","doi":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3594540","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3594540","url":null,"abstract":"Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disease that affects sensorimotor function, particularly in the lower limbs, leading to increased fatigue and impaired mobility. The 30-second chair stand test (30CST) is a functional assessment that captures muscular strength and endurance in people with MS (PwMS). This study introduces Rotational Power (RP), which is a new metric derived from a single thigh-worn accelerometer, that can serve as a surrogate for body-mass normalized mechanical power during sit-to-stand (SI-ST) and stand-to-sit (ST-SI) transitions. We validate the metric both analytically and clinically in seventeen PwMS who performed a 30CST while instrumented with an accelerometer and a motion-capture system for reference. Analytical validation demonstrated a strong correlation with peak mechanical power for both SI-ST (r = 0.79) and ST-SI (r = 0.60). Clinical validation revealed strong-to-moderate significant associations between the <inline-formula> <tex-math>$95^{text {th}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> percentile of peak RP computed across the 30CST and established clinical measures, including the number of repetitions, activity specific balance confidence scale, and modified fatigue impact scale. The same analysis performed on the motion-capture mechanical power showed similar results and concordance in correlation direction. Analysis of acute fatigue during the 30CST showed a significant decline in RP during the task, particularly for concentric transitions. Findings suggest that RP is a valid and practical metric for monitoring functional performance and acute fatigue in PwMS using a single wearable sensor, calling for its future use in free-living settings.","PeriodicalId":13419,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering","volume":"33 ","pages":"3096-3104"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11105470","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144759995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive Neurofeedback Training Using a Virtual Reality Game Enhances Motor Imagery Performance in Brain–Computer Interfaces","authors":"Kun Wang;Yuwei Liu;Feifan Tian;Weibo Yi;Yang Zhang;Tzyy-Ping Jung;Minpeng Xu;Dong Ming","doi":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3592988","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3592988","url":null,"abstract":"Neurofeedback training (NFT) has been widely used in motor rehabilitation. However, NFT combined with motor imagery-based brain-computer interface (MI-BCI) faces challenges such as mental fatigue and non-personalized training strategies. Therefore, we proposed an adaptive NFT based on a VR game that simulates real-life motor tasks to improve training efficiency. We conducted a detailed comparative analysis of the efficiency of the VR-based NFT and traditional Graz-based NFT. Forty-eight healthy subjects were randomly assigned to five groups and underwent various NFT protocols. Among them, the subjects in the four experimental groups were required to perform the NFT three times over five days, including virtual or real scenarios, as well as unilateral or bilateral hands training. We evaluated training effects by analyzing EEG features and classification performance, while online recognition duration served as the primary measure for assessing the adaptive NFT strategy. EEG analysis showed that VR-based NFT significantly enhanced the Event-related desynchronization (ERD) activations in the sensorimotor cortices over five days. The VR-based NFT group achieved a classification accuracy of 81.85%, representing a 10.14% improvement from baseline, which exceeded the 6.43% increase observed in the Graz-based NFT group. Furthermore, implementing the adaptive NFT strategy reduced the mean task duration by over 30% compared to the fixed-time training protocol. The results demonstrated that the adaptive MI-BCI-based NFT in a VR game achieves superior training outcomes while reducing training duration. These findings suggest the promising potential for applying MI-BCI NFT with VR games in motor rehabilitation following a stroke.","PeriodicalId":13419,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering","volume":"33 ","pages":"2956-2966"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11097354","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144730097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Imagined Speech Detection Using Multi-Receptive CNN for Asynchronous BCI Communication and Neurorehabilitation","authors":"Byung-Kwan Ko;Seo-Hyun Lee;Seong-Whan Lee","doi":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3592312","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3592312","url":null,"abstract":"Imagined speech-based brain-computer interface (BCI) facilitates brain signal-driven intuitive communication which holds great promise as an effective speech rehabilitation tool, enabling real-time, hands-free interaction for individuals with speech and motor impairments. While speech-based assistant systems rely on wake-word detection (e.g., “Hey Siri”), BCI-based communication system must capture imagined onset from EEG signals to turn on the ‘brain switch’ to further convey user’s imagined command. Nevertheless, the absence of reliable ground truth for the endogenous paradigm adds to the complexity to train the model to capture exact onset from continuous EEG. To address these issues, we introduce a multi-receptive field convolutional neural network, designed to capture speech and idle states based on behaviorally-aligned EEG features. We propose a voice-based ground truth alignment method with voting strategy that aims to synchronize imagined speech with overt speech onset and offset, providing a structured approach for capturing speech events in asynchronous BCI systems. Furthermore, spectral and phonological analyses revealed that beta and alpha bands, as well as syllable count, appear to influence speech state discriminability. Evaluations on imagined and overt speech tasks, including pseudo-online experiments, demonstrate the potential to enhance asynchronous BCI systems, supporting real-time communication for both healthy and impaired individuals.","PeriodicalId":13419,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering","volume":"33 ","pages":"2904-2914"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11095808","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144707387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TBI-Related EMG Characterization of Neuromuscular Responses to Anterior Perturbations While Standing","authors":"Kiran K. Karunakaran;Easter S. Suviseshamuthu;Prasad Tendolkar;Guang H. Yue;Rakesh Pilkar","doi":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3592477","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3592477","url":null,"abstract":"Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes deficits in sensory systems, sensorimotor integration, and/or neuromuscular response, thus impairing essential postural response mechanisms such as compensatory postural adjustments. This, in turn, results in balance deficits and increases the risk of falls, affecting the activities of daily living and quality of life. Therefore, the goal of this study is to quantify the differences in neuromuscular responses based on electromyography (EMG) between people with TBI (pwTBI) and age-matched healthy controls (HCs). We investigated the differences between eight HCs and nine pwTBI in the following EMG characteristics: muscle activity (EMG) onset, EMG burst area, and median frequency, in response to anterior (forward) platform perturbations at four different amplitudes during standing. The results showed delayed muscle activation onset, larger EMG bursts, and decreased EMG median frequency in pwTBI compared to HCs, suggesting an altered neuromuscular response to platform perturbations in pwTBI.","PeriodicalId":13419,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering","volume":"33 ","pages":"2937-2944"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11095806","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144707388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brain Connectivity During Walking and Obstacle Avoidance in Persons With Multiple Sclerosis and Healthy Controls: A Pilot EEG Study","authors":"Fares Al-Shargie;Michael Glassen;John DeLuca;Soha Saleh","doi":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3592492","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3592492","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated effective connectivity and hemispheric asymmetry in persons with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) compared to healthy controls (HC) during two walking conditions: walking alone and walking while avoiding unpredictable obstacles. Cognitive-motor interference (CMI) was analyzed using electroencephalography (EEG) across beta, alpha, and theta frequency bands. Directed functional connectivity was estimated using partial directed coherence (PDC) to assess differences in connectivity patterns between conditions and groups. In healthy controls, obstacle avoidance increased connectivity in motor and cognitive regions including left central (LC), left temporal (LT), and right frontal (RF) regions, p<0.0014.> <tex-math>$= -0.65$ </tex-math></inline-formula>), indicating compensatory but inefficient neural engagement. These findings highlight disruptions in brain connectivity during motor-cognitive tasks in pwMS, with potential implications for designing targeted rehabilitation strategies to improve gait and neural efficiency.","PeriodicalId":13419,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering","volume":"33 ","pages":"2945-2955"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11095829","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144707386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Age, Motor Function, and Cognitive Function Influence Preferences for Telerehabilitation Mediated by a Social Robot Augmented With Telepresence","authors":"Michael J. Sobrepera;Anh T. Nguyen;Ajay Anand;Laura A. Prosser;Sally H. Evans;Michelle J. Johnson","doi":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3592020","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3592020","url":null,"abstract":"Social robot augmented telepresence (SRAT) is a potential approach to provide rehabilitative care to remote patients, while overcoming barriers to physical clinician-patient interaction. This study evaluated the preference of the subjects, stratified by age, motor impairment level and cognitive impairment level, for three modes of rehabilitation care delivery: face-to-face (FTF), classical telepresence (CT), and via social robot-augmented classical telepresence (SRAT). Forty-two participants completed the experiment that included assessments of upper-limb motor function and cognitive function followed by simulated rehabilitation interaction sessions, where the FTF interaction was the first, followed by CT and SRAT interactions in randomized order. Participants completed surveys on their impression and experience receiving simulated care in each mode. Survey responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression methods. Although in-person interaction (FTF) was the preferred option, 71% of subjects enjoyed and preferred SRAT over CT and this preference was mediated by age and severity of motor and cognitive impairment. Our analysis suggests that young children will rank SRAT above CT except for when they have severe cognitive impairment, adults will prefer SRAT less as their upper-limb impairment becomes more severe, and adults over 70 years old will prefer SRAT less if they have moderate to no upper-limb motor impairment and no cognitive impairment.","PeriodicalId":13419,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering","volume":"33 ","pages":"2926-2936"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11091549","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144698446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-Class Decoding of Attended Speaker Direction Using Electroencephalogram and Audio Spatial Spectrum","authors":"Yuanming Zhang;Jing Lu;Fei Chen;Haoliang Du;Xia Gao;Zhibin Lin","doi":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3591819","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3591819","url":null,"abstract":"Prior research on directional focus decoding, a.k.a. selective Auditory Attention Decoding (sAAD), has primarily focused on binary “left-right” tasks. However, decoding of the attended speaker’s precise direction is desired. Existing approaches often underutilize spatial audio information, resulting in suboptimal performance. In this paper, we address this limitation by leveraging a recent dataset containing two concurrent speakers at two of 14 possible directions. We demonstrate that models relying solely on EEG yield limited decoding accuracy in leave-one-out settings. To enhance performance, we propose to integrate spatial spectra as an additional input. We evaluate three model architectures, namely CNN, LSM-CNN, and Deformer, under two strategies for utilizing spatial information: all-in-one (end-to-end) and pairwise (two-stage) decoding. While all-in-one decoders directly take dual-modal inputs and output the attended direction, pairwise decoders first leverage spatial spectra to decode the competing pairs, and then a specific model is used to decode the attended direction. Our proposed all-in-one Sp-EEG-Deformer model achieves 14-class decoding accuracies of 55.35% and 57.19% in leave-one-subject-out and leave-one-trial-out scenarios, respectively, using 1-second decision windows (chance level: 50%, indicating random guessing). Meanwhile, the pairwise Sp-EEG-Deformer decoder achieves a 14-class decoding accuracy of 63.62% (10 s). Our experiments reveal that spatial spectra are particularly effective at reducing the 14-class problem into a binary one. On the other hand, EEG features are more discriminative and play a crucial role in precisely identifying the final attended direction within this reduced 2-class set. These results highlight the effectiveness of our proposed dual-modal directional decoding strategies.","PeriodicalId":13419,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering","volume":"33 ","pages":"2892-2903"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11091336","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144698359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential Cortical Responses of Functional and Sensory Electrical Stimulation in Closed-Loop Tremor Suppression for Parkinson’s Disease","authors":"Xiaoqi Zhao;Tinglan Huang;Mengyue Jin;Hongbo Zhao;Yu Shi;Yanlin Wang;Xiao Shen;Zhen Li;Qingqing Shi;Xiaodong Zhu;Lin Meng","doi":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3591134","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3591134","url":null,"abstract":"Functional electrical stimulation (FES) and sensory electrical stimulation (SES) are widely used in tremor suppression for Parkinson’s disease (PD), however, their therapeutic efficacy varies significantly across individuals. This study investigated the differential cortical effects of FES and SES during closed-loop tremor suppression in PD patient, aiming to identify neurophysiological biomarkers for guiding personalized neuro modulation strategies. We developed an inertial based closed-loop tremor suppression system that delivers out-of-phase FES and continuous SES based on real-time tremor detection. Fifteen PD patients were recruited in tremor suppression trials while surface electroencephalography (EEG) and inertial-based movements of hand and forearm were measured. Both FES and SES significantly reduced tremor amplitude, with FES showing overall greater suppression (hand suppression rate: 60.72% vs. 48.31%, p >0.05; forearm suppression rate: 62.25% vs. 54.41%, p >0.05) where substantial inter-individual variability was observed. EEG analysis revealed that FES induced contralateral beta-band event-related desynchronization (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$beta $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-ERD), whereas SES elicited beta-band event-related synchronization (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$beta $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-ERS). These distinct cortical response patterns were significantly correlated with tremor suppression performance (FES <inline-formula> <tex-math>$beta $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-ERD: r = -0.629, p = 0.012; SES <inline-formula> <tex-math>$beta $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-ERS: r = 0.679, p = 0.005). Resting-state spectral analysis further revealed modality-specific changes in alpha power across sensorimotor regions. These findings revealed functional neurodynamic signatures associated with individual responsiveness to stimulation. The observed <inline-formula> <tex-math>$beta $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-band oscillatory responses may serve as candidate biomarkers for predicting individual treatment outcomes, offering a potentially biomarker-guided approach for personalized neuromodulation for PD tremor.","PeriodicalId":13419,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering","volume":"33 ","pages":"2814-2822"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11087652","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144690086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}