IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Exploring the Feasibility of Bidirectional Spinal Cord Machine Interface Through Sensing and Stimulation of Axonal Bundles","authors":"Yu Tung Lo;Alessandro Maggi;Kevin Wu;Hui Zhong;Wooseong Choi;Thanh Dat Nguyen;Aidin Abedi;Kofi Agyeman;Sofia Sakellaridi;Victor Reggie Edgerton;Evgeniy Kreydin;Darrin Lee;Constantine Sideris;Charles Y. Liu;Vassilios N. Christopoulos","doi":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3570324","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3570324","url":null,"abstract":"Spinal cord injury (SCI) patients experience long-term deficits in motor and sensory functions. While brain-machine interface (BMI) has shown great promise for restoring neurological functions after SCI, spinal cord-machine interface (SCMI) offers unique advantages, such as more defined somatotopy and the compact organization of neural elements in the spinal cord. In the current study, we aim to demonstrate the feasibility of sensing and evoking compound action potentials (CAPs) via electrode implantation in spinal cord axonal bundles, an essential prerequisite for advancing SCMI development. To do so, we designed microelectrode arrays (MEA) optimized for recording and stimulation in the spinal cord. For sensory mapping, the MEAs were inserted into the lumbar dorsal column (i.e., the fasciculus gracilis) to determine somatotopic representations corresponding to tactile stimulation across lower body regions and assess proprioceptive signals with varying hip positions. For stimulations, at the L3 level, we delivered electrical pulses both rostrally, along ascending afferent tracts (dorsal column), and caudally, down descending corticospinal tract. We successfully captured axonal CAPs from the dorsal columns with high spatial precision that corresponded to known dermatomal somatotopy. Proprioceptive changes produced by abduction at the hip resulted in modulation of discharge frequency in the dorsal column axons. We demonstrated that stimulation pulses emitted by a caudally placed electrode could be propagated up the ascending fibers and be intercepted by a rostrally placed electrode array along the same axonal tracts. We also confirmed that electrical pulses can be directed down descending corticospinal tracts resulting in specific activations of lower limb muscles. These findings set a critical groundwork for developing closed-loop, bidirectional SCMI systems capable of sensing and modulating spinal cord activity.","PeriodicalId":13419,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering","volume":"33 ","pages":"2004-2012"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11005539","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144077822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance of Ankle Exoskeletons on Irregular Terrains: Key Design Principles and Benchmarking Tests","authors":"L. Liguori;G. Mariani;J. Taborri;I. Mileti;D. Torricelli;L. Mattioli;E. Palermo;F. Patanè;S. Rossi","doi":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3569959","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3569959","url":null,"abstract":"Exoskeletons offer an advanced solution for assisting and rehabilitating physically impaired people. The mechanical design of these devices can significantly affect the kinematics of the user by restricting limb movements. In this study, we present the mechanical design of two new prototypes of ankle exoskeleton with a different number of degrees-of-freedom (DoF) and different torque transmission method. Specifically, the first prototype (S-RANK) accommodates a single DoF in the sagittal plane, whereas the second prototype (M-RANK) extends the functionality to include ankle inversion/eversion and internal/external rotation. To assess the impact of the mechanical design of the exoskeletons on the kinematics of the lower limb, the two devices were donned on the right leg by two healthy subjects and tested on five different terrains. Human kinematics of the left and right lower limbs was collected using inertial measurement units (IMUs). The study assessed the effects on trend symmetry (TS) between the left and right limb kinematic parameters and used statistical parametric mapping (SPM) to compare joint angle curves with and without each prototype. The findings indicated that both prototypes exerted a notable influence on joint kinematics. The S-RANK resulted in a higher overall difference (OD), particularly at the ankle joint across all terrains except during downhill walking, with the largest deviations observed on softer surfaces. In contrast, M-RANK had a less pronounced effect on ankle kinematics but generally performed worse on the knee and hip joints. In these instances, it led to higher OD when walking on flat and softer surfaces. The two exoskeleton prototypes affected gait symmetry on all terrains, with S-RANK leading to a significant worsening on flat terrain. The findings indicate that while S-RANK offered stability and a less pronounced effect on proximal joint kinematics, M-RANK’s additional degrees of freedom provided superior adaptability and maintenance of natural gait patterns.","PeriodicalId":13419,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering","volume":"33 ","pages":"1986-1995"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11004167","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144077824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simultaneous Mental Fatigue and Mental Workload Assessment With Wearable High-Density Diffuse Optical Tomography","authors":"Jianan Chen;Huixin Yang;Yunjia Xia;Tingchen Gong;Alexander Thomas;Jia Liu;Wei Chen;Tom Carlson;Hubin Zhao","doi":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3551676","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3551676","url":null,"abstract":"Accurately assessing mental states—such as mental workload and fatigue— is crucial for ensuring the reliability and effectiveness of brain-computer interface (BCI)-based applications. Relying on signals from a limited brain region with low spatial resolution may fail to capture the full scope of relevant information. To address this, high-density diffuse optical tomography (HD-DOT), an emerging form of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was employed in this study, which provides higher spatial resolution for hemodynamic measurements and enables the reconstruction of 3D brain images. An experiment protocol was designed to investigate both mental workload and fatigue, two critical components of cognitive state that often fluctuate concurrently in real-world scenarios. Machine learning methods were applied for subject-specific classification, achieving 95.14% mean accuracy for fatigue/non-fatigue and 97.93% for four n-back tasks using Random Forest, outperforming Support Vector Machines. These results highlight the transformative potential of HD-DOT in advancing multifaceted cognitive state assessment, paving the way for more precise, adaptable, and powerful BCI applications.","PeriodicalId":13419,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering","volume":"33 ","pages":"1242-1251"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10926712","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143630380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Density Surface EMG Decomposition: Achievements, Challenges, and Concerns","authors":"Maoqi Chen;Ping Zhou","doi":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3551630","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3551630","url":null,"abstract":"High-density surface electromyography (EMG) decomposition provides a valuable non-invasive approach to accessing key motor unit information for a range of applications. This communication summarizes significant advances in high-density surface EMG decomposition, and discusses several considerable challenges and persistent concerns in this field, particularly regarding dynamic and real-time high-density surface EMG decomposition, as well as evaluating the reliability of the decomposed motor units. As varying high-density surface EMG decomposition programs are increasingly developed, we call for open access or sharing of source code and testing data developed by different groups. We believe such efforts can greatly facilitate collaboration, clarify concerns, address challenges, and thus motivate further development and application of high-density surface EMG decomposition.","PeriodicalId":13419,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering","volume":"33 ","pages":"1212-1219"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10926713","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143630379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Unpowered Exoskeleton With a Bionic Multi-Segment Foot Structure for Walking Assistance","authors":"Yueling Lyu;Yiyue Lin;Shaofeng Zhao;Jianrui Wei;Xianyi Zhang","doi":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3569835","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3569835","url":null,"abstract":"Lower limb exoskeletons have been designed to assist human walking. However, current unpowered exoskeletons primarily targeted the ankle joint, but neglected the energy storage and recoil within the foot. In this study, we proposed an unpowered foot-ankle exoskeleton with a bionic multi-segment foot structure to mimic energy conservation strategies of natural barefoot walking. An arch-like structure was built in the exoskeleton with springs aligning with the medial longitudinal arch and the plantar fascia to store elastic energy in the early and mid-stance phases and recoil energy in the late stance phase of walking. We found that compared with mass-matched experimental shoes, the exoskeleton reduced the total net metabolic cost of walking by <inline-formula> <tex-math>$8.5~pm ~3.1$ </tex-math></inline-formula>% for healthy individuals, and caused a 10.6% reduction in the average activity and a 25.9% reduction in the tissue oxygen saturation index of the soleus. As expected, the exoskeleton did not interfere with the natural motion of the midfoot and ankle joints during walking. The exoskeleton may help reduce energetic penalties by assisting the soleus concentric contraction for propulsion and permitting sufficient intra-foot motion. Our results highlight the importance of utilizing elastic energy storage of intra-foot structures for walking assistance, and imply that implementing a multi-foot structure have a potential to further improve the performance of walking assistance devices.","PeriodicalId":13419,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering","volume":"33 ","pages":"1969-1977"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11004169","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144077820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Grasp-Dependent Modulations in EEG-EMG Coherence Are Observed in Young but Not Older Adults","authors":"Balasubramanian Eswari;Sivakumar Balasubramanian;S. K. M. Varadhan","doi":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3569859","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3569859","url":null,"abstract":"EEG-EMG coherence (Corticomuscular coherence – CMC) reveals the functional connection between the cortical activity and muscle activity during voluntary movements. During voluntary movements the cortical and muscle activity are synchronized in the beta band range. Age-related deteriorations in the central and peripheral system can impair communication between the brain’s cortical regions and the muscle activity. This study aim to examine the beta band EEG – EMG coherence in older individuals and compare the results with young adults. Twenty-two-channel EEG and two-channel EMG data were collected from twenty healthy young adults aged 20–30 (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$26.96pm 2.68$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) and fourteen older adults aged 58–72 (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$62.57pm 3.58$ </tex-math></inline-formula>). Participants were instructed to hold a handle gently for five seconds, then lift and hold it for an additional five seconds under fixed and free conditions (with the thumb platform either fixed or sliding). EEG – EMG coherence magnitude was lower in the older group compare to the young group. Furthermore, the magnitude of EEG-EMG coherence of the young group was greater in the fixed condition than the free condition. In contrast, no difference in EEG-EMG coherence magnitude was observed in the older group between the task conditions. In summary, older adults exhibit reduced and consistent EEG – EMG coherence across different motor tasks compared to younger adults, reflecting age-related declines in neural synchrony and motor control efficiency. In contrast, younger individuals exhibit task related modulation in EEG-EMG coherence magnitude. This suggests a fundamental difference in motor control mechanisms between younger and older populations during task performance.","PeriodicalId":13419,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering","volume":"33 ","pages":"2025-2033"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11004168","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144077823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced Optogenetic Stimulation of Retinal Ganglion Cells With Assistive Electric Stimulation for Low Optical Power Artificial Vision","authors":"Hyeonhee Roh;Joonghoon Kang;Hyung-Min Lee;Maesoon Im","doi":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3568864","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3568864","url":null,"abstract":"High optical power of optogenetic stimulation may cause phototoxicity during chronic application. To lower the optical power, a hybrid approach which combines optogenetic and electric modalities has been proposed. However, the hybrid stimulation effect has not been well studied in the retina, which would be an ideal target of optogenetic intervention for sight restoration. Here, we investigated the assistive effect of electric pulses while optogenetic stimulation in both wild-type (wt) and retinal degeneration 10 (rd10) mouse retinas. We injected AAV2-CAG-ChR2(H134R)-EGFP into the 4-week-old mouse eyeballs. After <inline-formula> <tex-math>$gt {4},{}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> weeks, spiking activities of retinal ganglion cells of ex-vivo retinas were recorded using a cell-attached patch clamping in response to hybrid stimulation: 3 light intensities (i.e., Levels 1, 2, and 3) for optogenetic stimulation and 3 types of assistive electric pulses (i.e., −5 and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$-,{10},{mu }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>A square pulses, and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$-,{20},{mu }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>A increasing ramping current) were tested. Notably, in wt retina, the hybrid stimulation with <inline-formula> <tex-math>$-,{10},{mu }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>A square pulse evoked significantly more spikes compared to the optogenetic-only case, showing average increases of <inline-formula> <tex-math>${},{1.89},{pm },{2.34},{}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula> <tex-math>${},{2.49},{pm },{1.92},{}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, and <inline-formula> <tex-math>${},{2.50},{pm },{1.61},{}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> spikes for the Levels 1, 2 and 3, respectively. For the same conditions, spiking latencies were reduced by <inline-formula> <tex-math>${},{35.27},{pm },{41.34},{}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula> <tex-math>${},{10.62},{pm },{1}{3.73},{}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, and <inline-formula> <tex-math>${},{8.64},{pm },{15.33},{}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ms. These results demonstrate hybrid stimulation can enhance spiking magnitude and reduce temporal delay. Also, our results indicate assistive electric pulse is more effective for lower power optogenetic stimulation than higher one but the assistive effect was reduced in rd10 retinas. Our study suggests hybrid stimulation holds promise for enhancing chronic applicability of optogenetic approaches for vision restoration by lengthening battery life through the reduced optical power requirement.","PeriodicalId":13419,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering","volume":"33 ","pages":"1958-1968"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11000438","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143963442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictive Control for an Ankle Rehabilitation Robot Using Differential Evolution Optimization Algorithm-Based Fuzzy NARX Model","authors":"Shenglong Xie;Haiming Zhong;Yuntang Li;Su'an Xu;Wenyuan Liu;Shiyuan Bian;Shiwu Zhang","doi":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3568791","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3568791","url":null,"abstract":"For patients with stroke, hemiplegia and ankle injuries, ankle rehabilitation robots can provide personalized rehabilitation treatment programs through quantitative evaluation and precise control. In this paper, based on differential evolution (DE) optimization algorithm and fuzzy nonlinear auto regressive with exogenous inputs (NARX) model, an iterative learning model predictive controller is constructed to achieve accurate and robust trajectory tracking control of an ankle rehabilitation robot driven by pneumatic muscle. Firstly, the T-S fuzzy NARX model is applied to characterize the forward and inverse hysteresis process of pneumatic muscle actuator (PMA) in this ankle rehabilitation robots and differential evolution optimization (DE) algorithm realize high precision parameters identification. Then, the optimization of objective function is compared with genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization. Secondly, the iterative learning model predictive control (ILMPC) controller is designed and the trajectory tracking control scheme of an ankle rehabilitation robot is presented based on the ILMPC controller. Finally, the experiments with different trajectories and subjects are carried out to verify the control performance of the proposed control method. The experimental results indicate that the proposed ILMPC controller can converge normally and has good control performance with different operating trajectories and subjects.","PeriodicalId":13419,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering","volume":"33 ","pages":"1888-1897"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11000441","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144006760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detecting Activities of Daily Living in Egocentric Video to Contextualize Hand Use at Home in Outpatient Neurorehabilitation Settings","authors":"Adesh Kadambi;José Zariffa","doi":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3569083","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3569083","url":null,"abstract":"Wearable egocentric cameras and machine learning have the potential to provide clinicians with a more nuanced understanding of patient hand use at home after stroke and spinal cord injury (SCI). However, they require detailed contextual information (i.e., activities and object interactions) to effectively interpret metrics and meaningfully guide therapy planning. We demonstrate that an object-centric approach, focusing on what objects patients interact with rather than how they move, can effectively recognize Activities of Daily Living (ADL) in real-world rehabilitation settings. We evaluated our models on a complex dataset collected in the wild comprising 2261 minutes of egocentric video from 16 participants with impaired hand function. By leveraging pre-trained object detection and hand-object interaction models, our system achieves robust performance across different impairment levels and environments, with our best model achieving a mean weighted F1-score of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.78~pm ~0.12$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and maintaining an F1-score over 0.5 for all participants using leave-one-subject-out cross validation. Through qualitative analysis, we observe that this approach generates clinically interpretable information about functional object use while being robust to patient-specific movement variations, making it particularly suitable for rehabilitation contexts with prevalent upper limb impairment.","PeriodicalId":13419,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering","volume":"33 ","pages":"1951-1957"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11000436","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143963207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying Sleep Quality Through Delta-Beta Coupling Across Sleep and Wakefulness","authors":"Gi-Hwan Shin;Young-Seok Kweon;Minji Lee;Ki-Young Jung;Seong-Whan Lee","doi":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3569283","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3569283","url":null,"abstract":"Modern lifestyles contribute to insufficient sleep, impairing cognitive function and weakening the immune system. Sleep quality (SQ) is vital for physiological and mental health, making its understanding and accurate assessment critical. However, its multifaceted nature, shaped by neurological and environmental factors, makes precise quantification challenging. Here, we address this challenge by utilizing electroencephalography (EEG) for phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) analysis to elucidate the neurological basis of SQ, examining both states of sleep and wakefulness, including resting state (RS) and working memory. Our results revealed distinct patterns in beta power and delta connectivity in sleep and RS, together with the reaction time of working memory. A notable finding was the pronounced delta-beta PAC, a feature markedly stronger in individuals with good SQ. We further observed that SQ was positively correlated with increased delta-beta PAC. Leveraging these insights, we applied machine learning models to classify SQ at an individual level, demonstrating that the delta-beta PAC outperformed other EEG characteristics. These findings establish delta-beta PAC as a robust electrophysiological marker to quantify SQ and elucidate its neurological determinants.","PeriodicalId":13419,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering","volume":"33 ","pages":"1907-1917"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11002584","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143999171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}