Iet Optoelectronics最新文献

{"title":"Time Span of an Image Frame Using a CMOS Sensor in Rolling Shutter-Based Optical Camera Communications","authors":"Raul Zamorano-Illanes,&nbsp;Zabih Ghassemlooy,&nbsp;Xicong Li,&nbsp;Othman Younus,&nbsp;Stanislav Zvánovec,&nbsp;Ismael Soto","doi":"10.1049/ote2.70022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/ote2.70022","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this paper, a rolling shutter optical camera communication system is investigated by analysing the internal working principle of a receiver based on complementary metal oxide semiconductor image sensors. Based on the thorough analysis of system parameters such as the clock signal, integration and read-out times at the sensor level, and the calculation of the bandwidth and the time span of the image frame containing the information signal, it was demonstrated that the communication functionalities can be enhanced. A new model was proposed and validated by developing an experimental testbed and demonstrating matching between the data packet duration and the predicted time span. This enables the optimisation of the samples obtained by the image postprocessing, using different sensor clock signals and evaluating the bit error rate performances. The experimental results demonstrated that the internal design of the camera and its packet structures have impacts on the read-out times. For camera settings of pixel clock frequency and exposure time of 300 MHz and 61 <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>μ</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${upmu }$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>s, respectively, a data rate of 14.5 kbps at a bit error rate below the forward error correction limit has been achieved.</p>","PeriodicalId":13408,"journal":{"name":"Iet Optoelectronics","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ote2.70022","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145146382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-Time Monitoring of Milk Fermentation Process Using Highly-Sensitive Fibre Bragg Grating Stress Sensor","authors":"Jawad Mirza,&nbsp;Ahmad Atieh,&nbsp;Muhammad Ijaz,&nbsp;Salman Ghafoor,&nbsp;Firdos Kanwal,&nbsp;Fahad A. Alzahrani","doi":"10.1049/ote2.70019","DOIUrl":"10.1049/ote2.70019","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Continuous monitoring of milk fermentation process during industrial yogurt production using pH metres is often cumbersome and inefficient technique. A simple, cost-effective and accurate alternative sensing technology is required for real-time monitoring. In this paper, we report real-time continuous monitoring of milk fermentation process and determine the fermentation end point during yogurt production using highly-sensitive fibre Bragg grating (FBG) stress sensor. Milk fermentation is monitored in real-time by analysing the shift in the Bragg wavelength of FBG stress sensor inserted into the milk corresponding to time-dependent gradual increase in applied stress on FBG stress sensor because of yogurt coagulation. Required sensitivities for an FBG sensor used for milk having 0% and 2.5% fat are around 3.03 and 3.01 pm/Pa, respectively. A proof of the concept of a smart alarm system (AS) for determination of the fermentation end point of yogurt is discussed in this work. This study presents a cost-effective, simple and non-destructive method for continuous real-time monitoring of milk fermentation process and determination of fermentation end point for small as well as large-scale production of yogurt.</p>","PeriodicalId":13408,"journal":{"name":"Iet Optoelectronics","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ote2.70019","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145102128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DMIMO and Machine Learning Techniques for Enhanced BER and Data Rates in 5G Free-Space Optical Communication","authors":"Ramanababu Challapalli,&nbsp;Chitra Perumal,&nbsp;S. Ramana Kumar Joga,&nbsp;Chidurala Saiprakash,&nbsp;Theophilus A. T. Kambo Jr","doi":"10.1049/ote2.70018","DOIUrl":"10.1049/ote2.70018","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper proposes a dual-MIMO (DMIMO) free-space optical (FSO) communication system integrated with hybrid machine learning models (CNN and LSTM) to enhance bit error rate (BER), Q-factor, and data rates for 5G backhaul networks under atmospheric disturbances. Using OptiSystem software, we simulated the system's performance in fog, rain, haze, and snow environments. Results demonstrate data rates up to 120 Gbps and up to 80% BER improvement compared to conventional MIMO systems, especially under dense fog and turbulence. Although the proposed system shows excellent performance in both simulated conditions and also in experimental validation, real-world challenges such as sudden weather changes, pointing errors, and computational complexity were tested in both simulation and experimental environment. Future work will focus on implementing adaptive beam steering to enhance its validation in real-world situations to optimise the system for dynamic environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":13408,"journal":{"name":"Iet Optoelectronics","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ote2.70018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144881324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Demonstration of 32-PAM Optical Camera Communication Using a Low Cost and a High Cost Camera","authors":"Miguel Rêgo,&nbsp;Alexis A. Dowhuszko,&nbsp;Pedro Fonseca,&nbsp;Luís Nero Alves","doi":"10.1049/ote2.70016","DOIUrl":"10.1049/ote2.70016","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This work demonstrates experimentally the feasibility of using up to 32-PAM in rolling shutter based optical camera communication (OCC). Two different cameras have been used for OCC performance comparison, namely, a low-cost Pi Camera V2.1 and a higher-cost Alvium 1800 U-500m. Based on the limitations evidenced by this analysis, a decoding algorithm has been proposed to recover the transmitted signal from the acquired images. The experimental evaluation has been carried out for distances up to 2 m, using 8-PAM, 16-PAM and 32-PAM, analysing the received samples histograms and the symbol error rate (SER) for both cameras. Based on the collected experimental results, it is concluded that 32-PAM is possible with both cameras, with a maximum SER of 0.16% for the Alvium camera and 5.05% for the Pi Camera. Finally, it is observed that both the signal and noise amplitudes remain constant for the tested distances, resulting in a SER that does not notably depend on the distance between the transmitter and receiver.</p>","PeriodicalId":13408,"journal":{"name":"Iet Optoelectronics","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ote2.70016","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144751524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy-Efficient 8-PAM Optical DAC Design for Visible Light Communication Systems","authors":"Oğuzhan Başer,&nbsp;Mehmet Ali Küçük,&nbsp;Cenk Albayrak,&nbsp;Kadir Türk","doi":"10.1049/ote2.70017","DOIUrl":"10.1049/ote2.70017","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper presents a cost-effective and energy-efficient optical digital-to-analog converter (ODAC) transmitter scheme for visible light communication (VLC) systems. The proposed ODAC transmitter enables data transmission while providing lighting, as desired in VLC systems, unlike existing ODAC structures in the literature, by switching power LEDs at high speeds with a MOSFET-based switching circuit design. This paper also discusses the ODAC design stages and presents the points to be considered in detail. In addition, by implementing the hardware design of an ODAC transmitter with a 3-bit resolution, that is, capable of generating 8-PAM signals, based on the proposed ODAC architecture, experimental studies are conducted for energy efficiency and communication performance results via the established VLC system using the designed ODAC. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed ODAC transmitter achieves a data transmission rate of 18.75 Mbps with a bit error rate (BER) below the forward error correction (FEC) limit at a communication distance of 4 m, while also exhibiting a high power efficiency of 94%.</p>","PeriodicalId":13408,"journal":{"name":"Iet Optoelectronics","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ote2.70017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144751525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep Learning Based Design of Binary Signalling for Optical Wireless Communication Systems With 2D Receiver","authors":"Yongwoon Hwang,&nbsp;Chung Ghiu Lee,&nbsp;Soeun Kim","doi":"10.1049/ote2.70015","DOIUrl":"10.1049/ote2.70015","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Recently, deep learning (DL) techniques have been increasingly applied to communication system design, owing to their powerful capabilities in handling complex channel characteristics. We apply a DL technique to binary signalling design for optical wireless communication system, which incorporates a <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 <mo>×</mo>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $2times 2$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> light-emitting diode (LED) transmitter array. The <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 <mo>×</mo>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $2times 2$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> LED transmitter array is adopted for two-dimensional (2D) arrayed photodiode receiver. The system encodes binary bit streams into <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 <mo>×</mo>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $2times 2$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> LED lighting patterns and the 2D received lighting patterns are interpreted as 2D images, which are decoded for retrieving the binary bit stream. For conventional on-off keying (OOK) signal for optical wireless communication system, it is necessary to choose appropriate 2D lighting patterns to represent binary logic symbols effectively. In this paper, we propose a design algorithm for binary signalling to generate appropriate 2D binary symbols. The DL-based signalling design algorithm is implemented as an autoencoder (AE) structure. It is trained with the set of transmitted and received signal patterns over the physical channel model with additive noise. To validate the proposed signalling design scheme, we adopt a two-step approach. Firstly, the signalling design algorithm generates binary LED signal sets after appropriate training processes. Secondly, from the generated signal sets, the LED patterns of interest are investigated considering their symbol error rate (SER) performance. It is confirmed that the proposed design algorithm provides binary signalling sets that meet the required SER performance. Through this study, it is demonstrated that DL-based signalling design is feasible, and the results are expected to contribute to further research aimed at extending the approach to more practical and complex system scenarios.</p>","PeriodicalId":13408,"journal":{"name":"Iet Optoelectronics","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ote2.70015","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144714821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamically Tunable Plasmonic Dual-Band Metamaterial Absorber Utilising VO2/MoS2 for Optical Communication Frequencies","authors":"Masoud Hasankhani,&nbsp;Hamid Vahed,&nbsp;Mohammad Bemani","doi":"10.1049/ote2.70009","DOIUrl":"10.1049/ote2.70009","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper presents the design and analysis of a tunable metamaterial absorber based on the combination pattern of two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) and vanadium dioxide (VO₂) resonator. The design of the absorber structure is simple and includes an array of silicon on which the pattern of MoS₂ and vanadium is placed. By using the ability to adjust the MoS₂ carrier concentration and VO₂ phase transition properties, the absorber has dual control over its optical properties through temperature and voltage settings. This design provides the possibility of dynamic control of the resonance frequencies of the absorber. The absorber structure shows 99.3% absorption at 1375.8 nm and 94.3% at 1550.9 nm. By adjusting the parameters of the absorber structure, the absorption peak at wavelengths 1545.6 and 1743 nm reached 99.4% and 95.4%, respectively. The tunability of MoS₂ and vanadium allows precise tuning of absorption peak locations and makes the structure suitable for applications such as sensors, detectors, optical filters and telecommunication devices that require precise wavelength placement.</p>","PeriodicalId":13408,"journal":{"name":"Iet Optoelectronics","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ote2.70009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144688082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wideband Reconfigurable Multifunctional Analogue Photonic Chip Based on Planar Waveguides","authors":"Qingping Hu,&nbsp;Lili Peng,&nbsp;Yu Sun,&nbsp;Lihua Wang,&nbsp;Zhiwen Ming,&nbsp;Chaotan Sima","doi":"10.1049/ote2.70011","DOIUrl":"10.1049/ote2.70011","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Wideband reconfigurable multifunctional analogue photonic chip using planar waveguides is proposed and analysed. A variety of planar Bragg gratings (PBGs) are designed and optimised to achieve three functions of fractional Hilbert transform (FHT), optical integration (OI) and optical differentiation (OD) based on the reflection spectrum. We firstly designed the unit chip implementation to verify the fractional-order tunable HT and then integrated the multifunctional units with cascaded MZIs into a single chip. The switching reconfiguration of multiple functions was achieved by optical phase modulation. Finally, we performed the analysis of femtosecond optical pulses to verify the processing effect of ultrafast photonic simulation and computation. The proposed chip achieves the operating bandwidth beyond 160 GHz comprehensively. The root mean squared errors (RMSEs) of the multifunctional temporal optical pulse processing are below 3%. This provides a potential path for ultrafast all-optical signal processing in microwave photonics.</p>","PeriodicalId":13408,"journal":{"name":"Iet Optoelectronics","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ote2.70011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144657610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optical Wireless Data and Power Transfer for In-Body Electronic Devices: A Proof-of-Concept Study Using Ex Vivo Porcine Samples","authors":"Syifaul Fuada,&nbsp;Mariella Särestöniemi,&nbsp;Marcos Katz","doi":"10.1049/ote2.70012","DOIUrl":"10.1049/ote2.70012","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study presents a proof-of-concept system for the joint wireless transfer of data and power to in-body electronic devices (IEDs) using near-infrared (NIR) light technology. The proposed system addresses two critical challenges in IEDs: the need for enhanced safety, privacy and security on wireless communication to IEDs and the limitations of battery-based power sources. The testbed, built primarily from commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components, comprises an 810 nm NIR LED, a photovoltaic cell (PV) as an energy harvester, a power management integrated circuit (PMIC), a photodetector amplifier and a supercapacitor. Ex vivo experiments using porcine tissue samples demonstrated three key capabilities: (1) data transmission using Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK) modulation, (2) optical power transfer and (3) joint data and power transfer. In terms of data transfer, a data rate of approximately 95 kb/s has been established. Meanwhile, in the context of power transfer, the proposed system successfully charges a supercapacitor across a 3 cm-thick ex vivo porcine tissue within almost one day under 525 mW/cm² light exposure (in a continuous wave operation), harvesting approximately 4.2 J of energy at a rate of 45.64 μJ/s. Furthermore, we have demonstrated wireless charging during data transmission, and it is viable. These results validate the feasibility of using optical links for secure, private, and noninvasive communication to IEDs (i.e., forward biotelemetry), which practically prevents remote hacking activities, as the optical beam coverage is very narrow. Furthermore, with the additional feature of wireless charging capabilities, it potentially reduces the need for surgical battery replacements and is expected to lead to improvements in patient care.</p>","PeriodicalId":13408,"journal":{"name":"Iet Optoelectronics","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ote2.70012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144606688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance Analysis of Au/ZrN Based Dual-Core Low-Loss Photonic Crystal Fibre Biosensor for Biomedical Applications","authors":"Russel Reza Mahmud,&nbsp;Ali Ahnaf Hassan,&nbsp;Samia Monjori Sazeen,&nbsp;Abdullah Al Mahmud Nafiz,&nbsp;Shah Md. Salimullah","doi":"10.1049/ote2.70014","DOIUrl":"10.1049/ote2.70014","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The performance of a unique tunable low-loss photonic crystal fibre (PCF)-based refractive index (RI) sensor comprising Gold (Au) and Zirconium Nitride (ZrN) as the plasmonic layer is explored in this article. A comparative analysis of three sensor configurations—Au alone, ZrN alone, and a combination of Au and ZrN—is presented. The sensor achieves the highest spectral sensitivity (WS) of 18,010 nm/RIU at an RI of 1.40 using Au alone and 6150 nm/RIU at an RI of 1.39 using ZrN alone. When both materials are combined, an utmost WS of 38,915 nm/RIU is achieved at an RI of 1.39 for both polarisations, outperforming the other configurations with a confinement loss of only 0.551 dB/cm at an RI of 1.40. This low loss facilitates easy fabrication, allowing for a maximum sensor length of 159 cm, a resolution of 2.57 × 10⁻⁶ RIU, and a limit of detection (LOD) of 6.603 × 10⁻¹¹ RIU²/nm. The bimetallic layer setup enables the opportunity for enhanced optical coupling between the two different types of plasmonic material used, elevating the detection capability of the sensor. The sensing performance displayed can outperform the currently available sensors that use ZrN solely and are very well-compatible with those using Gold alone. However, using gold layer alone gave out better amplitude sensitivity (AS) results which makes it suitable for application when the cost of equipment is in question and the use of ZrN layer alone can also be a smarter choice considering the cost of material, durability and availability of Zirconium in nature when compared to Gold. The tunable sensor can be employed in biomedical applications such as monitoring the glucose level in the bloodstream of patients and detecting blood components such as RBC, WBC, haemoglobin, plasma, and water from blood samples with high precision and accuracy, being able to differentiate between potential interfering molecules.</p>","PeriodicalId":13408,"journal":{"name":"Iet Optoelectronics","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ote2.70014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144606569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}