Biological Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Shaping research in marine functional connectivity for integrated and effective marine science and management.","authors":"Audrey M Darnaude, Susanne E Tanner, Andreu Blanco, Anna M Sturrock, Yael Teff Seker, Angel Pérez-Ruzafa, Jonne Kotta, Tamar Guy-Haim, Francisco R Barboza, Manuel Hidalgo, Katell Guizien, Jerneja Penca, Lucía López-López, Maria Beger, Federica Costantini, Sophie Arnaud-Haond, Cynthia Riginos, Kris Hostens, Gil Rilov, Stelios Katsanevakis, Ewan Hunter","doi":"10.1002/brv.70120","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brv.70120","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Effective knowledge of ecological connectivity at sea and at the land-sea interface is key to supporting global policy goals to conserve and restore ocean biodiversity and function. However, a persistent lack of commonality in terminology and understanding around the concept of connectivity in marine ecological studies hampers its integration across disciplines, and its application in spatial planning and policy. Building on an extensive literature review, we clarify definitions and subcategories of marine connectivity, and propose a unified conceptual framework for Marine Functional Connectivity (MFC) research to support the integration of multidisciplinary scientific knowledge into management and policy. We identify key challenges and future directions for advancing this emerging field, bringing together most strands of marine science to understand changes in biodiversity and functional interdependencies between habitats and regions. Embedding this new integrated MFC research at the core of marine environmental science promises to improve significantly predictions of environmental and socio-economic change and the sustainable use of ecosystems and resources at sea and at the land-sea interface.</p>","PeriodicalId":133,"journal":{"name":"Biological Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"1143-1180"},"PeriodicalIF":11.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13149802/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145891846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond mammals: the evolution of chewing and other forms of oropharyngeal food processing in vertebrates.","authors":"Daniel Schwarz, Maja Mielke, Stephan Handschuh, Anthony Herrel, Patrick Lemell, Léa Da Cunha, Nicolai Konow","doi":"10.1002/brv.70129","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brv.70129","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Oropharyngeal food processing exhibits a remarkable diversity among vertebrates, reflecting the evolution of specialised 'processing centres' associated with the mandibular, hyoid, and branchial arches. Although studies have detailed various food-processing strategies and mechanisms across vertebrates, a coherent and comprehensive terminology is lacking. Here, we provide a synthesis, including a unified terminology for the intricate complexity of vertebrate oropharyngeal processing. Among gnathostomes, mandibular food processing predominates, ranging from discrete bites to rhythmic, cyclic chewing facilitated by precise tongue mechanics in aquatic and terrestrial environments alike. By contrast, some taxa have abandoned oropharyngeal processing entirely, relying instead on post-oesophageal strategies such as gastric milling and chemical digestion. Interestingly, teleost (bony) fishes illustrate the evolutionary trade-off between increased jaw protrusion for prey capture and reduced mandibular processing capacity. They compensated for this trade-off by developing derived processing behaviours early in their evolutionary development. Through the re-evolution of mandibular chewing, they succeeded in utilising all three known processing centres. Mastication is a specialised, dimensionally complex form of unignathic mandibular chewing (i.e. chewing restricted to the lower jaw) exclusive to mammals. However, our findings demonstrate that dimensionally complex forms of mandibular chewing have arisen independently multiple times and are widespread among gnathostomes. Notably, diverse taxa, including elasmobranch stingrays, Australian lungfish, sirenid salamanders, various songbirds, herbivorous turtles, and the tuatara, exhibit complex jaw movements combining arcuate, longitudinal, and sometimes transverse components enabled by specialised jaw joints, suspensions, and intracranial motions ('cranial kinesis'). From a comparative, functional-morphological perspective, mammalian mastication may best be characterised as dimensionally complex chewing mediated by the secondary or temporomandibular joint. By contrast, analogous dimensionally complex non-mammalian chewing involving motions confined to the primary or quadrate-articular jaw joint qualifies as pseudomastication. Both mastication and pseudomastication resemble functional masticatory behaviours, while those incorporating intracranial motions and movements of the jaw suspension belong to distinct categories. Our anatomical analysis highlights the convergent evolution of dimensionally complex chewing among gnathostomes and emphasises the importance of comprehensive studies on jaw development and function to deepen our understanding of the evolution of oropharyngeal processing.</p>","PeriodicalId":133,"journal":{"name":"Biological Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"1406-1462"},"PeriodicalIF":11.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13149792/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146007921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The As and Bs of titi monkey linguistics: why emotional communication is not the enemy.","authors":"Mélissa Berthet, Geoffrey Mesbahi, Maël Leroux","doi":"10.1002/brv.70131","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brv.70131","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The alarm call sequences of titi monkeys (genera Plecturocebus, Callicebus and Cheracebus) have sparked important debates over whether they exhibit parallels with human language. Some researchers consider these sequences to involve both semantics and syntax, while others argue that the sequences convey semantic information without syntax. In this review, we revisit this issue by applying fine-grained linguistic analyses to the most comprehensive data set of titi monkey alarm sequences available to date. Specifically, we evaluate three competing hypotheses: one rich hypothesis suggesting that titi alarm sequences are compositional, and two deflationary alternatives. The first deflationary hypothesis holds that an alarm sequence is a single vocalisation that only superficially resembles a combination of discrete calls. The second deflationary hypothesis posits that an alarm sequence consists of a series of independent calls emitted in rapid succession, governed by no syntactic rule. The data set allows us to reject the first deflationary hypothesis but not the second, preventing us from concluding that titi monkey sequences are compositional. This leads us to another important question: if the sequences are not compositional, what information do they convey, and how? We examine the information encoded in the alarm calls and find that alarm calls likely reflect the caller's arousal level at the time of emission of the call: A-calls encode high arousal, B-calls lower arousal, and sequences appear to track dynamic changes in arousal over time. However, strikingly, receivers still manage to extract relevant information about the event eliciting alarm sequences, likely through inferences relying on contextual cues and prior knowledge. This pragmatic enrichment suggests that emotion-based communication can give rise to complex cognitive processes, particularly on the receiver's side. Titi monkeys thus offer a valuable model for investigating the evolutionary roots of pragmatics. More broadly, our review challenges the misconception that emotional communication is cognitively simple, and invites renewed attention to the role of affective communication in the emergence of linguistic-like abilities.</p>","PeriodicalId":133,"journal":{"name":"Biological Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"1479-1490"},"PeriodicalIF":11.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13149759/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146007930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sentience in cephalopod molluscs: an updated assessment.","authors":"Alexandra K Schnell, Heather Browning, Andrew Crump, Charlotte C Burn, Jonathan Birch","doi":"10.1002/brv.70125","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brv.70125","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article evaluates the evidence for sentience - the capacity to have feelings - in cephalopod molluscs: octopus, cuttlefish, squid, and nautilus. Our framework includes eight criteria, covering both whether the animal's nervous system could support sentience and whether their behaviour indicates sentience. There is strong evidence of sentience in octopuses and cuttlefish, which are assessed with very high or high confidence in meeting six of eight criteria. There is also substantial evidence for squid (very high or high confidence in five of eight criteria). By contrast, whether nautiluses are sentient remains unknown (high confidence in only one of eight criteria), since this group of cephalopods have attracted little research. This reflects a general pattern: cases where a taxon did not satisfy a criterion were invariably due to insufficient evidence, rather than evidence that the criterion was not met. In no cases were we confident that a taxon failed a criterion. We explore the nuances of evidence for sentience, examining both neural and behavioural markers, drawing from and updating our previous review (Birch et al., 2021), and shedding light on the implications for ethical treatment and welfare within this class of animals while also revealing areas where further research is needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":133,"journal":{"name":"Biological Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"1311-1333"},"PeriodicalIF":11.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146007982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Receiver psychology as a driver of communication network structure.","authors":"Michael S Reichert, Eleanor M Caves","doi":"10.1002/brv.70138","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brv.70138","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Communication and sociality are intimately related, as many important social processes are mediated by communication between signal senders and receivers. Despite recent advances in social network analysis, animal communication networks remain difficult to characterize because the interactions that comprise the network structure depend on receiver sensory, perceptual, and cognitive processes. Collectively, these receiver psychological traits process social information and lead to decisions regarding whether and how to interact with signallers, generating variation in social interactions and the structure of communication networks. Here, we review the evidence that variation in receiver psychology affects both individuals' positions within the communication network and the structure of the communication network as a whole. These effects range from limits on signal active space imposed by receiver sensory acuity and sensitivity, to facilitation of social connections by learning and memory of signal characteristics. Although we identify numerous receiver psychological traits that likely affect connections between receivers and signallers, few studies have explicitly examined the role of receiver psychology on variation in communication network structure. We therefore review recent methodological advances that could facilitate such studies. We then show that the effects of receiver psychology on communication networks could have strong impacts on ecological and evolutionary processes. In particular, we discuss the reciprocal links between receiver psychology and social structure, and how these individual-group feedbacks are expected to generate coevolution between communication and sociality. Our review synthesizes diverse evidence that receiver psychology can affect communication interactions and provides a path forward for integrating sensory, perceptual, and cognitive mechanisms of signal processing with individual behavioural variation and ecological and evolutionary consequences of variation in animal social behaviour.</p>","PeriodicalId":133,"journal":{"name":"Biological Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"1606-1620"},"PeriodicalIF":11.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146111791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early evolutionary history of the seed.","authors":"Richard M Bateman, Alan R T Spencer, Jason Hilton","doi":"10.1002/brv.70134","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brv.70134","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The seed is an essential stage in the life history of gymnospermous and angiospermous plants, facilitating both their survival and dispersal. We reappraise knowledge of the evolutionary history of the gymnospermous seed, from its origin in the late Devonian through to the well-known end-Permian extinctions - an interval encompassing the origins of most major lineages of seed-bearing plants. The framework for our broader discussions is a novel cladistic analysis of anatomically preserved Palaeozoic seeds, analysing 79 seed-species for 89 morphological characters in a matrix containing only 24% missing values. The resulting consensus tree is weakly but fully resolved and compatible with traditional division into three informal seed groups: paraphyletic lagenocarps, paraphyletic trigonocarps and monophyletic cardiocarps. Three seed-genera - Rhychosperma, Albertlongia and Muricosperma - are revealed as potential 'missing links' between groups, and modest re-circumscription of seed-genera is required. Although the value of single-organ phylogenies remains controversial, the present seed-tree topology receives general support from the dated sequence of first appearances of seed-species in the fossil record, and from the topologies of morphological cladistic studies that combined conceptually reconstructed fossil plants with primitive extant lineages, notably ginkgos and cycads. Branch lengths in the tree and phenetic distances in ordinations of the matrix indicate similar overall rates of character change through the Palaeozoic, rather than a fractal pattern reflecting progressively increasing constraint, although early changes in architectural and pollination-related characters gradually give way to greater experimentation with the internal layering and external topography of the testa. Our process-based evolutionary inferences are informed by extant gymnosperms, particularly Cycas and Ginkgo. The origin of the true seed is attributed primarily to (1) the complex biochemical signalling needed to allow the sperm to reach the archegonia through the megasporangium wall and (2) the localised apoptosis of the megasporangium hypothesised to have simultaneously allowed hollowing out of the nucellar apex to form a sophisticated pollen-receiving apparatus (the pollen chamber) and secretion of a pollination drop to capture air-borne (pre)pollen. Subsequent potential key innovations include transfer of function of both pollination-drop channelling and pollen chamber sealing from the nucellar salpinx to the integumentary micropyle, and introduction of a haustorial pollen tube to direct spermatozoa towards the archegonia. Assuming that the seed-plant megasporangium terminates an axis, synorganisation has played a key role in seed evolution, leaf-like lateral organs being repeatedly pulled towards the apex and incorporated into the terminal structure. Lateral webbing of integumentary lobes eventually almost fully enclosed the nucellus, while a similar synorga","PeriodicalId":133,"journal":{"name":"Biological Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"1511-1553"},"PeriodicalIF":11.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13149795/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146049601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Why are so few island bryophytes endemic?","authors":"Sébastien Mirolo, Alice Ledent, Juana M González-Mancebo, Rosalina Gabriel, Manuela Sim-Sim, Flavien Collart, Jairo Patiño, Alain Vanderpoorten","doi":"10.1002/brv.70127","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brv.70127","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Endemism, a hallmark of island biodiversity, reaches its lowest levels among bryophytes compared with other land plants. Whether this pattern reflects low diversification rates, and why, or whether it is a result of loss of endemicity due to extinctions or subsequent continental (back-)colonization, is examined here through a review of available evidence in the Macaronesian flora. Significant genetic differentiation (G_ST, based on allele frequencies) was consistently found between Macaronesian and continental populations, ruling out the hypothesis that intense migrations necessarily hamper differentiation. A significant phylogeographical signal in the data (N_ST > G_ST; where N_ST is a G_ST analog incorporating phylogenetic relationships among alleles), involving higher mutation rates than dispersal rates and evidencing incipient speciation, was further found in more than 1/3 of the species investigated. The significantly higher average N_ST between extra-European regions and Macaronesia compared to Europe and Macaronesia suggests, however, that incipient speciation is more likely to occur between distant (Macaronesian versus extra-European) than closer (Macaronesian versus European) populations. In line with this, ancestral area estimations in Macaronesian endemic bryophyte species revealed that at least 50% of them have an extra-European origin, in contrast with the almost exclusively (>90%) European/Mediterranean origin of Macaronesian endemic spermatophytes. Allopatric speciation via long-distance dispersal and subsequent divergence of a single endemic species prevails in island bryophytes, wherein sympatric radiations virtually never occur. Such a speciation mode does not trigger high rates of endemism, in contrast to radiations in Macaronesian spermatophytes, which contribute to 56% of the total number of endemics. Several mechanisms may explain the failure of island bryophytes to diversify in situ, including the fact that oceanic islands are too small or insufficiently isolated from each other or from continents to promote sympatric speciation, the lack of key innovations, and phylogenetic niche conservatism for stable habitats not prone to trigger radiations. In comparison with spermatophytes, continental (back-)colonization further largely prevails in bryophytes and, unlike in many instances in angiosperms, is not followed by in situ speciation on the mainland. The consequent loss of the endemic status of species that did speciate on islands but subsequently enlarged their range further accounts for the low rates of endemism among island bryophyte floras and invalidates the use of endemism rates as a proxy of speciation rates in this group.</p>","PeriodicalId":133,"journal":{"name":"Biological Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"1358-1381"},"PeriodicalIF":11.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146045764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subterranean environments contribute to three-quarters of classified ecosystem services.","authors":"Stefano Mammola, David Brankovits, Tiziana Di Lorenzo, Isabel R Amorim, Raluca Ioana Bancila, Adrià Bellvert, Enrico Bernard, Anna Blomberg, Paulo A V Borges, Martina Cappelletti, Rodrigo Lopes Ferreira, Rosalina Gabriel, Diana M P Galassi, Laura Garzoli, Vasilis Gerovasileiou, Grant C Hose, Kathryn L Korbel, Simone Martino, Ana Z Miller, Nataša Mori, Veronica Nanni, Giuseppe Nicolosi, Mattia Saccò, Troy S Sakihara, Marconi Souza Silva, Anne E Tamalavage, Maja Zagmajster, Efraín Chávez, Christian Griebler, Pedro Cardoso, Alejandro Martínez","doi":"10.1002/brv.70137","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brv.70137","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Beneath the Earth's surface lies a network of interconnected caves, voids, and systems of fissures forming in rocks of sedimentary, igneous, or metamorphic origin. Although largely inaccessible to humans, this hidden realm supports and regulates services critical to ecological health and human well-being. Subterranean ecosystems are integral to major biogeochemical cycles, sustain diverse surface habitats, and serve as the primary source of irrigation and drinking water. They also offer non-material benefits, including scientific discovery, education, and cultural practices. Yet, these contributions often go unrecognised, partly due to the lack of a unified synthesis of ecosystem services across terrestrial, freshwater, and marine subterranean compartments. This gap limits effective communication of their value to scientists, practitioners, and the public. Through a systematic expert-based review, we show that subterranean ecosystems contribute to up to 75% of classified ecosystem services. Notably, many of these contributions are described only qualitatively, lacking numerical or economic quantification. Next, we list examples of the main ecosystem services provided by subterranean systems to offer a global overview of their multifaceted value and vulnerability to environmental change. We believe this synthesis provides researchers and practitioners with concrete examples to communicate more effectively the importance of subterranean ecosystems to diverse audiences.</p>","PeriodicalId":133,"journal":{"name":"Biological Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"1582-1605"},"PeriodicalIF":11.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13149732/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146148522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of the historic and present ecological role of aquatic and shoreline wood, from forest to deep sea.","authors":"Jon Dickson, Ellen Wohl, Laura L Govers, Oscar Franken, Tjeerd J Bouma, Han Olff, Britas Klemens Eriksson, Maryann S Watson, Luísa M S Borges, Tjisse van der Heide","doi":"10.1002/brv.70117","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brv.70117","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The ecology of forests, their losses, and terrestrial wood decomposition dynamics have been intensively studied and reviewed. In the aquatic realm, reviews have concentrated on large wood (LW) in rivers and the transition from freshwater to marine environments in the Pacific Northwest of North America. However, a comprehensive global synthesis of LW dynamics, including decomposition processes and human influences across the freshwater-marine continuum, is lacking. Here, we review the role of LW and its fate across the entire freshwater-to-marine gradient and synthesise our findings in an integrative conceptual overview. LW has been exported by rivers to sea for hundreds of millions of years. During this journey, LW acts as an ecosystem engineer by modifying its environment and the landscape. In rivers, LW alters hydrodynamics, resulting in sediment retention and changes to riverbed and shoreline morphology. Along coastlines, driftwood initiates dunes, prevents erosion, retains moisture, and provides lignocellulose-based nutrients. Important habitats provided by floating rafts and sunken 'islands' of wood are found across estuarine, shelf and open/deep seas. Wood degradation gradually transitions from mechanical to biomechanical and chemotrophic. In rivers, degradation is primarily mechanical due to abrasion and impacts. In estuaries, salinity increases, allowing marine wood borers to begin biomechanical degradation; their activity remains the main degradation cause across marine environments. On the seafloor, chemotrophic micro-organisms finalise decomposition of small fragments. LW accumulations act as biodiversity hotspots across the freshwater-to-marine gradient. River communities rely on induced abiotic changes such as meanders, pools, and riffles, while log jams and dams serve as velocity and predation shelters, and create pools with cooler, deeper water. The wood itself acts as attachment substrate for eggs and larvae. From estuaries seaward, the focus fully shifts to LW itself: driftwood provides lignocellulose for wood-boring organisms and stable substrate for sessile animals and macroalgae. In shelf seas and open oceans, floating LW rafts provide shade, shelter, and attachment substrate. Humans have greatly decreased export of LW from river to sea by clearing forests for agriculture and urbanisation, damming rivers, and removing LW 'debris' that is often deemed a hazard or nuisance in developed areas. Indeed, the annual export of LW &gt;3 m long to marine environments has decreased by 5,000,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; compared to the pre-landscape-domestication period. Any wood that reaches the sea washes up on shore or sinks, where it is often removed by bottom trawling. Restoring historic levels of LW is implausible, but reintroductions can restore ecosystem functions along the freshwater-to-marine gradient. Thus far, restoration research has focused on freshwater systems, while such work is in its infancy in coastal and marine environments. ","PeriodicalId":133,"journal":{"name":"Biological Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"1091-1119"},"PeriodicalIF":11.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13149766/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145802699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Injuries in deep time: interpreting competitive behaviours in extinct reptiles via palaeopathology.","authors":"Maximilian Scott, Julia A Gamble, Caleb Marshall Brown, Kirstin S Brink","doi":"10.1002/brv.70116","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brv.70116","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>For over a century, palaeopathology has been used as a tool for understanding evolution, disease in past communities and populations, and to interpret behaviour of extinct taxa. Physical traumas in particular have frequently been the justification for interpretations about aggressive and even competitive behaviours in extinct taxa. However, the standards used in these interpretations have been inconsistent and occasionally questionable, and knowledge of extant reptile pathology is limited. Interpretations about the timelines and causes of unhealed bone damage are unreliable, and so behavioural implications from these marks are dubious. Even in the case of tooth marks, perimortem damage can be difficult to distinguish from postmortem alteration. In this review, methods from the anthropological sciences are adapted for the purposes of palaeontology, especially in establishing a new framework to distinguish antemortem traumatic damage from other similarly presenting features like sediment encrustation, postmortem damage/taphonomic features, variants of anatomical features, and non-traumatic palaeopathologies. Even in cases where traumatic palaeopathologies are accurately macroscopically identified, noting isolated incidences may not provide sufficient evidence to interpret behaviour at any taxonomic level. Future research directions in modern reptile pathology are proposed to improve the efficacy of traumatic palaeopathologies as a tool in interpreting extinct reptile behaviours.</p>","PeriodicalId":133,"journal":{"name":"Biological Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"1073-1090"},"PeriodicalIF":11.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13149791/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145802661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}