Biological Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Large-scale and long-term wildlife research and monitoring using camera traps: a continental synthesis","authors":"Tom Bruce, Zachary Amir, Benjamin L. Allen, Brendan F. Alting, Matt Amos, John Augusteyn, Guy-Anthony Ballard, Linda M. Behrendorff, Kristian Bell, Andrew J. Bengsen, Ami Bennett, Joe S. Benshemesh, Joss Bentley, Caroline J. Blackmore, Remo Boscarino-Gaetano, Lachlan A. Bourke, Rob Brewster, Barry W. Brook, Colin Broughton, Jessie C. Buettel, Andrew Carter, Antje Chiu-Werner, Andrew W. Claridge, Sarah Comer, Sebastien Comte, Rod M. Connolly, Mitchell A. Cowan, Sophie L. Cross, Calum X. Cunningham, Anastasia H. Dalziell, Hugh F. Davies, Jenny Davis, Stuart J. Dawson, Julian Di Stefano, Christopher R. Dickman, Martin L. Dillon, Tim S. Doherty, Michael M. Driessen, Don A. Driscoll, Shannon J. Dundas, Anne C. Eichholtzer, Todd F. Elliott, Peter Elsworth, Bronwyn A. Fancourt, Loren L. Fardell, James Faris, Adam Fawcett, Diana O. Fisher, Peter J. S. Fleming, David M. Forsyth, Alejandro D. Garza-Garcia, William L. Geary, Graeme Gillespie, Patrick J. Giumelli, Ana Gracanin, Hedley S. Grantham, Aaron C. Greenville, Stephen R. Griffiths, Heidi Groffen, David G. Hamilton, Lana Harriott, Matthew W. Hayward, Geoffrey Heard, Jaime Heiniger, Kristofer M. Helgen, Tim J. Henderson, Lorna Hernandez-Santin, Cesar Herrera, Ben T. Hirsch, Rosemary Hohnen, Tracey A. Hollings, Conrad J. Hoskin, Bronwyn A. Hradsky, Jacinta E. Humphrey, Paul R. Jennings, Menna E. Jones, Neil R. Jordan, Catherine L. Kelly, Malcolm S. Kennedy, Monica L. Knipler, Tracey L. Kreplins, Kiara L. L'Herpiniere, William F. Laurance, Tyrone H. Lavery, Mark Le Pla, Lily Leahy, Ashley Leedman, Sarah Legge, Ana V. Leitão, Mike Letnic, Michael J. Liddell, Zoë E. Lieb, Grant D. Linley, Allan T. Lisle, Cheryl A. Lohr, Natalya Maitz, Kieran D. Marshall, Rachel T. Mason, Daniela F. Matheus-Holland, Leo B. McComb, Peter J. McDonald, Hugh McGregor, Donald T. McKnight, Paul D. Meek, Vishnu Menon, Damian R. Michael, Charlotte H. Mills, Vivianna Miritis, Harry A. Moore, Helen R. Morgan, Brett P. Murphy, Andrew J. Murray, Daniel J. D. Natusch, Heather Neilly, Paul Nevill, Peggy Newman, Thomas M. Newsome, Dale G. Nimmo, Eric J. Nordberg, Terence W. O'Dwyer, Sally O'Neill, Julie M. Old, Katherine Oxenham, Matthew D. Pauza, Ange J. L. Pestell, Benjamin J. Pitcher, Christopher A. Pocknee, Hugh P. Possingham, Keren G. Raiter, Jacquie S. Rand, Matthew W. Rees, Anthony R. Rendall, Juanita Renwick, April Reside, Miranda Rew-Duffy, Euan G. Ritchie, Chris P. Roach, Alan Robley, Stefanie M. Rog, Tracy M. Rout, Thomas A. Schlacher, Cyril R. Scomparin, Holly Sitters, Deane A. Smith, Ruchira Somaweera, Emma E. Spencer, Rebecca E. Spindler, Alyson M. Stobo-Wilson, Danielle Stokeld, Louise M. Streeting, Duncan R. Sutherland, Patrick L. Taggart, Daniella Teixeira, Graham G. Thompson, Scott A. Thompson, Mary O. Thorpe, Stephanie J. Todd, Alison L. Towerton, Karl Vernes, Grace Waller, Glenda M. Wardle, Darcy J. Watchorn, Alexander W. T. Watson, Justin A. Welbergen, Michael A. Weston, Baptiste J. Wijas, Stephen E. Williams, Luke P. Woodford, Eamonn I. F. Wooster, Elizabeth Znidersic, Matthew S. Luskin","doi":"10.1111/brv.13152","DOIUrl":"10.1111/brv.13152","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Camera traps are widely used in wildlife research and monitoring, so it is imperative to understand their strengths, limitations, and potential for increasing impact. We investigated a decade of use of wildlife cameras (2012–2022) with a case study on Australian terrestrial vertebrates using a multifaceted approach. We (<i>i</i>) synthesised information from a literature review; (<i>ii</i>) conducted an online questionnaire of 132 professionals; (<i>iii</i>) hosted an in-person workshop of 28 leading experts representing academia, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), and government; and (<i>iv</i>) mapped camera trap usage based on all sources. We predicted that the last decade would have shown: (<i>i</i>) exponentially increasing sampling effort, a continuation of camera usage trends up to 2012; (<i>ii</i>) analytics to have shifted from naive presence/absence and capture rates towards hierarchical modelling that accounts for imperfect detection, thereby improving the quality of outputs and inferences on occupancy, abundance, and density; and (<i>iii</i>) broader research scales in terms of multi-species, multi-site and multi-year studies. However, the results showed that the sampling effort has reached a plateau, with publication rates increasing only modestly. Users reported reaching a saturation point in terms of images that could be processed by humans and time for complex analyses and academic writing. There were strong taxonomic and geographic biases towards medium–large mammals (>500 g) in forests along Australia's southeastern coastlines, reflecting proximity to major cities. Regarding analytical choices, bias-prone indices still accounted for ~50% of outputs and this was consistent across user groups. Multi-species, multi-site and multiple-year studies were rare, largely driven by hesitancy around collaboration and data sharing. There is no widely used repository for wildlife camera images and the Atlas of Living Australia (ALA) is the dominant repository for sharing tabular occurrence records. However, the ALA is presence-only and thus is unsuitable for creating detection histories with absences, inhibiting hierarchical modelling. Workshop discussions identified a pressing need for collaboration to enhance the efficiency, quality and scale of research and management outcomes, leading to the proposal of a Wildlife Observatory of Australia (WildObs). To encourage data standards and sharing, WildObs should (<i>i</i>) promote a metadata collection app; (<i>ii</i>) create a tagged image repository to facilitate artificial intelligence/machine learning (AI/ML) computer vision research in this space; (<i>iii</i>) address the image identification bottleneck <i>via</i> the use of AI/ML-powered image-processing platforms; (<i>iv</i>) create data commons for detection histories that are suitable for hierarchical modelling; and (<i>v</i>) provide capacity building and tools for hierarchical modelling. Our review highlights that while Austr","PeriodicalId":133,"journal":{"name":"Biological Reviews","volume":"100 2","pages":"530-555"},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/brv.13152","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142996794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards a unified approach in managing resistance to vaccines, drugs, and pesticides","authors":"Andrei V. Alyokhin,&nbsp;Benjamin M. Rosenthal,&nbsp;Donald C. Weber,&nbsp;Mitchell B. Baker","doi":"10.1111/brv.13174","DOIUrl":"10.1111/brv.13174","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Everywhere, pests and pathogens evolve resistance to our control efforts, impairing human health and welfare. Developing sustainable solutions to this problem requires working with evolved immune and ecological systems, rather than against these evolutionary forces. We advocate a transdisciplinary approach to resistance based on an evolutionary foundation informed by the concepts of integrated pest management and One Health. Diverse, multimodal management approaches create a more challenging environment for the evolution of resistance. Given our permanent evolutionary and ecological relationships with pests and pathogens, responses to most biological threats to health and agriculture should seek sustainable harm reduction rather than eradication.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":133,"journal":{"name":"Biological Reviews","volume":"100 3","pages":"1067-1082"},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142976868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-native species have higher consumption rates than their native counterparts","authors":"Larissa Faria,&nbsp;Ross N. Cuthbert,&nbsp;James W. E. Dickey,&nbsp;Jonathan M. Jeschke,&nbsp;Anthony Ricciardi,&nbsp;Jaimie T. A. Dick,&nbsp;Jean R. S. Vitule","doi":"10.1111/brv.13179","DOIUrl":"10.1111/brv.13179","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Non-native species can be major drivers of ecosystem alteration, especially through changes in trophic interactions. Successful non-native species have been predicted to have greater resource use efficiency relative to trophically analogous native species (the Resource Consumption Hypothesis), but rigorous evidence remains equivocal. Here, we tested this proposition quantitatively in a global meta-analysis of comparative functional response studies. We calculated the log response ratio of paired non-native and native species functional responses, using attack rate and maximum consumption rate parameters as response variables. Explanatory variables were consumer taxonomic group and functional feeding group, habitat, native assemblage latitude, and non-native species taxonomic distinctiveness. Maximum consumption rates for non-native species were 70% higher, on average, than those of their native counterparts; attack rates also tended to be higher, but not significantly so. The magnitude of maximum consumption rate effect sizes varied with consumer taxonomic group and functional feeding group, being highest in favour of non-natives for molluscs and herbivores. Consumption rate differences between non-native and native species tended to be greater for freshwater taxa, perhaps reflecting sensitivity of insular freshwater food webs to novel consumers; this pattern needs to be explored further as additional data are obtained from terrestrial and marine ecosystems. In general, our results support the Resource Consumption Hypothesis, which can partly explain how successful non-native species can reduce native resource populations and restructure food webs.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":133,"journal":{"name":"Biological Reviews","volume":"100 3","pages":"1163-1180"},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142976855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards repeated clear-cutting of boreal forests – a tipping point for biodiversity?","authors":"Lisa Fagerli Lunde,&nbsp;Tone Birkemoe,&nbsp;Anne Sverdrup-Thygeson,&nbsp;Johan Asplund,&nbsp;Rune Halvorsen,&nbsp;O. Janne Kjønaas,&nbsp;Jenni Nordén,&nbsp;Sundy Maurice,&nbsp;Inger Skrede,&nbsp;Line Nybakken,&nbsp;Håvard Kauserud","doi":"10.1111/brv.13180","DOIUrl":"10.1111/brv.13180","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Boreal forests are important carbon sinks and host a diverse array of species that provide important ecosystem functions. Boreal forests have a long history of intensive forestry, in which even-aged management with clear-cutting has been the dominant harvesting practice for the past 50–80 years. As a second cycle of clear-cutting is emerging, there is an urgent need to examine the effects of repeated clear-cutting events on biodiversity. Clear-cutting has led to reduced numbers of old and large trees, decreased volumes of dead wood of varied decay stages and diameters, and altered physical and chemical compositions of soils. The old-growth boreal forest has been fragmented and considerably reduced. Here, we review short- and long-term (≥50 years) effects of clear-cutting on boreal forest biodiversity in four key substrates: living trees, dead wood, ground and soil. We then assess landscape-level changes (habitat fragmentation and edge effects) on this biodiversity. There is evidence for long-term community changes after clear-cutting for several taxa: epiphytic lichens; saproxylic fungi, bryophytes and insects; epigeic bryophytes; and soil snails, bacteria, and ectomycorrhizal fungi. Long-term declines in species richness were found for saproxylic fungi, bryophytes and true flies. However, for the majority of taxa, long-term effects of clear-cutting are not well understood. On the landscape level, reduced connectivity to old-growth forests has negative effects on several species of fungi, lichens, bryophytes and insects, notably among Red-Listed species. Furthermore, altered microclimate near clear-cut edges negatively affects epiphytic lichens and epigeic arthropods, implying complex effects of habitat fragmentation. Repeated cycles of clear-cutting might pose even stronger pressures on boreal forest biodiversity due to continued fragmentation of old-growth forests and accumulation of extinction debts. Examining the broad effects of forestry on biodiversity across the boreal biome is crucial: (<i>i</i>) to increase our knowledge of long-term and landscape-level effects of former clear-cutting; and (<i>ii</i>) to gain a better understanding of how forestry will affect biodiversity and, subsequently, ecosystem functioning, with repeated cycles of clear-cutting.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":133,"journal":{"name":"Biological Reviews","volume":"100 3","pages":"1181-1205"},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142982076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Key concepts and a world-wide look at plant recruitment networks","authors":"Julio M. Alcántara,&nbsp;Miguel Verdú,&nbsp;José L. Garrido,&nbsp;Alicia Montesinos-Navarro,&nbsp;Marcelo A. Aizen,&nbsp;Mohamed Alifriqui,&nbsp;David Allen,&nbsp;Ali A. Al-Namazi,&nbsp;Cristina Armas,&nbsp;Jesús M. Bastida,&nbsp;Tono Bellido,&nbsp;Gustavo Brant Paterno,&nbsp;Herbert Briceño,&nbsp;Ricardo A. Camargo de Oliveira,&nbsp;Josefina G. Campoy,&nbsp;Ghassen Chaieb,&nbsp;Chengjin Chu,&nbsp;Elena Constantinou,&nbsp;Léo Delalandre,&nbsp;Milen Duarte,&nbsp;Michel Faife-Cabrera,&nbsp;Fatih Fazlioglu,&nbsp;Edwino S. Fernando,&nbsp;Joel Flores,&nbsp;Hilda Flores-Olvera,&nbsp;Ecaterina Fodor,&nbsp;Gislene Ganade,&nbsp;Maria B. Garcia,&nbsp;Patricio García-Fayos,&nbsp;Sabrina S. Gavini,&nbsp;Marta Goberna,&nbsp;Lorena Gómez-Aparicio,&nbsp;Enrique González-Pendás,&nbsp;Ana González-Robles,&nbsp;Kahraman İpekdal,&nbsp;Zaal Kikvidze,&nbsp;Alicia Ledo,&nbsp;Sandra Lendínez,&nbsp;Hanlun Liu,&nbsp;Francisco Lloret,&nbsp;Ramiro P. López,&nbsp;Álvaro López-García,&nbsp;Christopher J. Lortie,&nbsp;Gianalberto Losapio,&nbsp;James A. Lutz,&nbsp;František Máliš,&nbsp;Antonio J. Manzaneda,&nbsp;Vinicius Marcilio-Silva,&nbsp;Richard Michalet,&nbsp;Rafael Molina-Venegas,&nbsp;José A. Navarro-Cano,&nbsp;Vojtech Novotny,&nbsp;Jens M. Olesen,&nbsp;Juan P. Ortiz-Brunel,&nbsp;Mariona Pajares-Murgó,&nbsp;Antonio J. Perea,&nbsp;Vidal Pérez-Hernández,&nbsp;María Ángeles Pérez-Navarro,&nbsp;Nuria Pistón,&nbsp;Iván Prieto,&nbsp;Jorge Prieto-Rubio,&nbsp;Francisco I. Pugnaire,&nbsp;Nelson Ramírez,&nbsp;Rubén Retuerto,&nbsp;Pedro J. Rey,&nbsp;Daniel A. Rodriguez-Ginart,&nbsp;Ricardo Sánchez-Martín,&nbsp;Çağatay Tavşanoğlu,&nbsp;Giorgi Tedoradze,&nbsp;Amanda Tercero-Araque,&nbsp;Katja Tielbörger,&nbsp;Blaise Touzard,&nbsp;İrem Tüfekcioğlu,&nbsp;Sevda Turkis,&nbsp;Francisco M. Usero,&nbsp;Nurbahar Usta-Baykal,&nbsp;Alfonso Valiente-Banuet,&nbsp;Alexa Vargas-Colin,&nbsp;Ioannis Vogiatzakis,&nbsp;Regino Zamora","doi":"10.1111/brv.13177","DOIUrl":"10.1111/brv.13177","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Plant–plant interactions are major determinants of the dynamics of terrestrial ecosystems. There is a long tradition in the study of these interactions, their mechanisms and their consequences using experimental, observational and theoretical approaches. Empirical studies overwhelmingly focus at the level of species pairs or small sets of species. Although empirical data on these interactions at the community level are scarce, such studies have gained pace in the last decade. Studying plant–plant interactions at the community level requires knowledge of which species interact with which others, so an ecological networks approach must be incorporated into the basic toolbox of plant community ecology. The concept of recruitment networks (RNs) provides an integrative framework and new insights for many topics in the field of plant community ecology. RNs synthesise the set of canopy–recruit interactions in a local plant assemblage. Canopy–recruit interactions describe which (“canopy”) species allow the recruitment of other species in their vicinity and how. Here we critically review basic concepts of ecological network theory as they apply to RNs. We use RecruitNet, a recently published worldwide data set of canopy–recruit interactions, to describe RN patterns emerging at the interaction, species, and community levels, and relate them to different abiotic gradients. Our results show that RNs can be sampled with high accuracy. The studies included in RecruitNet show a very high mean network completeness (95%), indicating that undetected canopy–recruit pairs must be few and occur very infrequently. Across 351,064 canopy–recruit pairs analysed, the effect of the interaction on recruitment was neutral in an average of 69% of the interactions per community, but the remaining interactions were positive (i.e. facilitative) five times more often than negative (i.e. competitive), and positive interactions had twice the strength of negative ones. Moreover, the frequency and strength of facilitation increases along a climatic aridity gradient worldwide, so the demography of plant communities is increasingly strongly dependent on facilitation as aridity increases. At network level, species can be ascribed to four functional types depending on their position in the network: core, satellite, strict transients and disturbance-dependent transients. This functional structure can allow a rough estimation of which species are more likely to persist. In RecruitNet communities, this functional structure most often departs from random null model expectation and could allow on average the persistence of 77% of the species in a local community. The functional structure of RNs also varies along the aridity gradient, but differently in shrubland than in forest communities. This variation suggests an increase in the probability of species persistence with aridity in forests, while such probability remains roughly constant along the gradient in shrublands. The different func","PeriodicalId":133,"journal":{"name":"Biological Reviews","volume":"100 3","pages":"1127-1151"},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/brv.13177","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142890669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Origin stories: how does learned migratory behaviour arise in populations?","authors":"Janey Fugate,&nbsp;Cody Wallace,&nbsp;Ellen O. Aikens,&nbsp;Brett Jesmer,&nbsp;Matthew Kauffman","doi":"10.1111/brv.13171","DOIUrl":"10.1111/brv.13171","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Although decades of research have deepened our understanding of the proximate triggers and ultimate drivers of migrations for a range of taxa, how populations establish migrations remains a mystery. However, recent studies have begun to illuminate the interplay between genetically inherited and learned migrations, opening the door to the evaluation of how migration may be learned, established, and maintained. Nevertheless, for migratory species where the role of learning is evident, we lack a comprehensive framework for understanding how populations learn specific routes and refine migratory movements over time (i.e., their origins). This review draws on advances in behavioural and movement ecology to offer a comprehensive framework for how populations could transition from resident to migratory by connecting cognitive research on fine-scale perceptual cues and movement decisions with literature on learning and cultural transmission, to the emergent pattern of migration. We synthesize the multiple cognitive mechanisms and processes that allow a population to respond to seasonal resource limitation, then encode spatial and environmental information about resource availability in memory and engage in social learning to navigate their landscapes and track resources better. A rise in global reintroduction efforts, along with human-induced rapid shifts in environmental cues and changing landscapes make evaluating the origins of this threatened behaviour more urgent than ever.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":133,"journal":{"name":"Biological Reviews","volume":"100 2","pages":"996-1014"},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142890671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wildlife trade investigations benefit from multivariate stable isotope analyses","authors":"Tracey-Leigh Prigge,&nbsp;Astrid A. Andersson,&nbsp;Chloe E. R. Hatten,&nbsp;Even Y. M. Leung,&nbsp;David M. Baker,&nbsp;Timothy C. Bonebrake,&nbsp;Caroline Dingle","doi":"10.1111/brv.13175","DOIUrl":"10.1111/brv.13175","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The investigation of wildlife trade and crime has benefitted from advances in technology and scientific development in a variety of fields. Stable isotope analysis (SIA) represents one rapidly developing approach that has considerable potential to contribute to wildlife trade investigation, especially in complementing other methods including morphological, genetic, and elemental approaches. Here, we review recent progress in the application of SIA in wildlife trade research to highlight strengths, shortcomings, and areas for development in the future. SIA has shown success in species identification, determination of geographic provenance, and differentiating between captive-bred and wild individuals. There are also emerging applications of SIA in wildlife trade research including the use of labelling for traceability, more in-depth analyses such as compound specific isotope analysis (CSIA), the use of trace metal isotopes, and monitoring the health of individuals (e.g. dietary history and nutritional status). While these applications have shown the utility of SIA in wildlife trade investigations, there are a number of limitations and issues where standardisation of analytical procedures would improve the comparability and interpretation of results. First, there is high variation within many stable isotopes geographically and within tissues – this variation presents opportunities for tracking and monitoring but can also challenge detection of patterns when variation is high. Second, the choice of isotopes and tissues within an organism (and ideally, multiple isotopes and tissues) should be considered carefully as different isotopes and tissue types have variable strengths and weaknesses depending on the research question. Third, validation of SIA methods remains underutilised in the field but is critical for applying SIA broadly to wildlife trade investigations and, particularly, for applications in forensics and in court. Fourth, standards are essential for comparisons across studies. Fifth, while some reference databases exist for the use of SIA in wildlife trade research (e.g. ivory), there are still few comprehensive reference databases available. Development of robust reference databases should be a priority for advancing the use of SIA in wildlife trade research, and ecological study more broadly. Ultimately, further recognition of these primary challenges (and development of solutions) within wildlife SIA research will improve the potential for this technique in tackling the threat of overexploitation to global biodiversity – particularly in concert with the application of other investigative techniques such as genetics and elemental analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":133,"journal":{"name":"Biological Reviews","volume":"100 3","pages":"1083-1104"},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/brv.13175","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142890623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Worldwide comparison of carbon stocks and fluxes between native and non-native forests","authors":"Adrián Lázaro-Lobo,&nbsp;Romina D. Fernandez,&nbsp;Álvaro Alonso,&nbsp;Paula Cruces,&nbsp;Verónica Cruz-Alonso,&nbsp;Gary N. Ervin,&nbsp;Antonio Gallardo,&nbsp;Elena Granda,&nbsp;Daniel Gómez-Gras,&nbsp;Hélia Marchante,&nbsp;Daniel Moreno-Fernández,&nbsp;Asunción Saldaña,&nbsp;Joaquim S. Silva,&nbsp;Pilar Castro-Díez","doi":"10.1111/brv.13176","DOIUrl":"10.1111/brv.13176","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Climate change is one of the main challenges that human societies are currently facing. Given that forests represent major natural carbon sinks in terrestrial ecosystems, administrations worldwide are launching broad-scale programs to promote forests, including stands of non-native trees. Yet, non-native trees may have profound impacts on the functions and services of forest ecosystems, including the carbon cycle, as they may differ widely from native trees in structural and functional characteristics. Also, the allocation of carbon between above- and belowground compartments may vary between native and non-native forests and affect the vulnerability of the carbon stocks to disturbances. We conducted a global meta-analysis to compare carbon stocks and fluxes among co-occurring forests dominated by native and non-native trees, while accounting for the effects of climate, tree life stage, and stand type. We compiled 1678 case studies from 250 papers, with quantitative data for carbon cycle-related variables from co-occurring forests dominated by native and non-native trees. We included 170 non-native species from 42 families, spanning 55 countries from all continents except Antarctica. Non-native forests showed higher overall carbon stock due to higher aboveground tree biomass. However, the belowground carbon stock, particularly soil organic carbon, was greater in forests dominated by native trees. Among fluxes, carbon uptake rate was higher in non-native forests, while carbon loss rate and carbon lability did not differ between native and non-native forests. Differences in carbon stocks and fluxes between native and non-native trees were greater at early life stages (i.e. seedling and juvenile). Overall, non-native forests had greater carbon stocks and fluxes than native forests when both were natural/naturalised or planted; however, native natural forests had greater values for the carbon cycle-related variables than plantations of non-native trees. Our findings indicate that promoting non-native forests may increase carbon stocks in the aboveground compartment at the expense of belowground carbon stocks. This may have far-reaching implications on the durability and vulnerability of carbon to disturbances. Forestry policies aimed at improving long-term carbon sequestration and storage should conserve and promote native forests.</p>","PeriodicalId":133,"journal":{"name":"Biological Reviews","volume":"100 3","pages":"1105-1126"},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/brv.13176","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142880857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimism and pessimism: a concept for behavioural ecology","authors":"Viktoria Siewert,&nbsp;Sylvia Kaiser,&nbsp;Norbert Sachser,&nbsp;S. Helene Richter","doi":"10.1111/brv.13178","DOIUrl":"10.1111/brv.13178","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Originating from human psychology, the concepts of “optimism” and “pessimism” were transferred to animal welfare science about 20 years ago to study emotional states in non-human animals. Over time, “optimism” and “pessimism” have developed into valuable welfare indicators, but little focus has been put on the ecological implications of this concept. Here, we aim to bridge this gap and underline the great potential for transferring it to behavioural ecology. We start by outlining why “optimism” and “pessimism” can be considered as aspects of animal personalities. Furthermore, we argue that considering “optimism”/“pessimism” in a behavioural ecology context can facilitate our understanding of individual adjustment to the environment. Specifically, we show how variation in “optimism”/“pessimism” can play a crucial role in adaptation processes to environmental heterogeneity, for example, niche choice and niche conformance. Building on these considerations, we hypothesise that “optimists” might be less plastic than “pessimists” in their behaviour, which could considerably affect the way they adjust to environmental change.</p>","PeriodicalId":133,"journal":{"name":"Biological Reviews","volume":"100 3","pages":"1152-1162"},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/brv.13178","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142875668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paleo-evo-devo implications of a revised conceptualization of enameloids and enamels","authors":"Guillaume Houée,&nbsp;Nicolas Goudemand,&nbsp;Damien Germain,&nbsp;Jérémie Bardin","doi":"10.1111/brv.13173","DOIUrl":"10.1111/brv.13173","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Understanding the origin and evolution of the mineralized skeleton is crucial for unravelling vertebrate history. However, several limitations hamper our progress. The first obstacle is the lack of uniformity and clarity in the literature for the definition of the tissues of concern, especially of enameloid(s) and enamel(s), resulting in ambiguous terminology and inconsistencies among studies. Moreover, the identification criteria currently employed to characterize hypermineralized tissues in extinct taxa, such as the presence or absence of tubules for enameloids, may lead to unsupported conclusions. We suggest that comparative developmental studies may be key to unambiguous terminology, truly diagnostic identification criteria and developmentally informed evolutionary hypotheses. We exemplify this approach by: (<i>i</i>) introducing a new conceptual framework for enameloid(s) and enamel(s), with clear terminologies, definitions and interactions between concepts; (<i>ii</i>) suggesting more rigorous ways to identify tissues, based on the observation of defining or additional properties, as well as on the comparison of developmental scenarios when possible; (<i>iii</i>) constructing a clear phylogenetic framework to discuss their homologies and highlighting possible transitions between these tissues; and by (<i>iv</i>) proposing developmental models that explain both enamel and enameloid formation, and suggest possible transitions between them.</p>","PeriodicalId":133,"journal":{"name":"Biological Reviews","volume":"100 3","pages":"1047-1066"},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/brv.13173","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142845532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}