Biological Reviews最新文献

{"title":"From beginning to end: the synecology of tree-killing bark beetles, fungi, and trees","authors":"Diana L. Six,&nbsp;Almuth Hammerbacher,&nbsp;Amy Trowbridge,&nbsp;Lorinda Bullington","doi":"10.1111/brv.70084","DOIUrl":"10.1111/brv.70084","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Over a century of research has revealed an amazing complexity of behaviours and physiological adaptations that allow tiny bark beetles to overcome large trees, sometimes resulting in outbreaks that kill millions of trees. Turning a tree into a home and successfully raising offspring involves constant interactions among the beetles, the tree, its microbiome, and the beetles' associated microbes, all influenced by abiotic factors that can determine success or failure. While we have learned much about these systems, substantial knowledge gaps remain. This synthesis aims to clarify and integrate current understanding, identify gaps, challenge long-held assumptions, and address interpretative issues that impede progress toward a holistic understanding of these systems. We advocate for expanding perspectives using synecological approaches to understand these complex systems better. We encourage expanding research into how colonization by the bark beetle–fungi complex influences subsequent tree decay and forest carbon dynamics. An explicit goal is to provide a comprehensive resource for new researchers while encouraging them to question established hypotheses and to explore new avenues of enquiry.</p>","PeriodicalId":133,"journal":{"name":"Biological Reviews","volume":"101 1","pages":"314-335"},"PeriodicalIF":11.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/brv.70084","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145237531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An integrated social–ecological–evolutionary–phenotypic (SEEP) approach to understanding animal responses to urbanization","authors":"Kevin E. McCluney,&nbsp;Pierre Deviche,&nbsp;Karen L. Sweazea,&nbsp;Elizabeth J. Carlen,&nbsp;Jeffrey A. G. Clark,&nbsp;Aaron M. Grade,&nbsp;Jeffrey D. Haight,&nbsp;Chase Niesner,&nbsp;Shaylynn Trego,&nbsp;Katherine C.B. Weiss","doi":"10.1111/brv.70088","DOIUrl":"10.1111/brv.70088","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Humans play key roles in shaping the structure and processes of ecosystems globally, especially in cities. This recognition has prompted a recent focus on understanding urban systems <i>via</i> interactions between human social systems and ecological and evolutionary processes. Most research has focused on interactions between two of these three domains. Here we present a framework for linking all three – social, ecological, and evolutionary – by focusing on phenotypic response and effect traits, illustrating the framework's utility in understanding wildlife dynamics in urban systems. We first present a generalized model for the social–ecological–evolutionary–phenotypic (SEEP) framework, then use urban climate as a specific example, provide guidance on how to implement this approach, and finally discuss emerging questions motivated by the framework and challenges in utilizing the approach.</p>","PeriodicalId":133,"journal":{"name":"Biological Reviews","volume":"101 1","pages":"419-436"},"PeriodicalIF":11.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/brv.70088","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145224668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Body surface temperatures as biomarkers of physiological environmental adaptation in wild birds and mammals","authors":"Paul Jerem,&nbsp;L. Michael Romero","doi":"10.1111/brv.70085","DOIUrl":"10.1111/brv.70085","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;The ability of individuals to cope with their environment, and therefore the likelihood that they survive and pass on their genes (i.e. fitness), is largely determined by physiological state. Tracking physiological state in wild animals, however, is challenging. Predominant techniques rely on capture and invasive procedures, restricting research to trappable species and individuals. Additionally, natural behaviours are interrupted, results may be affected by surgery or carrying apparatus, and welfare constraints restrict repeated sampling. Also, the leading non-invasive alternative – faecal sampling – cannot detect rapid physiological changes. Thermal imaging offers an increasingly popular option for studying physiological state in homeothermic endotherms (birds and mammals). The method resolves many of the above concerns and can infer both fast and slow underlying physiological changes from body surface temperature dynamics. Nonetheless, the generalisability of results across settings and populations remains unclear because systematic synthesis is lacking. Correspondingly, important knowledge gaps may be currently overlooked for the same reason. To address these deficits, we performed a systematic review of research linking endotherm body surface temperatures and the four main physiological functions expected to influence surface temperatures – thermoregulation, metabolism, stress and immune responses. We combined outcomes into consensus profiles to ascertain whether responses are generalisable. We also evaluated article publication metrics, study subjects, and methods to characterise research trends and identify approaches most likely to drive progress. Consensus profiling suggested thermoregulatory, metabolic and acute stress (up to 3 min from stressor onset) body surface temperature responses are likely to be broadly generalisable. By contrast, body surface temperature dynamics during immune activation likely depend on discrete ranges of environmental conditions. However, the reviewed literature demonstrates that we still lack sufficient understanding of the mechanistic processes connecting body surface temperatures with underlying physiology. Therefore, further development of methods for inferring physiology from body surface temperatures in natural environments will require combinations of detailed laboratory validations and confirmatory field studies. Such research would also benefit from greater rigour than is evident in the currently available literature, in terms of routinely validating physiological challenges, avoiding use of stress-inducing methods, analysing life-history stage and sex differences, investigating effects of both challenge increase and decrease, and assessing responses across all possible thermoregulatory states. Assuming these knowledge gaps can be filled and technical challenges overcome, inferring physiology in the wild using thermal imaging will present a host of valuable eco-evolutionary research opportunities ","PeriodicalId":133,"journal":{"name":"Biological Reviews","volume":"101 1","pages":"336-363"},"PeriodicalIF":11.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/brv.70085","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145211143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fraternal cooperation of hierarchical cancer parallels metazoan multicellularity and eusociality","authors":"Jibeom Choi","doi":"10.1111/brv.70087","DOIUrl":"10.1111/brv.70087","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Metazoan multicellularity and eusociality — both outcomes of the fraternal major transitions — have numerous features in common such as uneven distribution of group-establishing potential. In addition to this framework, I argue herein that the group-forming principles of metazoan multicellularity and eusociality are analogous to hierarchical cancer in that the cancer stem cells generate other cancer cells deprived of tumorigenicity. As such, I introduce concepts of germinating reproducers and sterile workers widely applicable to those systems. In particular, exploitative replication is suggested as an efficient strategy for maintaining the cooperation of fraternal cooperative organisations accompanied by asymmetric replication/reproduction. From this point of view, the defectors that spontaneously appear in metazoan multicellular organisms, eusocial colonies, and cancer clusters are cancers, egg-laying workers, and hypertumours, respectively. In a way similar to the policing observed in eusociality and metazoan multicellularity, I propose the hypothesis that the lactate-producing Warburg effect of cancer cells could represent a policing mechanism against hypertumours. Specifically, the Warburg effect establishes an acidified microenvironment that can repress growth of defector hypertumours by restricting diffusion of cancer growth factors. Considering the altruistic nature of the Warburg effect and metabolic plasticity, the possibility of hypertumours performing oxidative phosphorylation is discussed. This structural analogy not only highlights the role of asymmetric replication/reproduction in highly cooperative systems, but also provides a novel perspective on the social interactions of cancer cells, potentially laying foundations for clinical strategies aimed at disrupting cancer cooperation.</p>","PeriodicalId":133,"journal":{"name":"Biological Reviews","volume":"101 1","pages":"400-418"},"PeriodicalIF":11.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/brv.70087","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145197593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sleep disruption as a potential mechanism contributing to post-zygotic reproductive isolation in hybrids","authors":"Robin D. Johnsson,&nbsp;Georgy A. Semenov,&nbsp;Amber M. Rice,&nbsp;Scott A. Taylor,&nbsp;Timothy C. Roth","doi":"10.1111/brv.70083","DOIUrl":"10.1111/brv.70083","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Hybridization occurs when different species mate and produce offspring. Although hybridization can have negative consequences for cognitive performance, the mechanisms underlying those effects are still poorly understood. A fundamental physiological process found in all animals studied to date that could be disrupted in hybrids is sleep. Given that mechanisms that occur within the brain during sleep may help maintain optimal cognitive performance, here we outline the potential impacts of hybridization on sleep and cognition. We suggest that sleep loss caused by hybridization could lead to negative impacts for neural and molecular mechanisms (e.g. neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and brain gene expression) associated with cognition, which may help explain some of the cognitive deficiency recently observed in hybrid birds. However, we acknowledge that these mechanisms may instead be directly impacted by hybridization, which in turn could also disrupt sleep with similar negative consequences for cognition. Limitations in sleep processes apparent in hybrids might influence hybrid fitness and therefore act as a post-zygotic isolating barrier.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":133,"journal":{"name":"Biological Reviews","volume":"101 1","pages":"297-313"},"PeriodicalIF":11.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145190544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential effects of freshwater browning across fish species: consequences for individual- to community-level fish traits in north temperate lakes","authors":"Allison M. Roth,&nbsp;Vincent Fugère,&nbsp;Marco A. Rodríguez,&nbsp;Jean-François Lapierre,&nbsp;Joe Sánchez Schacht,&nbsp;Sapna Sharma,&nbsp;Mehdi M. Aqdam,&nbsp;Jeremy Fonvielle,&nbsp;Michelle Gros,&nbsp;Andrew J. Tanentzap,&nbsp;Matilda L. Andersson,&nbsp;Renee M. van Dorst,&nbsp;Jan Karlsson,&nbsp;Christopher T. Solomon,&nbsp;Christer Brönmark,&nbsp;Peter Eklöv,&nbsp;Kristin Scharnweber,&nbsp;Magnus Huss,&nbsp;Beatrix E. Beisner,&nbsp;Fernando Chaguaceda,&nbsp;Cristina Charette,&nbsp;Alison M. Derry,&nbsp;Gregor F. Fussmann,&nbsp;Andrew P. Hendry,&nbsp;Kaj Hulthén,&nbsp;Sandra Klemet-N'Guessan,&nbsp;Irene Gregory-Eaves","doi":"10.1111/brv.70074","DOIUrl":"10.1111/brv.70074","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The browning of freshwater ecosystems is increasingly evident in temperate and northern regions, with widespread ramifications for lake physics, chemistry, and biology. Contrasting results on how freshwater browning may impact fish have been reported, but there has been no comprehensive examination of how browning may cause cascading effects on individual- to population- to community-level traits of freshwater fishes. We addressed this knowledge gap by summarizing the existing literature and conducting a series of original analyses to: (<i>i</i>) explore the effects of a brown water gradient on populations of eight economically important species of fish across 871 lakes; and (<i>ii</i>) examine how a brown water gradient may influence community trait compositions across 303 lakes. From our literature synthesis, we found that fish growth is often negatively associated with browner waters, despite browning generally showing no effect on fish foraging. We also demonstrated that browner waters had greater abundances of northern pike (<i>Esox lucius</i>) and walleye (<i>Sander vitreus</i>), but lower numbers of lake trout (<i>Salvelinus namaycush</i>), yellow perch (<i>Perca flavescens</i>), largemouth bass (<i>Micropterus salmoides</i>), smallmouth bass (<i>M. dolomieu</i>), and lake whitefish (<i>Coregonus clupeaformis</i>). Moreover, we showed that fish communities were significantly more likely to contain species with larger eyes in browner lakes. Lastly, we examined relationships between various metrics of browning (i.e. dissolved organic carbon, Secchi transparency, water colour) and present a framework for how the effects of freshwater browning on fish may scale from individuals to populations to communities.</p>","PeriodicalId":133,"journal":{"name":"Biological Reviews","volume":"101 1","pages":"128-146"},"PeriodicalIF":11.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/brv.70074","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145123876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the pollution pressures posed by groups of chemicals on British riverine invertebrate populations","authors":"Imogen P. Poyntz-Wright,&nbsp;Xavier A. Harrison,&nbsp;Charles R. Tyler","doi":"10.1111/brv.70075","DOIUrl":"10.1111/brv.70075","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Globally, rivers receive a diverse range of chemicals, including metals, pesticides, persistent organic pollutants, petrochemicals, human and veterinary pharmaceuticals and personal care products. However, the extent to which these different chemical groups affect riverine invertebrate communities is not well defined. Here we set out to evaluate the available evidence for associations between British riverine invertebrate communities and different chemical groups (and individual members of these chemical groups). Our assessment comprised three elements, (<i>i</i>) an evaluation of whether environmental concentrations of these chemicals exceed the lowest effect concentrations (ECs) based on laboratory tests, (<i>ii</i>) an assessment of associations between chemical groups and changes in British riverine invertebrate communities using the existing published literature, and (<i>iii</i>) calculated potential risk of toxicity of the chemical groups to invertebrates based on measured exposures (Environmental Agency monitoring data) and laboratory-based measurements of the lethal concentration required to kill half of the tested population (LC₅₀). Our conclusions indicate that metal and pesticide pollutants (including the veterinary medicine fipronil) are of greatest concern for British riverine invertebrate communities. Petrochemicals were also of potential concern, however, risk calculations indicate this risk is lower than that for metals and pesticides. All other chemical groups assessed appeared to be of relatively low risk to British riverine invertebrates based on the available information. However, the concentrations of some pharmaceuticals and personal care products in British rivers exceeded the lowest ECs for some invertebrate species and require further investigation. Given the widespread concern regarding declines in freshwater invertebrates, studies on chemical impacts on invertebrate populations in British rivers are surprisingly limited and further targeted studies are warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":133,"journal":{"name":"Biological Reviews","volume":"101 1","pages":"106-127"},"PeriodicalIF":11.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/brv.70075","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145111467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The tandem–random transition of cellular patterning: proposed roles of N-cadherin-based orientational cell adhesions in the development, maintenance, and degeneration of the nucleus pulposus","authors":"Xiangyun Wei,&nbsp;Nam Vo,&nbsp;Gwendolyn A. Sowa","doi":"10.1111/brv.70081","DOIUrl":"10.1111/brv.70081","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) can contribute to lower back and neck pain. In IDD, the most affected component of the intervertebral disc is the nucleus pulposus (NP). Derived from the notochord, where cells are organized into a tandem configuration, young NP cells cluster in three-dimensional (3D) networks embedded in a gelatinous matrix. Here, we review the current understanding of NP development, homeostasis, physiology, and degeneration with a focus on the roles of the cell adhesion molecule N-cadherin in these processes. Based on the literature, we hypothesize that N-cadherin contributes to the architectural transition from the notochord to the NP by mediating a switch in cellular organization from tandem to random orientational cell adhesions (OCAs). We further hypothesize that the 3D clustering of NP cells may facilitate N-cadherin to act as a mechanosensor to modulate NP gene expression under mechanical stresses. We hope these hypotheses promote future research on the etiology of human IDD and the development of measures to prevent and treat IDD. Some open questions on N-cadherin functions in the NP are also discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":133,"journal":{"name":"Biological Reviews","volume":"101 1","pages":"268-278"},"PeriodicalIF":11.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/brv.70081","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145084804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post-fledging ecology of birds: emergent patterns, knowledge gaps, and future frontiers","authors":"Todd M. Jones,&nbsp;Sara A. Kaiser,&nbsp;T. Scott Sillett","doi":"10.1111/brv.70080","DOIUrl":"10.1111/brv.70080","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The post-fledging period – the time between a juvenile bird leaving its nest and dispersing or migrating from its natal site – is a critical yet challenging aspect of avian ecology to study. Past reviews have advanced our knowledge of the post-fledging period by focusing on a particular topic or taxon but have yet to describe patterns of survival and behaviour across the entire post-fledging literature. Here we review research on the post-fledging ecology of birds across taxa to (<i>i</i>) synthesize emergent patterns, (<i>ii</i>) highlight critical knowledge gaps, and (<i>iii</i>) identify promising future frontiers in research. Our review revealed a general dichotomy in the post-fledging literature, with studies on altricial and precocial birds using different terminology and rarely citing one another. Consequently, we compared the post-fledging ecology of altricial and precocial birds while synthesizing patterns and knowledge gaps in the literature. We showed that altricial and precocial birds share many similarities in their post-fledging behaviour, movement, habitat use, parental care, and survival, despite key differences in their ontogenies (e.g. development in the egg and nestling period length). In particular, altricial and precocial birds showed similar trends in fledgling survival with age (positive association), exhibit similarities in selecting post-fledging habitat (often selecting for denser, more complex vegetation that provides cover), and in movement strategies (moving less at younger age to avoid predator detection). Differences were also apparent, with altricial and precocial birds differing in key traits that carry over from the nesting stage to influence fledgling survival (e.g. mass <i>versus</i> wing development). Nevertheless, differences in descriptions of the post-fledging period have, in part, resulted in studies on altricial and precocial birds being disconnected in the literature, highlighting a need for a unifying, standardized terminology for the period after birds leave the nest. Comparative studies and meta-analyses across the altricial–precocial spectrum are also needed to bridge the two worlds. The post-fledging field has grown steadily over the past few decades, but this life-history stage remains understudied for nearly 90% of avian taxa and important frontiers remain largely unexplored: understudied geographical regions and taxa, brood parasites, ecophysiology, impacts of urbanization and climate-induced environmental change, and impacts of technology used to study this period. Our review emphasizes the importance of the post-fledging period for avian population dynamics and life histories, and highlights the great potential of research into this key developmental stage to advance our understanding of the ecology, evolution, and conservation of birds.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":133,"journal":{"name":"Biological Reviews","volume":"101 1","pages":"237-267"},"PeriodicalIF":11.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145084847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unravelling echinoid mass mortalities: a global overview of mechanisms, spatio-temporal trends, and taxonomic insights","authors":"Lisa-Maria Schmidt,&nbsp;Guillermo Anderson Benaim,&nbsp;Omri Bronstein","doi":"10.1111/brv.70078","DOIUrl":"10.1111/brv.70078","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Mass mortality events (MMEs) have been occurring since the dawn of time. However, in contrast to terrestrial events, most marine MMEs remain undetected, largely due to the inaccessibility of many marine environments. One of the most notorious and best-studied marine MMEs in modern times is that of the population collapse of the echinoid <i>Diadema antillarum</i> in the Caribbean Sea during the mid-1980s, which triggered a catastrophic phase shift in local benthic communities from which the region never fully recovered – illustrating the ecological significance of echinoids in maintaining marine habitat stability. In recent years echinoid MMEs have reached an unprecedented scale, affecting populations across multiple ocean basins, climatic regions, and taxonomic range. Most recently, pathogenic-driven mortalities spreading from the Caribbean to the Mediterranean and Red Sea and further expanding into the Indo-Pacific, pose a significant threat to ecological integrity across thousands of kilometres. The apparent intensification of global echinoid MMEs underscores the urgency of elucidating the mechanisms driving these events and their implications for marine conservation.</p><p>Here we present a comprehensive review of global echinoid MMEs, including scientific literature dating back to 1888. We identify and formulate the five main mechanisms driving echinoid MMEs: (<i>i</i>) pathogens (33%); (<i>ii</i>) catastrophic events (25%); (<i>iii</i>) harmful algal blooms (11%); (<i>iv</i>) extreme temperatures and tides (24%); and (<i>v</i>) human activities (7%). We then explore spatio-temporal trends and the underlying functional morphology traits that drive these events.</p>","PeriodicalId":133,"journal":{"name":"Biological Reviews","volume":"101 1","pages":"221-236"},"PeriodicalIF":11.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/brv.70078","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145079115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}