Indian Journal of Medical Research最新文献

{"title":"Antimicrobial & anticancer activities of extracellular silver nanoparticles biosynthesised by Haloferax sp SNP6.","authors":"Hend M Tag, Naglaa Elshafey, Muhammad A Abuelmagd, Ragaa A Hamouda, Nashwa Hagagy","doi":"10.25259/IJMR_1160_2024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/IJMR_1160_2024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Background & objectives Nanotechnology-based therapeutics offer promising strategies for treating infectious diseases and cancer. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), in particular, exhibit strong antimicrobial and anticancer properties. Biologically synthesized AgNPs are preferred for their safety and environmental compatibility. Haloferax species, known for their extremophilic nature, present a novel biosynthetic platform. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial and anticancer activities of extracellular AgNPs biosynthesized by Haloferax sp SNP6 and assess their effects on selected human cancer cell lines. Methods Initially, the extracellular silver NPs were biosynthesized using Haloferax sp SNP6. These nanoparticles were then characterized using several techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and UV spectroscopy. The purpose of these analyses was to confirm the formation, size, shape, and functional groups associated with the Ag-NPs. Their antimicrobial efficacy was tested against several pathogenic bacteria and fungi using standard microbiological methods. The cytotoxic effects were assessed on human cancer cell lines (breast and cervical) and compared with those on a non-cancerous human cell line. Results The biogenic Ag-NPs via Haloferax sp exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli (ATCC 8739), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 90274), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Aspergillus niger, and Candida albicans (ATCC 10221), which possessed clear zones of 18±1.1, 28±1.7, 24±1.3, 18±1.2, 0, and 27±2.0, respectively. The biogenic Ag-NPs via Haloferax sp (Hal-AgNPs) demonstrated potent cytotoxic effects on cancer cell lines, with lower IC50 values indicating higher efficacy and minimal toxicity toward non-cancerous cells. The NPs presented a unique combination of size, stability, and surface characteristics, contributing to their biological activities. The TEM image of Hal-AgNPs demonstrated semi-spherical-shaped particles ranging from 2 to 14 nm, and XRD proved that the Hal-AgNPs are crystalline. Interpretation & conclusions The observed findings of this study suggest a dual functionality of the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (Hal-AgNPs) as antimicrobials and anticancer agents highlighting their potential as therapeutic agents, especially in treating drug-resistant infections and cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":13349,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Research","volume":"162 1","pages":"74-82"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145130667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors affecting discharge against medical advice (DAMA) at a private level 1 trauma centre: A retrospective cohort study.","authors":"Anten P Jonish, Vijayan Purushothaman, Vignesh Kumar, Srujan Lam Sharma, Haarini Sundar, Shona Rachel Mathuram, Sukria Nayak, Joses Dany James","doi":"10.25259/IJMR_314_2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/IJMR_314_2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Background & objectives Discharge Against Medical Advice (DAMA) is a global healthcare challenge. This study was undertaken to understand the factors affecting DAMA among adult trauma patients at a level 1 private trauma centre. Methods This retrospective cohort study was conducted with the data collected for all adult trauma patients attending the Emergency department of Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu. DAMA patients were compared to those who completed their treatment. Socio-economic status of DAMA patients, the predominant reasons for DAMA and their outcome at six months were analysed. Logistic regression was done to identify factors predicting DAMA. Results Of the 2486 individuals enrolled, the number of DAMA patients was 174 (6.9%). DAMA patients had a lower mean GCS (11.8±5.0 vs. 14.3±2.4) and higher median ISS [9, interquartile range (IQR) 4-13 vs. 4, IQR 3-9]. The main reason for DAMA was financial constraints (42.5%). Furthermore, 52.8 per cent of the DAMA patients belonged to the upper-lower class. Logistic regression revealed three variables that increased the odds of DAMA namely, GCS <15 [odds ratio (OR) 2.6], TBI (OR 1.99), and vertebral fractures/spinal cord injury (OR 2.82). Interpretation & conclusions The findings of this study suggest that poor patients and patients from low SES were often unable to afford comprehensive trauma care at private trauma centres, with a majority of these individuals having TBI.</p>","PeriodicalId":13349,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Research","volume":"162 1","pages":"105-110"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145130732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From population goals to reproductive health autonomy: Reframing India's fertility transition.","authors":"Niranjan Saggurti, Himani Gupta","doi":"10.25259/IJMR_1718_2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/IJMR_1718_2025","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13349,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Research","volume":"162 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145130729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Authors' response.","authors":"Priti Das, Chakrakodi N Varun, M A Ashwini, Muralidharan Kesavan, Vasanthapuram Ravi, Anita Desai","doi":"10.25259/IJMR_2139_2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/IJMR_2139_2025","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13349,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Research","volume":"162 1","pages":"124-126"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145130734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functionality of Ayushman Arogya Mandirs for hypertension & diabetes care in nine districts of India.","authors":"Shrey Desai, Veetilakath Jithesh, Beena Joshi, Yadlapalli S Kusuma, Alpana Mishra, Vedha Ponnappan, Shankar Prinja, Tanya Seshadri, Rajesh Singh, Bontha V Babu","doi":"10.25259/IJMR_1693_2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/IJMR_1693_2025","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13349,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Research","volume":"162 1","pages":"50-52"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145130763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resistance & virulence traits in dermatophytes isolated from Mangaluru, India.","authors":"Apoorva R Kenjar, Banavasi Shanmukha Girisha, Jyothi Jayaraman, Vijay Kumar Deekshit, Juliet Roshini Mohan Raj, Ramesh Bhat, Indrani Karunasagar","doi":"10.25259/IJMR_283_2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/IJMR_283_2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Background & objectives Dermatophytes are accountable for the majority of fungal skin infections globally, affecting 20-25 per cent of the world population. Though not fatal, these infections have significant psychosocial impacts and reduce the quality of life. Prevalence of the infection varies geographically, influenced by factors like social practices, migration and climate. Understanding the pathogenicity of dermatophytosis including virulence factors and drug resistance, is necessary to identify factors that predispose recalcitrance. Methods A prospective hospital-based study was carried out in the dermatology departments of two tertiary care hospitals in Mangaluru, India from November 2018 to March 2021. We included 93 individuals of recalcitrant tinea infections, and excluded those with diabetes or those under immunosuppressive therapy. Skin scrapings from lesions were cultured, and DNA extracted for ITS sequencing. All samples were processed for antifungal susceptibility testing, and mutation analysis in squalene epoxidase gene for representative isolates and virulence factor assays. Results Of 93 clinically diagnosed individuals with dermatophytosis, dermatophytes were recovered in 70.96 per cent samples, with Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex being the most common agent. Antifungal susceptibility testing showed high MICs for fluconazole, terbinafine and itraconazole in several isolates, indicating in-vitro resistance. Mutation analysis for six isolates revealed missense mutations in the squalene epoxidase gene. Virulence activity analysis showed high enzyme production levels among isolates, contributing to their pathogenicity. Interpretation & conclusions These findings underscore the complexity of dermatophytosis and emphasize the need for persistent tracking of antifungal resistance patterns and virulence factors. Such insights are vital for developing effective treatment strategies and improving patient outcomes due to rising antifungal resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":13349,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Research","volume":"162 1","pages":"95-104"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145130843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IL-32-mediated caspase-43 induction: Shaping macrophage differentiation & immunomodulation in glioblastoma multiforme.","authors":"Guang Wang, Wen-Ying Wang, Chao Luo, Yan-Yin Yang, Jiao Tan, Yong Li, Bing-Qian Zhang","doi":"10.25259/IJMR_382_2024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/IJMR_382_2024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Background & objectives Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive form of brain tumour, characterised by rapid progression, high recurrence, and poor prognosis. The immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment (TME) of GBM poses a major barrier to effective therapy. Interleukin (IL)-32, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, has been implicated in cancer progression, but its specific role in GBM remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the immunoregulatory functions of IL-32 in GBM, particularly its impact on monocyte differentiation and macrophage polarisation. Methods Transcriptomic data from TCGA-GBM and GEO-GSE156902 were analysed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with a focus on IL-32. Functional enrichment analyses (GO and Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes- KEGG) and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction were conducted using R software and Cytoscape. IL-32 expression was validated by qPCR and Western blot (WB) in GBM cell lines. Single-cell RNA sequencing data were integrated to determine IL-32 expression across brain cell types. Additionally, correlations between IL-32 and RNA modification genes (m6A, m5C, m1A) were analysed. Results IL-32 was significantly upregulated in GBM tissues and particularly enriched in microglial cells. Functional studies revealed that IL-32 promotes caspase-43-mediated monocyte differentiation into macrophages. Moreover, IL-32 induced a phenotypic shift from M1 to M2 macrophages via NF-κB pathway activation. PPI analysis confirmed IL-32 as a hub gene involved in immune regulation. RNA modification analysis showed positive correlations between IL-32 and METTL3, and a negative correlation with TET2, indicating epigenetic modulation of IL-32-related immune functions. Interpretation & conclusions IL-32 plays a pivotal immunoregulatory role in the GBM microenvironment by driving macrophage differentiation and M2 polarisation, contributing to tumour immune evasion. These findings highlight IL-32 as a potential therapeutic target for modulating immune responses in GBM and underscore its relevance in the design of future immunotherapeutic strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":13349,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Research","volume":"161 6","pages":"702-709"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144952465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expression profile of cancer stem cell markers SOX2, OCT4 & NANOG in salivary gland malignancies: A systematic review.","authors":"Deepti Sharma, Shruti Gupta, George Koshy, Vishal Kumar Sharma, Mala Kamboj, Anita Hooda","doi":"10.25259/IJMR_724_2024","DOIUrl":"10.25259/IJMR_724_2024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Background & objectives Cancer stem cells influence aggressive biology, metastasis, recurrence, and treatment resistance in various malignancies. The transcription factors SRY-box transcription factor 2 (SOX2), Octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4), and Homeobox protein NANOG (NANOG) are prime controllers of the signalling circuit required for embryonic stem cell pluripotency. Salivary gland tumours exhibit diverse biological and clinical behaviours ranging from a benign, innocuous nature to highly aggressive tumours, with a great tendency for recurrence, and poor prognosis. Advances in therapeutic modalities have also been limited. This systematic review aims to uncover the differential expression and influence of SOX2, OCT4, and NANOG in salivary gland malignancies. This could help the stratification of high-risk patients and the identification of newer prognostic and predictive remedial targets. Methods PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Clinical key databases were searched for relevant articles, and studies that met the eligibility criteria were selected. Results Ten articles that fulfilled the eligibility criteria were included. All the studies supported the role of the studied markers as prognosticators and potential therapeutic targets. Interpretation & conclusion The aforementioned transcription factors might have contributed to aggressiveness and poor prognosis. Thus, it has been inferred that a combination of these factors may serve as a marker to determine the behaviour and therapeutic approaches for salivary gland malignancies.</p>","PeriodicalId":13349,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Research","volume":"161 6","pages":"636-646"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144952373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence & risk factors of multi-morbidity in critically ill patients with sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (SA-AKI).","authors":"Sai Sreeharshita Malla, Venkat Raman Kola, Varun Agiwal, Hira Ballabh Pant","doi":"10.25259/IJMR_2037_2024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/IJMR_2037_2024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Background & Objectives Multi-morbidity, characterised by the coexistence of two or more chronic conditions, significantly impacts critically ill patients. Among sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (SA-AKI) patients, multi-morbidity contributes to poor clinical outcomes, yet its prevalence and associated risk factors remain under-explored. This study examines the prevalence of multi-morbidity among SA-AKI patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting and identifies significant risk factors that influence outcomes. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on 185 adult ICU patients with SA-AKI in a tertiary intensive care unit between January 2023 and January 2024. Risk factors, biochemical profiles, and clinical outcomes were analysed. Logistic regression was employed to identify predictors of multi-morbidity. Results Among 185 SA-AKI patients, the prevalence of multi-morbidity was 38.9 per cent, with older age [≥60 yr, adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 22.11, P<0.0001), chloride imbalance (AOR: 0.42, P=0.023), and albumin imbalance (AOR: 0.10, P=0.018) identified as significant risk factors. The most common comorbidities were hypertension (52.4%) and diabetes mellitus (46.5%). Electrolyte imbalances such as hyponatremia (34.1%) and hypoalbuminemia (77.8%) were prevalent. Patients with multimorbidity had higher mechanical ventilation rates (62.5% vs. 28.3%) and hospital mortality rates (60.6% vs. 23.5%, P<0.001). Renal replacement therapy use was not significantly different between groups. Interpretation & conclusions The study highlights the high burden of multi-morbidity in SA-AKI patients, with significant implications for clinical management and outcomes. Comprehensive strategies are needed to address the associated risk factors and improve care in this population.</p>","PeriodicalId":13349,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Research","volume":"161 6","pages":"665-671"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144952390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship between vitamin D deficiency, vitamin D receptor gene variants, & the risk of coronary artery disease among South Indians: A case-control study.","authors":"Nandini Prakash, Nagaraja Moorthy, Pandarisamy Sundaravadivel, Manjunath Supriya, Zioni Sangeetha, Rita Christopher, Saligrama R Kalpana","doi":"10.25259/IJMR_905_2024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/IJMR_905_2024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Background & objectives Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and variations in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene are implicated in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (CAD). This study investigated the association between VDD, VDR gene variants (ApaI, BsmI, FokI, and TaqI), and CAD risk among South Indians. Methods The case-control study was conducted in 250 CAD patients and 260 matched controls. Serum vitamin D levels were measured by ELISA. Genotyping for VDR ApaI (A>C, rs7975232), BsmI (A>G, rs1544410), FokI (T>C, rs2228570), and TaqI (C>T, rs731236) was performed using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Results VDD was significantly higher among CAD patients (90%) than in controls (63%). Individuals with vitamin D levels <20 ng/ml were 5.7 times more likely to have CAD when compared to those with vitamin D levels ≥ 20 ng/ml (P<0.001, OR=5.74, 95% CI=2.92-11.30). No correlation was observed between vitamin D levels and CAD risk factors, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (r=-0.105, P=0.095, r=-0.049, P=0.437), and blood glucose (r=-0.067, P=0.304). A trend for negative correlation of vitamin D levels with cholesterol (r=-0.112, P=0.094) and triglyceride levels (r=-0.133, P=0.061) was observed. The VDR TaqI variant showed significant association with reduced CAD risk in the overall analysis (Model II, OR=0.60, 95% CI=0.39-0.90, P=0.016). The FokI variant was associated with an increased risk of CAD in males (Model III, OR=5.9, 95% CI=2.09-16.85, P=0.001). However, combined analysis of VDD and VDR gene variants indicated that neither FokI 'ff' (P=0.145) nor TaqI 'tt' (P=0.138) genotypes significantly altered CAD risk in vitamin D-deficient subjects. Interpretation & conclusions The findings of this study suggested that VDD was significantly higher among the CAD patients and increases the risk of CAD by 5.7-fold.This study revealed the differing roles of VDR gene variants in CAD susceptibility and the influence of gender and other covariates.</p>","PeriodicalId":13349,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Research","volume":"161 6","pages":"727-737"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144952472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}