Immunotherapy最新文献_第2页

Impact of sublingual immunotherapy with dust mite drops on ECP, TARC, VCAM-1 inflammatory status in patients with allergic rhinitis. 尘螨滴剂舌下免疫治疗对变应性鼻炎患者ECP、TARC、VCAM-1炎症状态的影响

IF 2.3 4区医学

Immunotherapy Pub Date : 2026-07-01 Epub Date: 2026-08-04 DOI: 10.1080/1750743X.2026.2704434

Bangyu Deng, Yunxia Zhao, Jisheng Liu

{"title":"Impact of sublingual immunotherapy with dust mite drops on ECP, TARC, VCAM-1 inflammatory status in patients with allergic rhinitis.","authors":"Bangyu Deng, Yunxia Zhao, Jisheng Liu","doi":"10.1080/1750743X.2026.2704434","DOIUrl":"10.1080/1750743X.2026.2704434","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To evaluate the effect of sublingual immunotherapy with dust mite drops on serum eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) levels and symptom improvement in allergic rhinitis (AR) patients.Methods: A prospective randomized controlled trial enrolled 300 AR patients sensitized to dust mites, randomly assigned to control group (conventional treatment, n = 150) and research group (conventional treatment plus sublingual dust mite drops, n = 150) for 6 months.Results: Compared with controls, the research group showed significantly greater reductions in interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-17 (IL-17), ECP, TARC, VCAM-1, lower adverse reaction rates, improved pulmonary function including forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), peak expiratory flow (PEF), FEV1/FVC ratio, and small airway function including maximal mid-expiratory flow (MMEF), expiratory flow rate at 50% of FVC (MEF50), expiratory flow rate at 25% of FVC (MEF25), as well as reduced symptom scores (all p < 0.05).Conclusion: Sublingual immunotherapy with Dust mite drops appears effective in suppressing systemic inflammation, minimizing treatment-related adverse events, enhancing both small airway and pulmonary function, and easing the clinical manifestations of allergic rhinitis.","PeriodicalId":13328,"journal":{"name":"Immunotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"813-823"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13540133/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148669362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Making dietary modification in the immunotherapy Era: from mechanistic evidence to practical implementation. 免疫治疗时代的饮食改变：从机制证据到实际实施。

IF 2.3 4区医学

Immunotherapy Pub Date : 2026-07-01 Epub Date: 2026-08-14 DOI: 10.1080/1750743X.2026.2717073

Parham Habibzadeh, Drew Hurd, Diwakar Davar

引用次数: 0

Exploring the potential of HVJ-E for cancer immunotherapy. 探索HVJ-E在癌症免疫治疗中的潜力。

IF 2.3 4区医学

Immunotherapy Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-07-09 DOI: 10.1080/1750743X.2026.2697678

Akikazu Harada, Keisuke Nimura

{"title":"Exploring the potential of HVJ-E for cancer immunotherapy.","authors":"Akikazu Harada, Keisuke Nimura","doi":"10.1080/1750743X.2026.2697678","DOIUrl":"10.1080/1750743X.2026.2697678","url":null,"abstract":"HVJ-Envelope (HVJ-E), an inactivated particle derived from the Hemagglutinating virus of Japan, represents a unique virus-based approach for cancer immunotherapy. Unlike replication-competent oncolytic viruses, which exert antitumor effects through viral propagation and tumor cell lysis, HVJ-E lacks replicative capacity and pathogenicity because its viral genome is fragmented. Conversely, although most non-replicative viral vectors are designed primarily as delivery vehicles, HVJ-E itself possesses intrinsic antitumor activity. By preserving the native viral structure and membrane-fusion capacity of the parental virus, HVJ-E enables fragmented viral genomes to enter target cells, thereby inducing antitumor immune activation and tumor cell death. Mechanistic studies have shown that HVJ-E promotes dendritic cell maturation, activates natural killer cells, and stimulates cytotoxic T lymphocytes, leading to systemic antitumor immunity. Clinical trials have demonstrated favorable safety profiles and encouraging signs of efficacy. Furthermore, reverse translational research has identified combination strategies with T cell co-stimulatory signaling and the apolipoprotein system as a downstream mediator that enhances sensitivity to immune attack. This review summarizes the historical development, mechanistic insights, and emerging therapeutic concepts of HVJ-E as a novel cancer immunotherapy platform. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed for articles related to HVJ-E and cancer published between 2002 and 2025.","PeriodicalId":13328,"journal":{"name":"Immunotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"677-693"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148411719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The long-term effectiveness of specific immunotherapy in cat allergy: a real-life study. 特异性免疫疗法对猫过敏的长期有效性：一项现实生活中的研究。

IF 2.3 4区医学

Immunotherapy Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-07-12 DOI: 10.1080/1750743X.2026.2700927

Nilay Orak Akbay, Dilşad Mungan, Betül Ayşe Sin

{"title":"The long-term effectiveness of specific immunotherapy in cat allergy: a real-life study.","authors":"Nilay Orak Akbay, Dilşad Mungan, Betül Ayşe Sin","doi":"10.1080/1750743X.2026.2700927","DOIUrl":"10.1080/1750743X.2026.2700927","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: Cat allergy has emerged as a significant health concern, particularly for individuals with persistent allergic rhinitis and/or asthma. We aimed to assess the long-term efficacy of immunotherapy with cat allergen.Patients & methods: 41 patients who received cat SCIT were included. Long-term follow-up data were obtained from 22 of 41 patients who could be contacted after completion of immunotherapy.Results: Among 41 patients, 35 were female and six were male, with a median age of 35 years (IQR: 31-42). The median time after stopping AIT was 51.5 months (IQR 32.5). In the 22 patients available for long-term follow-up, the overall mean score of the RQLQ improved to 1.76 ± 1.33 from 3.52 ± 1.23 after AIT (p <0.001). AQLQ scores significantly improved in 13/16 (81.3%) patients diagnosed with asthma (p = 0.02). The visual analog score for rhinitis symptoms decreased after AIT (p = 0.001). In total, 12 of 41 patients (29.3%) experienced a local injection site reaction, two (4.9%) of them had severe asthma worsening and two (4.9%) had a systemic reaction.Conclusion: Our findings suggest that allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is effective in improving symptoms of rhinitis and asthma in patients with cat dander allergy. It also provides sustained clinical benefit in patients who can be evaluated in long-term follow-up; however, larger studies are needed.","PeriodicalId":13328,"journal":{"name":"Immunotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"647-656"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148430165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Clinical impact of opioid use in patients with urothelial carcinoma treated with pembrolizumab: a single center retrospective study. pembrolizumab治疗尿路上皮癌患者阿片类药物使用的临床影响：单中心回顾性研究

IF 2.3 4区医学

Immunotherapy Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-07-15 DOI: 10.1080/1750743X.2026.2702265

Yusuke Ishigami, Masaya Takahashi, Hitomi Nakatsukasa, Masahito Shibano, Minoru Kato, Kanae Takahashi, Junji Uchida, Yasutaka Nakamura, Hiroyasu Kaneda

{"title":"Clinical impact of opioid use in patients with urothelial carcinoma treated with pembrolizumab: a single center retrospective study.","authors":"Yusuke Ishigami, Masaya Takahashi, Hitomi Nakatsukasa, Masahito Shibano, Minoru Kato, Kanae Takahashi, Junji Uchida, Yasutaka Nakamura, Hiroyasu Kaneda","doi":"10.1080/1750743X.2026.2702265","DOIUrl":"10.1080/1750743X.2026.2702265","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Opioids may influence anti-programmed cell death-1/programmed death-ligand 1 antibody efficacy through effects on the gut microbiome and immune function. Although reduced efficacy has been suggested in non-small cell lung cancer, the impact of opioid use in urothelial carcinoma remains unclear. This study examined the impact of opioids on pembrolizumab efficacy in patients with urothelial carcinoma.Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients with metastatic or unresectable urothelial carcinoma treated with pembrolizumab at our hospital between January 2018 and December 2021. Opioid use was defined as administration of opioid analgesics for pain control within 30 days before or after pembrolizumab initiation. Stabilized inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) using propensity scores was applied to adjust for baseline imbalances and evaluate outcomes.Results: Of 76 recruited patients, 68 were eligible. In IPTW-weighted Cox regression analyses, opioid use was associated with shorter progression-free survival (median 6.7 vs. 4.1 months; hazard ratio [HR] 2.85, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.67-4.88; p < 0.001) and overall survival (18.9 vs. 6.9 months; HR 4.06, 95% CI 1.73-9.55; p = 0.001).Conclusion: Opioid use was associated with worse pembrolizumab outcomes in urothelial carcinoma, suggesting the need for careful, clinically appropriate opioid use during treatment.","PeriodicalId":13328,"journal":{"name":"Immunotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"657-664"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148445611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The skin microbiome-immune-barrier axis: implications for inflammatory skin disorders and immunotherapeutic strategies. 皮肤微生物-免疫屏障轴：炎症性皮肤疾病和免疫治疗策略的含义。

IF 2.3 4区医学

Immunotherapy Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-07-06 DOI: 10.1080/1750743X.2026.2697682

Shreyashree Mohanty, Pratikeswar Panda, Rajaram Mohapatra

{"title":"The skin microbiome-immune-barrier axis: implications for inflammatory skin disorders and immunotherapeutic strategies.","authors":"Shreyashree Mohanty, Pratikeswar Panda, Rajaram Mohapatra","doi":"10.1080/1750743X.2026.2697682","DOIUrl":"10.1080/1750743X.2026.2697682","url":null,"abstract":"The skin microbiome is a complex and dynamic ecosystem that plays a pivotal role in maintaining skin barrier integrity and immune homeostasis. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of current knowledge on the composition, diversity, and functional significance of the skin microbiota, with particular emphasis on site-specific and temporal variations, as well as intrinsic and extrinsic factors influencing microbial balance. Relevant literature was identified through comprehensive searches of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases covering publications from 2018 to 2026. We discuss the multilayered architecture of the skin barrier, encompassing chemical, physical, microbial, and adaptive immune components, and highlight how commensal microorganisms contribute to barrier maintenance, lipid homeostasis, immune modulation, and colonization resistance against pathogens. Dysbiosis of the skin microbiome is critically examined in common dermatological disorders, including wound infections, atopic dermatitis, acne, and psoriasis, where microbial imbalance is closely linked to inflammation and disease progression. This review further explores emerging microbiome-targeted therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring microbial equilibrium and strengthening skin barrier function. Emerging therapies including bacteriotherapy, probiotics, phage therapy, and microbiome transplantation show promise, while challenges involving safety, ethics, and clinical translation remain important considerations.","PeriodicalId":13328,"journal":{"name":"Immunotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"715-742"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148396567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Aflibercept with and without laser therapy in diabetic macular edema: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 阿非利西普联合和不联合激光治疗糖尿病黄斑水肿：一项系统综述和荟萃分析。

IF 2.3 4区医学

Immunotherapy Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-07-09 DOI: 10.1080/1750743X.2026.2700923

Muhammad Noman Khan, Shamal Khan, Humam Shah, Zeeshan Shah, Muhammad Umair Bukhari, Eman Khalid, Iftikhar Ahmad

{"title":"Aflibercept with and without laser therapy in diabetic macular edema: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Muhammad Noman Khan, Shamal Khan, Humam Shah, Zeeshan Shah, Muhammad Umair Bukhari, Eman Khalid, Iftikhar Ahmad","doi":"10.1080/1750743X.2026.2700923","DOIUrl":"10.1080/1750743X.2026.2700923","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Diabetic macular edema (DME) causes visual impairment in diabetic patients. Aflibercept is a standard treatment of DME; however, the benefit of combining it with laser therapy remains uncertain.Methods: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing aflibercept alone with a combination of aflibercept plus laser therapy for management of DME was conducted. PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase were searched according to PRISMA guidelines. Primary outcomes were best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central macular thickness (CMT), while secondary outcome was treatment burden.Results: Six RCTs involving 275 patients were included. At 12 months, combination therapy yielded a modest improvement in BCVA (mean difference [MD] = 0.18; 95% CI: -0.17 to 0.52; p = 0.32) and a minor reduction in CMT (MD = 0.13 μm; 95% CI: -0.13 to 0.39; p = 0.32). The number of aflibercept injections was slightly lower in the combination group (MD = -0.53 injections; 95% CI: -1.23 to 0.17; p = 0.14).Conclusions: The adjunctive use of laser therapy with aflibercept in DME does not provide statistically significant improvement in visual or anatomical outcomes over aflibercept alone.","PeriodicalId":13328,"journal":{"name":"Immunotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"665-675"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148420885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Anti-TIGIT therapies in digestive cancers: from immune evasion to precision immunotherapy. 消化系统肿瘤的抗tigit治疗：从免疫逃避到精准免疫治疗。

IF 2.3 4区医学

Immunotherapy Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-06-29 DOI: 10.1080/1750743X.2026.2692829

Marianne Matar, Céline Yaghi, Gilles Prince, Houssam El Masri, Hampig Kourie

{"title":"Anti-TIGIT therapies in digestive cancers: from immune evasion to precision immunotherapy.","authors":"Marianne Matar, Céline Yaghi, Gilles Prince, Houssam El Masri, Hampig Kourie","doi":"10.1080/1750743X.2026.2692829","DOIUrl":"10.1080/1750743X.2026.2692829","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Immune checkpoint inhibitors, particularly anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 therapies, have transformed cancer treatment, yet their effectiveness in gastrointestinal cancers remains limited due to tumor complexity, immunosuppressive microenvironments, and resistance mechanisms. TIGIT, an emerging immune checkpoint receptor expressed on T cells and natural killer cells, plays a central role in suppressing antitumor immunity by promoting T-cell exhaustion and facilitating tumor immune evasion.Methods: We performed a comprehensive review of preclinical and clinical evidence evaluating anti-TIGIT strategies in GI cancers. Databases and clinical trial registries were searched for studies investigating anti-TIGIT agents as monotherapy or combined with ICIs, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy.Results: Preclinical studies demonstrate that TIGIT blockade restores antitumor immune responses, improves tumor control, and shows clear synergy when combined with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors or radiotherapy. Clinical trials have reported mixed outcomes, with meaningful responses observed in selected settings but limited benefit in others. Biomarkers such as TIGIT and CD155 expression, tumor molecular features, and immune landscape characteristics emerged as relevant predictors of response.Conclusion: Anti-TIGIT therapies represent a promising approach for overcoming resistance to ICIs in GI cancers. Nevertheless, biological heterogeneity underscores the need for better patient stratification, predictive biomarkers, and evaluation of safety and toxicity to fully realize the therapeutic potential of TIGIT-targeted strategies.","PeriodicalId":13328,"journal":{"name":"Immunotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"795-808"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148345165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Green synthesis nanoparticles for cancer immunotherapy: current applications and future perspectives. 绿色合成纳米颗粒用于癌症免疫治疗：目前的应用和未来的展望。

IF 2.3 4区医学

Immunotherapy Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-07-28 DOI: 10.1080/1750743X.2026.2702264

Zahraa AlKhafaje, H Malathi, Aniruddh Dash, Selvakumari J Precilla, Gurjant Singh, Aashna Sinha, Muath Suliman, Aseel Smerat

{"title":"Green synthesis nanoparticles for cancer immunotherapy: current applications and future perspectives.","authors":"Zahraa AlKhafaje, H Malathi, Aniruddh Dash, Selvakumari J Precilla, Gurjant Singh, Aashna Sinha, Muath Suliman, Aseel Smerat","doi":"10.1080/1750743X.2026.2702264","DOIUrl":"10.1080/1750743X.2026.2702264","url":null,"abstract":"Green-synthesized nanoparticles (GSNPs) represent a developing paradigm in cancer immunotherapy, integrating principles of nanotechnology and bio-derived materials. These nanoparticles, produced via eco-friendly biological reductants from plants, microorganisms, or natural polymers, constitute a sustainable class of bioactive biomaterials that can directly interface with immune cells and tissues. Beyond their environmentally conscious synthesis, GSNPs often retain biofunctional moieties from natural sources, providing intrinsic antitumoral and immunomodulatory properties. Such dual behavior enables them to act simultaneously as cytotoxic and immune-activating biomaterials. Relevant literature was identified through searches of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for studies published between 2010 and 2026 using keywords related to green-synthesized nanoparticles, cancer immunotherapy, immune modulation, and the tumor immune microenvironment. This review comprehensively discusses the synthesis principles of GSNPs, their plant-, microbial-, and biopolymer-mediated fabrication routes, and their immune-modulating and tumoricidal mechanisms of relevance to biomaterial-cell interactions. GSNPs possess tunable physicochemical and biological characteristics that allow activation of macrophages, Th1 polarization, cytokine release, and attenuation of tumor-driven immune suppression. Furthermore, they act synergistically with checkpoint inhibitors or as nanovaccine platforms for antigen delivery. Through apoptosis induction, photothermal ablation, metabolic starvation, and modulation of NF-κB or PI3K/Akt signaling, GSNPs exert direct tumor-killing effects while maintaining biocompatibility.","PeriodicalId":13328,"journal":{"name":"Immunotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"777-794"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148602424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The dual legacy of BCG: a century of tuberculosis prevention and the evolving pursuit of trained immunity-based therapies. 卡介苗的双重遗产：一个世纪以来的结核病预防和对训练有素的免疫疗法的不断追求。

IF 2.3 4区医学

Immunotherapy Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-07-10 DOI: 10.1080/1750743X.2026.2698221

Nazeer Ahmed, Fatima Jawaid, Muhammad Nabeel

{"title":"The dual legacy of BCG: a century of tuberculosis prevention and the evolving pursuit of trained immunity-based therapies.","authors":"Nazeer Ahmed, Fatima Jawaid, Muhammad Nabeel","doi":"10.1080/1750743X.2026.2698221","DOIUrl":"10.1080/1750743X.2026.2698221","url":null,"abstract":"The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, a live-attenuated derivative of Mycobacterium bovis, has long been central to global tuberculosis prevention. Although it protects well against severe childhood TB, its efficacy against adult pulmonary TB is variable. At the same time, epidemiological and clinical observations suggest that BCG may reduce all-cause mortality and protect against infections beyond TB. Randomised trials have reported lower neonatal all-cause mortality and fewer sepsis-related deaths, supporting the idea of broader immunological benefits. These heterologous effects are proposed to be derived from trained immunity, a form of functional reprogramming of innate immune cells driven by epigenetic and metabolic changes. In some settings, BCG may also induce trained tolerance, leading to a more suppressive immune state, based mainly on animal and in vitro evidence. Clinically, intravesical BCG is an established local immunotherapy for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, with current evidence and emerging data suggesting that its effects may extend beyond the bladder through systemic immune training. However, repurposing BCG for other cancers, non-oncological autoimmune diseases, and respiratory tract infections remains established in experimental animal models but is represented with mixed efficacy accompanied by inconclusiveness in human trials and mostly in preclinical or early-phase evidence. Major barriers to translation include strain variability, lack of standardised dosing, uncertain durability, and unresolved long-term safety concerns. Future progress will depend on engineered BCG derivatives, improved delivery systems, rational combination therapies, and well-designed controlled clinical trials.Methodology: Literature was identified through searches of PubMed, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Library, from database inception to 2026, with a primary focus on studies published between 2011 and 2026.","PeriodicalId":13328,"journal":{"name":"Immunotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"743-757"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148420847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0