IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering最新文献

{"title":"What Characterizes Pairwise Modular Smells?","authors":"Chenxing Zhong;Daniel Feitosa;Paris Avgeriou;Huang Huang;Wei Song;He Zhang","doi":"10.1109/TSE.2026.3704291","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TSE.2026.3704291","url":null,"abstract":"Enhancing the modular structure of existing systems has attracted substantial research interest, primarily through (1) software modularization and (2) identifying design issues (<i>e</i>.<i>g</i>., smells) as refactoring opportunities; however, both approaches often prove impractical to guide effective improvement. Inspired by both aforementioned approaches, our previous study introduced a novel and practical architectural smell – called <i>Pairwise Modular Smell</i> (or <i>PairSmell</i>) – for identifying flawed architectural decisions that necessitate further examination. <i>PairSmell</i> is defined as the deviations between the actual modular relation (MR) and the ‘apt MR’– an MR agreed on by multiple modularization tools (as raters). Although <i>PairSmell</i> has shown its relevance, the reliance on external modularization tools makes it a relatively obscure concept within the community, which in turn may threaten its validity to be used in inspecting software module structure. The objective of this study is to explain <i>PairSmell</i> from the perspective of pair characteristics. To this end, we first conduct a rapid review to collect and synthesize 19 pair characteristics that have been used in the literature to represent relationships between two entities. The collected characteristics are then used to train machine learning models for predicting two forms of <i>PairSmell</i> – inapt separated pairs <inline-formula><tex-math>$boldsymbol{InSep}$</tex-math></inline-formula> and inapt collocated pairs <inline-formula><tex-math>$boldsymbol{InCol}$</tex-math></inline-formula>, based on a curated dataset of over 6,135,000 pairs of entities derived from 11 open-source Java projects. The trained models achieve up to a 58.6% improvement in ROC-AUC over the baselines. The interpretation of the models reveals that the most influential features for <inline-formula><tex-math>$boldsymbol{InSep}$</tex-math></inline-formula> are out-going dependencies, terms shared with others, and declared fields; while those for <inline-formula><tex-math>$boldsymbol{InCol}$</tex-math></inline-formula> include semantic similarity based on tf-idf, terms shared between the pair, terms shared with others, and in-going dependencies. We complement the work with a series of practical examples to illustrate how the influential pair characteristics impact the occurrence of <i>PairSmell</i>. Among our findings, a high number of out-going dependencies of a separated pair may raise questions about the separation, while a low level of shared terms may not justify collocating the two entities.","PeriodicalId":13324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","volume":"52 9","pages":"2838-2854"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148288629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Learning From Humans: Automated Commit Message Generation Leveraging Human-Written Commit Message and Context","authors":"Jiawei Li;David Faragó;Christian Petrov;Iftekhar Ahmed","doi":"10.1109/TSE.2026.3701958","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TSE.2026.3701958","url":null,"abstract":"Commit messages are crucial in software development, supporting maintenance tasks and communication among developers. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have advanced Commit Message Generation (CMG) using various software contexts, some contexts that developers consider are often missed by CMG techniques and can’t be easily retrieved or even retrieved by automated tools. To address this, we propose Commit Message Optimization (CMO), which enhances human-written messages by leveraging LLMs and search-based optimization. CMO starts with human-written messages and iteratively improves them by integrating key contexts and feedback from external evaluators. Our extensive evaluation shows CMO generates commit messages that are significantly more Rational, Comprehensive, and Expressive while outperforming state-of-the-art CMG methods and human messages 40.3%-78.4% of the time. Moreover, CMO can support existing CMG techniques to further improve message quality and generate high-quality messages when human-written ones are blank.","PeriodicalId":13324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","volume":"52 9","pages":"2654-2669"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148288673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Empirical Study of Detected and Undetected Flaky Test Failures in Real-World CI Pipelines","authors":"Fabian Leinen, Martin Gruber, Saadet Sena Erdogan, Andreas Stahlbauer, Alexander Pretschner","doi":"10.1109/tse.2026.3729363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2026.3729363","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","volume":"386 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148861060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Multi-Level Combinatorial Optimization Method for Generating Corner Scenarios in Autonomous Vehicle Testing Based on Scenario Element Analysis","authors":"Wenxu Li, Jian Zhao, Bing Zhu, Peixing Zhang, Yinzi Huang","doi":"10.1109/tse.2026.3727189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2026.3727189","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","volume":"275 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148821231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comprehensive Study of Deep Learning Distributed Library Bugs","authors":"Chenxin Zhu, Zhong Li, Kairui Liu, Yuanyi Lin, Zhongzhen Wen, Jiali Zhao, Tongtong Xu, Minxue Pan, Tian Zhang, Xuandong Li","doi":"10.1109/tse.2026.3727600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2026.3727600","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148821230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heterogeneous-Prior Bayesian Inference for Fault Localization in Software Product Lines","authors":"Haining Wang, Yi Xiang, Shixuan Zhou, Han Huang","doi":"10.1109/tse.2026.3726792","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2026.3726792","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148821474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Composite Digital Twins: From Formalization to a Scalable, Semantic Graph-Based Architecture with OpenTwins","authors":"Julia Robles, Sergio Infante, Cristian Martin, Manuel Diaz","doi":"10.1109/tse.2026.3727063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2026.3727063","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148821233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DITING: A Static Analyzer for Identifying Bad Partitioning Issues in TEE Applications","authors":"Chengyan Ma, Ruidong Han, Jieke Shi, Ye Liu, Yuqing Niu, Di Lu, Chuang Tian, Jianfeng Ma, Debin Gao, David Lo","doi":"10.1109/tse.2026.3726954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2026.3726954","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148821235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing Inter-procedural Static Analysis with Selective LLM-Driven Data-flow Summarization","authors":"Fute Sun, Lei Zhang, Peng Deng, Zhihao Zou, Yuan Zhang, Min Yang","doi":"10.1109/tse.2026.3726981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2026.3726981","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148821232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PSFuzzer: A Multi-Party Protocol Fuzzer for Publish/Subscribe Protocols","authors":"Xiangpu Song, Yingpei Zeng, Xiaofeng Liu, Xiaolei Liu, Shanqing Guo","doi":"10.1109/tse.2026.3726519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2026.3726519","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148806417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}