{"title":"MM-SCS: Leveraging Multimodal Features to Enhance Smart Contract Code Search","authors":"Chaochen Shi;Yong Xiang;Jiangshan Yu;Longxiang Gao","doi":"10.1109/TSE.2025.3531692","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TSE.2025.3531692","url":null,"abstract":"Semantic code search technology allows searching for existing code snippets through natural language, which can greatly improve programming efficiency. Smart contracts, programs that run on the blockchain, have a code reuse rate of more than 79%, which means developers have a great demand for semantic code search tools. However, the existing code search models still have a semantic gap between code and query and perform poorly on specialized queries of smart contracts. In this paper, we propose a Multi-Modal Smart contract Code Search (MM-SCS) model. Specifically, we construct a Contract Elements Dependency Graph (CEDG) for MM-SCS as an additional modality to capture the data flow and control flow information of the code. To make the model more focused on the key contextual information, we use a multi-head attention network to generate embeddings for code features. In addition, we use a fine-tuned pretrained model to ensure the model's effectiveness when the training data is small. We compared MM-SCS with four state-of-the-art models on a dataset with 470K (code, docstring) pairs collected from Github and Etherscan. Experimental results show that MM-SCS achieves an MRR (Mean Reciprocal Rank) of 0.572, outperforming four state-of-the-art models UNIF, DeepCS, CARLCS-CNN, and TAB-CS by 34.2%, 59.3%, 36.8%, and 14.1%, respectively. Additionally, the search speed of MM-SCS is second only to UNIF, reaching 0.34s/query.","PeriodicalId":13324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","volume":"51 2","pages":"638-649"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143049691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Retrospective: An Empirical Study of Speed and Communication in Globally Distributed Software Development","authors":"James Herbsleb, Audris Mockus","doi":"10.1109/tse.2025.3533977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2025.3533977","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","volume":"169 4299 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143049686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thomas Zimmermann, Peter Weißgerber, Stephan Diehl, Andreas Zeller
{"title":"A Retrospective on Mining Version Histories to Guide Software Changes","authors":"Thomas Zimmermann, Peter Weißgerber, Stephan Diehl, Andreas Zeller","doi":"10.1109/tse.2025.3533559","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2025.3533559","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143049998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Looking Back on Recovery Blocks and Conversations","authors":"Brian Randell, Jie Xu","doi":"10.1109/tse.2025.3533973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2025.3533973","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143050001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Giuliano Antoniol, Gerardo Canfora, Gerardo Casazza, Andrea De Lucia, Ettore Merlo
{"title":"Recovering Traceability Links Between Code and Documentation: a Retrospective","authors":"Giuliano Antoniol, Gerardo Canfora, Gerardo Casazza, Andrea De Lucia, Ettore Merlo","doi":"10.1109/tse.2025.3534027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2025.3534027","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","volume":"117 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143049689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhimin Zhao;Abdul Ali Bangash;Filipe Roseiro Côgo;Bram Adams;Ahmed E. Hassan
{"title":"On the Workflows and Smells of Leaderboard Operations (LBOps): An Exploratory Study of Foundation Model Leaderboards","authors":"Zhimin Zhao;Abdul Ali Bangash;Filipe Roseiro Côgo;Bram Adams;Ahmed E. Hassan","doi":"10.1109/TSE.2025.3533972","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TSE.2025.3533972","url":null,"abstract":"Foundation models (FM), such as large language models (LLMs), which are large-scale machine learning (ML) models, have demonstrated remarkable adaptability in various downstream software engineering (SE) tasks, such as code completion, code understanding, and software development. As a result, FM leaderboards have become essential tools for SE teams to compare and select the best third-party FMs for their specific products and purposes. However, the lack of standardized guidelines for FM evaluation and comparison threatens the transparency of FM leaderboards and limits stakeholders’ ability to perform effective FM selection. As a first step towards addressing this challenge, our research focuses on understanding how these FM leaderboards operate in real-world scenarios (“leaderboard operations”) and identifying potential pitfalls and areas for improvement (“leaderboard smells”). In this regard, we collect up to <inline-formula><tex-math>$1,045$</tex-math></inline-formula> FM leaderboards from five different sources: GitHub, Hugging Face Spaces, Papers With Code, spreadsheet and independent platform, to examine their documentation and engage in direct communication with leaderboard operators to understand their workflows. Through card sorting and negotiated agreement, we identify five distinct workflow patterns and develop a domain model that captures the key components and their interactions within these workflows. We then identify eight unique types of leaderboard smells in LBOps. By mitigating these smells, SE teams can improve transparency, accountability, and collaboration in current LBOps practices, fostering a more robust and responsible ecosystem for FM comparison and selection.","PeriodicalId":13324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","volume":"51 4","pages":"929-946"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143050002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Revisiting Abstractions for Software Architecture and Tools to Support Them","authors":"Mary Shaw;Daniel V. Klein;Theodore L. Ross","doi":"10.1109/TSE.2025.3533549","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TSE.2025.3533549","url":null,"abstract":"The mid-1990s saw the design of programming languages for software architectures, which define the high-level aspects of software systems including how code components were composed to form full systems. Our paper <italic>Abstractions for Software Architecture and Tools to Support Them</i> presented a conceptual view of software architecture based on abstractions used in practice to organize software systems, a language that supported these abstractions, and a prototype implementation of this language (Shaw et al., 1995). By invitation, we reflect on the paper’s principal ideas about system-level abstractions, place the work in a historical context of steadily increasing abstraction power in software development languages and infrastructure, and reflect on how progress since the paper’s 1995 publication has been influenced, directly or indirectly, by this work. We describe current manifestations of architectural ideas and current challenges. We suggest how the strategy we used to identify and reify architectural abstractions may apply to current opportunities.","PeriodicalId":13324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","volume":"51 3","pages":"768-773"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10854557","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143049826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}