Immune Network最新文献

{"title":"Altered Frequency, Activation, and Clinical Relevance of Circulating Innate and Innate-Like Lymphocytes in Patients With Alcoholic Liver Cirrhosis.","authors":"Ki-Jeong Park,&nbsp;Hye-Mi Jin,&nbsp;Young-Nan Cho,&nbsp;Jae Hyun Yoon,&nbsp;Seung-Jung Kee,&nbsp;Hyo-Sin Kim,&nbsp;Yong-Wook Park","doi":"10.4110/in.2023.23.e22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4110/in.2023.23.e22","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alcoholic liver cirrhosis (ALC) is caused by chronic alcohol overconsumption and might be linked to dysregulated immune responses in the gut-liver axis. However, there is a lack of comprehensive research on levels and functions of innate lymphocytes including mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, NKT cells, and NK (NK) cells in ALC patients. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the levels and function of these cells, evaluate their clinical relevance, and explore their immunologic roles in the pathogenesis of ALC. Peripheral blood samples from ALC patients (n = 31) and healthy controls (HCs, n = 31) were collected. MAIT cells, NKT cells, NK cells, cytokines, CD69, PD-1, and lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3) levels were measured by flow cytometry. Percentages and numbers of circulating MAIT cells, NKT cells, and NK cells were significantly reduced in ALC patients than in HCs. MAIT cell exhibited increased production of IL-17 and expression levels of CD69, PD-1, and LAG-3. NKT cells displayed decreased production of IFN-γ and IL-4. NK cells showed elevated CD69 expression. Absolute MAIT cell levels were positively correlated with lymphocyte count but negatively correlated with C-reactive protein. In addition, NKT cell levels were negatively correlated with hemoglobin levels. Furthermore, log-transformed absolute MAIT cell levels were negatively correlated with the Age, Bilirubin, INR, and Creatinine score. This study demonstrates that circulating MAIT cells, NKT cells, and NK cells are numerically deficient in ALC patients, and the degree of cytokine production and activation status also changed. Besides, some of their deficiencies are related to several clinical parameters. These findings provide important information about immune responses of ALC patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":13307,"journal":{"name":"Immune Network","volume":"23 3","pages":"e22"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/5b/e7/in-23-e22.PMC10320422.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10183567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extracellular Acidification Augments NLRP3-Mediated Inflammasome Signaling in Macrophages.","authors":"Byeong Jun Chae,&nbsp;Kyung-Seo Lee,&nbsp;Inhwa Hwang,&nbsp;Je-Wook Yu","doi":"10.4110/in.2023.23.e23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4110/in.2023.23.e23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Inflammation is a series of host defense processes in response to microbial infection and tissue injury. Inflammatory processes frequently cause extracellular acidification in the inflamed region through increased glycolysis and lactate secretion. Therefore, the immune cells infiltrating the inflamed region encounter an acidic microenvironment. Extracellular acidosis can modulate the innate immune response of macrophages; however, its role for inflammasome signaling still remains elusive. In the present study, we demonstrated that macrophages exposed to an acidic microenvironment exhibited enhanced caspase-1 processing and IL-1β secretion compared with those under physiological pH. Moreover, exposure to an acidic pH increased the ability of macrophages to assemble the NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in response to an NLRP3 agonist. This acidosis-mediated augmentation of NLRP3 inflammasome activation occurred in bone marrow-derived macrophages but not in bone marrow-derived neutrophils. Notably, exposure to an acidic environment caused a reduction in the intracellular pH of macrophages but not neutrophils. Concordantly, macrophages, but not neutrophils, exhibited NLRP3 agonist-mediated translocation of chloride intracellular channel protein 1 (CLIC1) into their plasma membranes under an acidic microenvironment. Collectively, our results demonstrate that extracellular acidosis during inflammation can increase the sensitivity of NLRP3 inflammasome formation and activation in a CLIC1-dependent manner. Thus, CLIC1 may be a potential therapeutic target for NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pathological conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":13307,"journal":{"name":"Immune Network","volume":"23 3","pages":"e23"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/34/87/in-23-e23.PMC10320421.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10183570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Immunosuppressive Potential of Cholesterol Sulfate Through T Cell Microvilli Disruption.","authors":"Jeong-Su Park,&nbsp;Ik-Joo Chung,&nbsp;Hye-Ran Kim,&nbsp;Chang-Duk Jun","doi":"10.4110/in.2023.23.e29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4110/in.2023.23.e29","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cholesterol (CL) is required for various biomolecular production processes, including those of cell membrane components. Therefore, to meet these needs, CL is converted into various derivatives. Among these derivatives is cholesterol sulfate (CS), a naturally produced CL derivative by the sulfotransferase family 2B1 (SULT2B1), which is widely present in human plasma. CS is involved in cell membrane stabilization, blood clotting, keratinocyte differentiation, and TCR nanocluster deformation. This study shows that treatment of T cells with CS resulted in the decreased surface expression of some surface T-cell proteins and reduced IL-2 release. Furthermore, T cells treated with CS significantly reduced lipid raft contents and membrane CLs. Surprisingly, using the electron microscope, we also observed that CS led to the disruption of T-cell microvilli, releasing small microvilli particles containing TCRs and other microvillar proteins. However, <i>in vivo</i>, T cells with CS showed aberrant migration to high endothelial venules and limited infiltrating splenic T-cell zones compared with the untreated T cells. Additionally, we observed significant alleviation of atopic dermatitis in mice injected with CS in the animal model. Based on these results, we conclude that CS is an immunosuppressive natural lipid that impairs TCR signaling by disrupting microvillar function in T cells, suggesting its usefulness as a therapeutic agent for alleviating T-cell-mediated hypersensitivity and a potential target for treating autoimmune diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":13307,"journal":{"name":"Immune Network","volume":"23 3","pages":"e29"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/aa/0d/in-23-e29.PMC10320417.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9806570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CD103⁺ Cells and Chemokine Receptor Expression in Breast Cancer.","authors":"Eun-Hye Seo,&nbsp;Ga-Yun Song,&nbsp;Chung-Sik Oh,&nbsp;Seong-Hyop Kim,&nbsp;Wan-Seop Kim,&nbsp;Seung-Hyun Lee","doi":"10.4110/in.2023.23.e25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4110/in.2023.23.e25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mucosal environments harbour lymphocytes, which express several adhesion molecules, including intestinal homing receptors and integrin αE/β7 (CD103). CD103 binds E-cadherin, an integrin receptor expressed in intestinal endothelial cells. Its expression not only enables homing or retention of T lymphocytes at these sites but is also associated with increased T lymphocyte activation. However, it is not yet clear how CD103 expression is related to the clinical staging of breast cancer, which is determined by factors such as the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of nearby lymph nodes (N), and presence of metastasis (M). We examined the prognostic significance of CD103 by FACS in 53 breast cancer patients and 46 healthy controls enrolled, and investigated its expression, which contributes to lymphocyte recruitment in tumor tissue. Patients with breast cancer showed increased frequencies of CD103⁺, CD4⁺CD103⁺, and CD8⁺CD103⁺ cells compared to controls. CD103 was expressed at a high level on the surfaces of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in patients with breast cancer. Its expression in peripheral blood was not correlated with clinical TNM stage. To determine the localisation of CD103⁺ cells in breast tissue, tissue sections of breast tumors were stained for CD103. In tissue sections of breast tumors stained for CD103, its expression in T lymphocytes was higher compared to normal breast tissue. In addition, CD103⁺ cells expressed higher levels of receptors for inflammatory chemokines, compared to CD103^- cells. CD103⁺ cells in peripheral blood and tumor tissue might be an important source of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte trafficking, homing, and retention in cancer patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":13307,"journal":{"name":"Immune Network","volume":"23 3","pages":"e25"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/a8/c0/in-23-e25.PMC10320418.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10164632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distinct Transcriptional and Functional Differences of Lung Resident and Monocyte-Derived Alveolar Macrophages During the Recovery Period of Acute Lung Injury.","authors":"Fei Hou,&nbsp;Huan Wang,&nbsp;Kun Zheng,&nbsp;Wenting Yang,&nbsp;Kun Xiao,&nbsp;Zihan Rong,&nbsp;Junjie Xiao,&nbsp;Jing Li,&nbsp;Baihe Cheng,&nbsp;Li Tang,&nbsp;Lixin Xie","doi":"10.4110/in.2023.23.e24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4110/in.2023.23.e24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In acute lung injury, two subsets of lung macrophages exist in the alveoli: tissue-resident alveolar macrophages (AMs) and monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages (MDMs). However, it is unclear whether these 2 subsets of macrophages have different functions and characteristics during the recovery phase. RNA-sequencing of AMs and MDMs from the recovery period of LPS-induced lung injury mice revealed their differences in proliferation, cell death, phagocytosis, inflammation and tissue repair. Using flow cytometry, we found that AMs showed a higher ability to proliferate, whereas MDMs expressed a larger amount of cell death. We also compared the ability of phagocytosing apoptotic cells and activating adaptive immunity and found that AMs have a stronger ability to phagocytose, while MDMs are the cells that activate lymphocytes during the resolving phase. By testing surface markers, we found that MDMs were more prone to the M1 phenotype, but expressed a higher level of pro-repairing genes. Finally, analysis of a publicly available set of single-cell RNA-sequencing data on bronchoalveolar lavage cells from patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection validated the double-sided role of MDMs. Blockade of inflammatory MDM recruitment using CCR2^-/- mice effectively attenuates lung injury. Therefore, AMs and MDMs exhibited large differences during recovery. AMs are long-lived M2-like tissue-resident macrophages that have a strong ability to proliferate and phagocytose. MDMs are a paradoxical group of macrophages that promote the repair of tissue damage despite being strongly pro-inflammatory early in infection, and they may undergo cell death as inflammation fades. Preventing the massive recruitment of inflammatory MDMs or promoting their transition to pro-repairing phenotype may be a new direction for the treatment of acute lung injury.</p>","PeriodicalId":13307,"journal":{"name":"Immune Network","volume":"23 3","pages":"e24"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/48/b2/in-23-e24.PMC10320419.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9862235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pre-existing Immunity to Endemic Human Coronaviruses Does Not Affect the Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 Spike in a Murine Vaccination Model.","authors":"Ahn Young Jeong,&nbsp;Pureum Lee,&nbsp;Moo-Seung Lee,&nbsp;Doo-Jin Kim","doi":"10.4110/in.2023.23.e19","DOIUrl":"10.4110/in.2023.23.e19","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Endemic human coronaviruses (HCoVs) have been evidenced to be cross-reactive to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although a correlation exists between the immunological memory to HCoVs and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity, there is little experimental evidence for the effects of HCoV memory on the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines. Here, we investigated the Ag-specific immune response to COVID-19 vaccines in the presence or absence of immunological memory against HCoV spike Ags in a mouse model. Pre-existing immunity against HCoV did not affect the COVID-19 vaccine-mediated humoral response with regard to Ag-specific total IgG and neutralizing Ab levels. The specific T cell response to the COVID-19 vaccine Ag was also unaltered, regardless of pre-exposure to HCoV spike Ags. Taken together, our data suggest that COVID-19 vaccines elicit comparable immunity regardless of immunological memory to spike of endemic HCoVs in a mouse model.</p>","PeriodicalId":13307,"journal":{"name":"Immune Network","volume":"23 2","pages":"e19"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/b7/eb/in-23-e19.PMC10166660.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9838433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVID-19 Therapeutics: An Update on Effective Treatments Against Infection With SARS-CoV-2 Variants.","authors":"Bill Thaddeus Padasas,&nbsp;Erica Españo,&nbsp;Sang-Hyun Kim,&nbsp;Youngcheon Song,&nbsp;Chong-Kil Lee,&nbsp;Jeong-Ki Kim","doi":"10.4110/in.2023.23.e13","DOIUrl":"10.4110/in.2023.23.e13","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is one of the most consequential global health crises in over a century. Since its discovery in 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to mutate into different variants and sublineages, rendering previously potent treatments and vaccines ineffective. With significant strides in clinical and pharmaceutical research, different therapeutic strategies continue to be developed. The currently available treatments can be broadly classified based on their potential targets and molecular mechanisms. Antiviral agents function by disrupting different stages of SARS-CoV-2 infection, while immune-based treatments mainly act on the human inflammatory response responsible for disease severity. In this review, we discuss some of the current treatments for COVID-19, their mode of actions, and their efficacy against variants of concern. This review highlights the need to constantly evaluate COVID-19 treatment strategies to protect high risk populations and fill in the gaps left by vaccination.</p>","PeriodicalId":13307,"journal":{"name":"Immune Network","volume":"23 2","pages":"e13"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/ca/4f/in-23-e13.PMC10166656.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9838439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exercise With a Novel Digital Device Increased Serum Anti-influenza Antibody Titers After Influenza Vaccination.","authors":"Jun-Pyo Choi,&nbsp;Ghazal Ayoub,&nbsp;Jarang Ham,&nbsp;Youngmin Huh,&nbsp;Seung Eun Choi,&nbsp;Yu-Kyoung Hwang,&nbsp;Ji Yun Noh,&nbsp;Sae-Hoon Kim,&nbsp;Joon Young Song,&nbsp;Eu Suk Kim,&nbsp;Yoon-Seok Chang","doi":"10.4110/in.2023.23.e18","DOIUrl":"10.4110/in.2023.23.e18","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It has been reported that some exercise could enhance the anti-viral antibody titers after vaccination including influenza and coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines. We developed SAT-008, a novel digital device, consists of physical activities and activities related to the autonomic nervous system. We assessed the feasibility of SAT-008 to boost host immunity after an influenza vaccination by a randomized, open-label, and controlled study on adults administered influenza vaccines in the previous year. Among 32 participants, the SAT-008 showed a significant increase in the anti-influenza antibody titers assessed by hemagglutination-inhibition test against antigen subtype B Yamagata lineage after 4 wk of vaccination and subtype B Victoria lineage after 12 wk (p<0.05). There was no difference in the antibody titers against subtype \"A.\" The SAT-008 also showed significant increase in the plasma cytokine levels of IL-10, IL-1β, and IL-6 at weeks 4 and 12 after the vaccination (p<0.05). A new approach using the digital device may boost host immunity against virus via vaccine adjuvant-like effects.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04916145.</p>","PeriodicalId":13307,"journal":{"name":"Immune Network","volume":"23 2","pages":"e18"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/d4/fb/in-23-e18.PMC10166655.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9467552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Back to the T Cell: Basic and Clinical Application.","authors":"Yong Woo Jung, Su-Hyung Park, Chang-Duk Jun","doi":"10.4110/in.2023.23.e1","DOIUrl":"10.4110/in.2023.23.e1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13307,"journal":{"name":"Immune Network","volume":"23 1","pages":"e1"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2023-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/6b/cc/in-23-e1.PMC9995990.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9471674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gut Microbial Metabolites on Host Immune Responses in Health and Disease.","authors":"Jong-Hwi Yoon, Jun-Soo Do, Priyanka Velankanni, Choong-Gu Lee, Ho-Keun Kwon","doi":"10.4110/in.2023.23.e6","DOIUrl":"10.4110/in.2023.23.e6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Intestinal microorganisms interact with various immune cells and are involved in gut homeostasis and immune regulation. Although many studies have discussed the roles of the microorganisms themselves, interest in the effector function of their metabolites is increasing. The metabolic processes of these molecules provide important clues to the existence and function of gut microbes. The interrelationship between metabolites and T lymphocytes in particular plays a significant role in adaptive immune functions. Our current review focuses on 3 groups of metabolites: short-chain fatty acids, bile acids metabolites, and polyamines. We collated the findings of several studies on the transformation and production of these metabolites by gut microbes and explained their immunological roles. Specifically, we summarized the reports on changes in mucosal immune homeostasis represented by the Tregs and Th17 cells balance. The relationship between specific metabolites and diseases was also analyzed through latest studies. Thus, this review highlights microbial metabolites as the hidden treasure having potential diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets through a comprehensive understanding of the gut-immune interaction.</p>","PeriodicalId":13307,"journal":{"name":"Immune Network","volume":"23 1","pages":"e6"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/2e/8e/in-23-e6.PMC9995988.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9471678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}