Icarus最新文献

{"title":"Detectability of asteroid phase coloring based on phase curves obtained from large spectro-photometric surveys","authors":"Milagros Colazo ,&nbsp;Dagmara Oszkiewicz ,&nbsp;Patrycja Poźniak ,&nbsp;Alvaro Alvarez-Candal ,&nbsp;Benoit Carry ,&nbsp;Ola Wenda ,&nbsp;Wiktoria Stefanowska","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2025.116891","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icarus.2025.116891","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We aim to evaluate the detectability of spectral slope differences — i.e., the phase coloring effect — in asteroid spectro-photometric surveys, and to assess the potential of current and forthcoming datasets for investigating color-related phenomena in asteroids. We estimated the phase coloring effect expected to be observable in spectro-photometric surveys (ATLAS, ZTF, SDSS, LSST, VISTA, and Euclid) by combining meteorite reflectance spectra obtained at various phase angles with the transmission curves of each survey’s filters. Subsequently, we conducted extensive simulations to determine the uncertainties in color indices and phase-curve parameters necessary to detect coloring variations at the estimated uncertainty levels. Finally, we analyzed actual survey data to assess how many objects meet these criteria and examined the wavelength dependence and prevalence of reddening and bluening effects in the broader asteroid population. Analysis of meteorite spectra indicates that spectral slope variations in spectrophotometric survey data are at most few % per 100 nm. Simulations show that detecting such changes requires color index uncertainties of <span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span>0.05–0.2 mag (depending on the survey) and phase curve parameter uncertainties (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>G</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>, <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>G</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>, <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>G</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>12</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>) of <span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span>0.05. These conditions are met by only a small fraction of surveyed objects, making reliable detection of the phase coloring effect challenging. Thus, only statistical analyses of nominal solutions can reveal population-level trends. Our results show that reddening is more common than bluening, especially at higher phase angles. Phase curve parameters wavelength-dependency is observed in several types (B, C, X, S, V) across different surveys. Reliable detection of spectral slope variations for individual objects from survey data is highly challenging due to the need for very low uncertainties in both color indices and phase curve parameters. Progress will require surveys with widely separated filters, near-simultaneous multi-band observations to reduce color uncertainties, well-sampled phase curves at low phase angles, and precise methods for constraining phase curve parameters. While population-level trends can be studied using nominal solutions, such analyses must be interpreted with caution due to the high uncertainties inherent in the sparse survey data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13199,"journal":{"name":"Icarus","volume":"447 ","pages":"Article 116891"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145645722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrification in Martian dust devils: Possibility and implications","authors":"Jayesh Pabari ,&nbsp;M. Roshni","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2025.116912","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icarus.2025.116912","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During summer in Mars' southern hemisphere, dust devils/storms routinely sweep across the surface, lofting massive quantities of dust that drastically lower the atmosphere's electrical conductivity. In this study, we investigate a dust devil triggered under either low-dust or high-dust conditions, which is set by a prior dust activity, and show outcomes of its electrification by varying atmospheric conductivity in existing models. By tracking how the electric field evolves and comparing it to Mars' breakdown threshold, we determined a narrow range of conductivity from [1–9.6] × 10⁻¹³ S/m, as the condition where near surface lightning becomes feasible. We also examined conductivity profiles spanning few Martian years, confirming that these low-conductivity conditions indeed recur on Mars.</div><div>By analyzing time-domain evolution of electric field in Martian dust devils, we derived the discharge current characteristics based on allowable streamer speeds on Mars. The current provided the three moments in the three-component analysis, viz. current moment, charge moment and radiation moment, to estimate electromagnetic radiation's frequency spectrum. The electrical discharge launches extremely low frequency waves in surface-ionosphere cavity, potentially exciting Schumann Resonances on Mars. We further compute the resonator's quality factor and signal attenuation under different dust conditions. Our findings highlight that dust-driven electrical discharges on Mars could be strong enough to generate detectable Extremely Low Frequency signals. The work could be useful to plan observations of lightning or Schumann Resonance, the most promising detection related to electrical activity on the Red Planet, by a future mission.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13199,"journal":{"name":"Icarus","volume":"447 ","pages":"Article 116912"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145797664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Jupiter’s middle magnetosphere as observed by Juno JADE-I","authors":"R.J. Wilson","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2025.116918","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icarus.2025.116918","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates ion plasma properties in the jovian middle magnetosphere utilizing two Juno JADE-I datasets, and two different techniques. Proton properties are found using the SPECIES proton dataset and numerical moments. Simultaneous forward modeling of the TOF and SPECIES data is used to extract plasma parameters from 4 heavy ion species of sulfur and oxygen ions (S<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></math></span>, S<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo><mo>+</mo><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></math></span>, O<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></math></span> and a <span><math><mrow><mi>m</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>q</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>16</mn></mrow></math></span> <span><math><mrow><mi>a</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>u</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>q</mi></mrow></math></span> ion species representing both S<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></math></span> and O<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></math></span>). These four ion species share a bulk velocity but have independent density and isotropic temperatures. The proton moments provide an isotropic temperature, and velocities that are consistent with that of the heavies. Data from Juno’s Prime Mission are analyzed, showing that most data is sub-corotational, with occasional intervals of super-corotation or anti-corotation flows. The relative abundances of the five ions are investigated, and while the <span><math><mrow><mi>m</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>q</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>16</mn></mrow></math></span> <span><math><mrow><mi>a</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>u</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>q</mi></mrow></math></span> ion species dominates throughout all radial distances, protons density can be the second largest abundance, and equivalent to the minor heavy ions at larger distances, suggesting their influence had been previously underestimated.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13199,"journal":{"name":"Icarus","volume":"447 ","pages":"Article 116918"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145837351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lunar surface modification revealed by in-situ photometric observations from Chang'E-6","authors":"Tianyi Xu ,&nbsp;Wei Cai ,&nbsp;Yunzhao Wu ,&nbsp;Xiaoping Zhang ,&nbsp;Yanyan Xu ,&nbsp;Meizhu Wang ,&nbsp;Zhiping He ,&nbsp;Cunhui Li ,&nbsp;Weidong Qiao ,&nbsp;Jinyou Tao ,&nbsp;Jianfeng Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2025.116921","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icarus.2025.116921","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Chang'E-6 mission landing on the far side of the Moon, conducted in-situ measurements of the lunar regolith using a Panoramic Camera and Lunar Mineralogical Spectrometer. The rocket exhaust created distinct bright zones around the landing site, categorized as focused blast zones and diffuse blast zones. This study analyzes the photometric properties across native regolith, blast zones, and underfoot regions using the Hapke model, integrating data from both the panoramic camera and the spectrometer. Results show that backscattering increases with proximity to the lander. The observed brightening within the blast zone is primarily attributed to the removal of fine particles and the exposure of immature regolith. Regions immediately adjacent to the lander exhibit lower albedo, forward scattering behavior, higher spectral slopes, and a shallower 1 μm absorption band, suggesting the presence of glassy materials and an increased abundance of agglutinates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13199,"journal":{"name":"Icarus","volume":"447 ","pages":"Article 116921"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145837295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elevated-Mn ChemCam targets illuminating Mn redox cycling and diagenesis in the Bradbury Rise, Gale Crater, Mars","authors":"J.M. Comellas ,&nbsp;A. Essunfeld ,&nbsp;R.A. Morris ,&nbsp;P.J. Gasda ,&nbsp;N.L. Lanza ,&nbsp;S.K. Sharma ,&nbsp;A.K. Huynh ,&nbsp;D. Das ,&nbsp;C.C. Bedford ,&nbsp;E. Dehouck ,&nbsp;B.C. Clark ,&nbsp;W. Fischer ,&nbsp;V. Lueth ,&nbsp;D. Delapp ,&nbsp;S. Clegg ,&nbsp;O. Gasnault ,&nbsp;R.C. Wiens","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2025.116902","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icarus.2025.116902","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Manganese plays a crucial role as a paleo-environmental and geological indicator due to its sensitivity to redox potential and pH variations in the environment. On Earth, the association between the rise of atmospheric oxygen during the Great Oxidation Event and the presence of Mn in the sedimentary rock record underscores its significance. In this study, we reexamined ChemCam targets from the first 600 sols of the Mars Science Laboratory mission, focusing on identifying instances of above-average Mn within these targets. These elevated-Mn targets were categorized into distinct geologic classes, revealing a pattern linking heightened Mn levels with diagenetically altered materials, such as calcium-sulfate veins and concretions, as well as clay minerals within the same targets, indicating a compelling relationship between Mn enrichment and diagenetic processes. High concentrations of Mn were observed in chemically altered targets, suggesting the occurrence of multiple fluid events: the first to alter the material and the second to deposit Mn. The observed patterns suggest multiple diagenetic events and redox cycling that facilitated the deposition and transport of Mn subsequent to the initial dissolution of basaltic materials. This research sheds light on the complexity of martian diagenetic processes and their implications for the planet’s environmental evolution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13199,"journal":{"name":"Icarus","volume":"447 ","pages":"Article 116902"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145748588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical properties of seven near-Earth asteroids from photometric observations","authors":"M.I. Galiullin,&nbsp;D.V. Glamazda,&nbsp;E.D. Kuznetsov","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2025.116890","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icarus.2025.116890","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The results of our multicolor photometric observations of near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) with the SBG telescope at the Kourovka Astronomical Obervatory of Ural Federal University (KAO UrFU, code 168) are presented. We aimed to estimate several NEA properties — absolute magnitudes, color indices, rotation periods, shapes, and axis ratios. Multicolor photometry was performed in the <em>B</em>, <em>V</em>, <em>R</em> and <em>I</em> filters of the Cousins–Johnson system. Rotation periods were derived using the Lomb–Scargle method.</div><div>For the seven asteroids studied, we determined absolute magnitudes ranging from 15.80 to 18.11, measured the <em>B-V</em> color index for (36183) 1999 TX16 as well as the <em>V-R</em> and <em>R-I</em> indices for all targets, found axis ratios <em>a/b</em> between 1.267 and 2.374, and obtained rotation periods between 4 and 9 h. Based on the obtained color indices, we performed a taxonomic classification, and according to our results, all the asteroids belong to the S-complex.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13199,"journal":{"name":"Icarus","volume":"447 ","pages":"Article 116890"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145692531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A perspective on the luminous efficiency approach for meteoroid mass estimation","authors":"Christopher O. Johnston ,&nbsp;Alireza Mazaheri ,&nbsp;Eric C. Stern","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2025.116922","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icarus.2025.116922","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A perspective on the luminous efficiency approach for determining the pre-atmospheric mass of a meteoroid from a measured light-curve is presented for meteors in the continuum flow regime. This perspective interprets the mass-loss rate evaluated from the luminous efficiency approach as a solution to the meteoroid surface energy balance, with the measured light-curve serving as a proxy for the radiative heating to the meteoroid surface. This differs from the standard interpretation that equates the radiation from the light-curve to a change in the kinetic energy of the meteor. Mathematically, the developed perspective is identical to the standard luminous efficiency approach, except that the deceleration term is shown to be extraneous. This perspective provides a clear relationship between the measured light-curve and the mass loss of a meteor, which is based on the observation that the radiative heating that drives the mass loss (through the surface energy balance) also provides the radiation for the light-curve. Furthermore, this perspective provides a simple mathematical framework for interpreting the impact of fragmentation on the luminous efficiency. This framework shows that the luminous efficiency of a fragmented meteoroid is a weighted sum of the luminous efficiency from the various fragments, which may each be assessed based on single-body simulations. To generate these single-body simulations, state-of-the-art flowfield and radiation simulations are performed for meteoroid diameters ranging from 0.02 to 100 m, velocities ranging from 12 to 24 km/s, and altitudes ranging from 20 to 50 km. The luminous efficiency values resulting from these simulations are distilled into a correlation and applied to trajectories resulting from the fragment cloud method. This allows the integral luminous efficiency to be computed using the developed luminous efficiency model and defined fragmentation framework. Both the silicon and visible passbands are considered. For the silicon passband, the computed integral luminous efficiency values track closely with the experimentally derived integral luminous efficiency model developed by Brown et al. (2002). This represents the first theoretical derivation of the integral luminous efficiency approach based on fully coupled radiation and ablation simulations with viscous effects, which also captures the impact of individual meteoroids that are combined using the developed fragmentation framework.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13199,"journal":{"name":"Icarus","volume":"447 ","pages":"Article 116922"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145837294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The two-dimensional structure of circumplanetary disks and their radiative signatures","authors":"Aster G. Taylor ,&nbsp;Fred C. Adams ,&nbsp;Nuria Calvet","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2025.116913","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icarus.2025.116913","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During their formative stages, giant planets are fed by infalling material sourced from the background circumstellar disk. Due to conservation of angular momentum, the incoming gas and dust collects into a circumplanetary disk that processes the material before it reaches the central planet itself. This work investigates the complex vertical structure of these circumplanetary disks and calculates their radiative signatures. A self-consistent numerical model of the temperature and density structure of the circumplanetary environment reveals that circumplanetary disks are thick and hot, with aspect ratios <span><math><mrow><mi>H</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>R</mi><mo>∼</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>−</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>25</mn></mrow></math></span> and temperatures approaching that of the central planet. The disk geometry has a significant impact on the radiative signatures, allowing future observations to determine critical system parameters. The resulting disks are gravitationally stable and viscosity is sufficient to drive the necessary disk accretion. However, sufficiently rapid mass accretion can trigger a thermal instability, which sets an upper limit on the mass accretion rate. This paper shows how the radiative signatures depend on the properties of the planetary system and discuss how the system parameters can be constrained by future observations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13199,"journal":{"name":"Icarus","volume":"447 ","pages":"Article 116913"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145797665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Was the Solar System’s dynamical instability triggered by a (sub)stellar flyby?","authors":"Sean N. Raymond ,&nbsp;Nathan A. Kaib","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2025.116910","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icarus.2025.116910","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An instability among the giant planets’ orbits can match many aspects of the Solar System’s current orbital architecture. We explore the possibility that this dynamical instability was triggered by the close passage of a star or substellar object during the Sun’s embedded cluster phase. We run N-body simulations starting with the giant planets in a resonant chain and an outer planetesimal disk, with a wide-enough planet-disk separation to preserve the planets’ orbital stability for <span><math><mrow><mo>&gt;</mo><mn>100</mn></mrow></math></span> Myr. We subject the system to a single flyby, testing a wide range in flyby mass, velocity and closest approach distance. We find a variety of outcomes, from flybys that over-excite the system (or strip the planets entirely) to flybys too weak to perturb the planets at all. An intermediate range of flybys triggers a dynamical instability that matches the present-day Solar System. Successful simulations – that match the giant planets’ orbits without over-exciting the cold classical Kuiper belt – are characterized by the flyby of a substellar object (<span><math><mrow><mn>3</mn><mo>−</mo><mn>30</mn><msub><mrow><mi>M</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>Jup</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>) passing within 20 au of the Sun. We performed Monte Carlo simulations of the Sun’s birth cluster phase, parameterized by the product of the stellar density <span><math><mi>η</mi></math></span> and the cluster lifetime <span><math><mi>T</mi></math></span>. The balance between under- and over-excitation of the young Solar System is at <span><math><mrow><mi>η</mi><mi>T</mi><mo>≈</mo><mn>5</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> Myr pc⁻³, in a range consistent with previous work. We find a probability of <span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span>1% that the Solar System’s dynamical instability was triggered by a substellar flyby. The probability increases to <span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span>5% if the occurrence rate of free-floating planets and low-mass brown dwarfs is modestly higher than predicted by standard stellar initial mass functions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13199,"journal":{"name":"Icarus","volume":"447 ","pages":"Article 116910"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145748592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revisiting the crater-based age of Cerealia Facula: High-resolution XMO7 data, measurement uncertainties, and chronological frameworks","authors":"Alicia Neesemann ,&nbsp;Stephan van Gasselt ,&nbsp;Christian Riedel","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2025.116908","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icarus.2025.116908","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the effects of crater-size frequency data collections and modeling parameters to better understand their influence on model ages for Cerealia Facula on Ceres. Key factors in this investigation include (a) analyst-dependent data collection, (b) slope discrepancies between measured distributions and modeled production functions, and (c) choice of chronology models. The foundational cartographic product for this work is a novel controlled high-resolution image mosaic built from data of NASA’s Dawn Framing Camera in XMO7 orbit. Our study returns crater-based absolute model ages for Cerealia Facula using the Lunar-derived chronology model (4.23 ± 0.36 Ma) and the Asteroid-flux-derived chronology model (0.43 ± 0.04 to 39.53 ± 3.26 Ma). Results show that model ages derived from small-area measurements are highly sensitive to (1) data collection bias and variability, particularly for craters smaller than 50 m, (2) the chosen distribution diameter range for age modeling, and (3) the chronology model, which can shift ages by a factor of up to 10. For complex regions like Cerealia Facula, using larger craters across wider areas offers more robust results. This investigation highlights the importance of high-resolution datasets for improving CSFD reliability and emphasizes the need for consistency in data collection and model selection. To provide additional geological context, an IHS pan-sharpened RGB orthomosaic was generated from XMO7 clear-filter data combined with LAMO-based RGB data, covering both Cerealia Facula and Vinalia Faculae at a ground sample distance of 8.5 m. The corresponding mosaics have been uploaded at the Zenodo (<span><span>https://zenodo.org/records/17615401</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>) data repository and are permanently accessible.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13199,"journal":{"name":"Icarus","volume":"447 ","pages":"Article 116908"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145837352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}