{"title":"Multi-In-Multi-Out Neural Network for Joint DOA Estimation and Automatic Modulation Classification","authors":"Van-Sang Doan;Ha-Khanh Le;Van-Phuc Hoang","doi":"10.1109/LCOMM.2025.3583717","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LCOMM.2025.3583717","url":null,"abstract":"Direction of arrival (DOA) estimation and automatic modulation classification (AMC) of radio frequency (RF) signals are two crucial tasks in electronic intelligence systems. These two tasks are traditionally performed in separate individual processes that result in slow latency and computational complexity. In order to mitigate the mentioned issue, a multi-in-multi-out deep neural network (namely MIMONet), which has three inputs and two outputs, is proposed in this letter for joint DOA estimation and AMC applied for uniform circular array. The three inputs are designated for raw in-phase and quadrature-phase signals, Fourier transform data, and covariance matrix. The two outputs are assigned in turn for DOA estimation and AMC. The MIMONet model is analyzed with different hyperparameter options to find the best performance trade-off between DOA estimation and AMC accuracy, computational complexity, and execution time. As a result, the MIMONet model of 32 filters with a size of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$3times 3$ </tex-math></inline-formula> has achieved the best performance with AMC accuracy higher than 95%, root mean square error of DOA estimation below 0.1°, and execution time of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.74pm 0.02$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ms for SNRs greater than 10 dB. In comparison, the proposed model has outperformed some other state-of-the-art models in the same experimental scenario.","PeriodicalId":13197,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Letters","volume":"29 8","pages":"1993-1997"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144831792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I Nyoman Apraz Ramatryana;Gandeva Bayu Satrya;Nyoman Bogi Aditya Karna;Made Adi Paramartha Putra
{"title":"Uplink RSMA-Assisted Slotted ALOHA With Adaptive Traffic Load for Massive IoT","authors":"I Nyoman Apraz Ramatryana;Gandeva Bayu Satrya;Nyoman Bogi Aditya Karna;Made Adi Paramartha Putra","doi":"10.1109/LCOMM.2025.3583590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LCOMM.2025.3583590","url":null,"abstract":"This letter presents a design of pre-configured signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) level allocation for slotted ALOHA assisted by uplink rate splitting multiple access (RSMA-ALOHA). However, considering the overload condition, the throughput of RSMA-ALOHA is degraded due to collisions. Next, adaptive traffic load (ATL) is proposed to manage overload traffic conditions and stabilize throughput. The ATL mechanism dynamically controls the network load of RSMA-ALOHA according to the traffic load estimation. The throughput bounds are derived, demonstrating that RSMA-ALOHA with ATL significantly outperforms the benchmark. Simulation results validate the theoretical analysis, showing that RSMA-ALOHA maintains superior throughput performance under varying traffic conditions.","PeriodicalId":13197,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Letters","volume":"29 9","pages":"2013-2017"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145100413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cognitive Radio Spectrum Sensing on the Edge: A Quantization-Aware Deep Learning Approach","authors":"Hamza A. Abushahla;Dara Varam;Mohamed I. AlHajri","doi":"10.1109/LCOMM.2025.3582680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LCOMM.2025.3582680","url":null,"abstract":"Wideband spectrum sensing demands ultra-low latency and high accuracy to detect spectrum holes, yet deploying deep learning (DL)-based models on resource-constrained edge devices is challenging due to high computational costs. This letter proposes quantization-aware training (QAT) to optimize DL-based spectrum sensing models for low-power, low-memory deployment with fast inference. Using a hardware-oriented approach and data-driven quantization scaling, the models retain near-identical performance across varying signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) levels. Real-time deployment on the Sony Spresense shows 72% model size reduction, 51% faster inference, and 7% lower power consumption, confirming the feasibility of QAT-optimized models for spectrum sensing on the edge.","PeriodicalId":13197,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Letters","volume":"29 8","pages":"1988-1992"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144831927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Two-Level Estimation Enabled Online Congestion Control for Massive IoT Networks","authors":"Shilun Song;Jie Liu;Han Seung Jang;Hu Jin","doi":"10.1109/LCOMM.2025.3581943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LCOMM.2025.3581943","url":null,"abstract":"In the massive Internet of Things (mIoT) scenario, characterized by a burst of access requests, the random access (RA) mechanism faces significant challenges in establishing radio resource control (RRC) connections. Access class barring (ACB) and Backoff are two typical control schemes. Devices first undergo the ACB check, and upon passing, transmit preambles and payloads in a contention-based manner. Failed attempts then enter the Backoff process for retransmission. Maximizing RA efficiency by collaborating these two control schemes is a critical challenge. This letter presents a performance analysis of the coexistence of ACB and Backoff and proposes an optimal control scheme. To enhance practical applicability, a Bayesian estimation-based approach is introduced. Simulation results validate the proposed algorithm’s substantial improvement in RA efficiency.","PeriodicalId":13197,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Letters","volume":"29 8","pages":"1968-1972"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144831884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kosmas Liotopoulos;Nikos A. Mitsiou;Panagiotis G. Sarigiannidis;George K. Karagiannidis
{"title":"Multi-Length CSI Feedback With Ordered Finite Scalar Quantization","authors":"Kosmas Liotopoulos;Nikos A. Mitsiou;Panagiotis G. Sarigiannidis;George K. Karagiannidis","doi":"10.1109/LCOMM.2025.3581951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LCOMM.2025.3581951","url":null,"abstract":"We propose a novel, lightweight, deep-learning based model, which enables fast, multi-length channel state information (CSI) feedback. The proposed method harnesses the advantages of finite scalar quantization and ordered representation learning, to create the ordered finite scalar quantization (OFSQ) scheme, which has a simple structure, with significantly reduced complexity, while demonstrating solid CSI reconstruction ability for any desired feedback bitstream length. Our method reshapes latent vectors into sub-vectors, applies a hyperparameter-based and bounded scalar quantization, while it integrates a nested dropout layer to prioritize sub-vectors based on their importance to CSI retrieval. Simulation results confirm that the proposed scheme significantly reduces the computational complexity, as it avoids to exhaustively search the quantization codebook, while it shows an improved CSI reconstruction ability compared to state-of-the-art multi-length CSI feedback models. Therefore, OFSQ is a promising plug-in architecture, which can be paired with any autoencoder for use in wireless communication systems.","PeriodicalId":13197,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Letters","volume":"29 8","pages":"1973-1977"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144831703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effective Application of Normalized Min-Sum Decoding for Short BCH Codes","authors":"Guangwen Li;Xiao Yu","doi":"10.1109/LCOMM.2025.3582300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LCOMM.2025.3582300","url":null,"abstract":"This letter introduces an enhanced normalized min-sum decoder designed to address the performance and complexity challenges associated with developing parallelizable decoders for short BCH codes in high-throughput applications. The decoder optimizes the standard parity-check matrix using heuristic binary summation and random cyclic row shifts, resulting in a Tanner graph with low density, controlled redundancy, and minimized length-4 cycles. The impact of row redundancy and rank deficiency in the dual code’s minimum-weight codewords on decoding performance is analyzed. To improve convergence, three random automorphisms are applied simultaneously to the inputs, with the resulting messages merged at the end of each iteration. Extensive simulations demonstrate that, for BCH codes with block lengths of 63 and 127, the enhanced normalized min-sum decoder achieves a 1–2 dB performance gain and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$100times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> faster convergence compared to existing parallel and iterative decoders. Additionally, a hybrid decoding scheme is proposed, which selectively activates order statistics decoding when the enhanced normalized min-sum decoder fails. This hybrid approach is shown to approach maximum-likelihood performance while retaining the advantages of the normalized min-sum decoder across a broad SNR range.","PeriodicalId":13197,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Letters","volume":"29 8","pages":"1983-1987"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144831834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"MAE-Based Radio Map Construction for Wi-Fi Fingerprint Indoor Localization","authors":"Yishuo Cheng;Liye Zhang","doi":"10.1109/LCOMM.2025.3582075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LCOMM.2025.3582075","url":null,"abstract":"This letter proposes a method for constructing a radio map using the Masked Autoencoder (MAE) model, with a focus on enabling accurate indoor fingerprint localization by constructing a complete radio map from minimal Received Signal Strength (RSS) data. Traditional fingerprint localization systems typically require significant time and labor for manual data collection and face challenges in maintaining data completeness. To address these challenges, this letter employs the MAE model with a high-masking strategy to simulate the missing RSS data. The model learns the spatial relationship between signal strength and location, allowing for accurate reconstruction of the radio map despite missing data. Improvements to the MAE model include adjusting input dimensions, modifying position encoding functions, and designing a loss function that targets masked regions. These enhancements help capture the spatial correlation between reference points (RPs) and access points (APs), improving reconstruction accuracy. Experiments results show that the MAE model outperforms traditional methods in effectively filling missing data. With 40% missing data, the error probability within 2 meters is about 95%, and with 80% missing data, it still remains around 93%. Moreover, the MAE model significantly reduces data collection time and requires less data to complete the radio map reconstruction, while saving over 85% of computational and human resources, all while ensuring localization accuracy.","PeriodicalId":13197,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Letters","volume":"29 9","pages":"2008-2012"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145100351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Machine Learning-Based Physical Layer Security for Detecting Active Eavesdropping Attacks","authors":"Cheng Yin;Pei Xiao;Vishal Sharma;Zheng Chu;Emiliano Garcia-Palacios","doi":"10.1109/LCOMM.2025.3582157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LCOMM.2025.3582157","url":null,"abstract":"This letter explores machine learning for enhancing physical layer security in a wireless system with an access point, legitimate users, and an active eavesdropper. During uplink training, the eavesdropper mimics pilot signals to compromise communication. We propose a framework to extract statistical features from wireless signals and build physical layer datasets. A one-class Support Vector Machine (OC-SVM) is used to detect such active eavesdropping attacks. Additionally, we introduce a twin-class SVM (TC-SVM) model to evaluate and compare detection performance. Simulation results demonstrate that our proposed approach with OC-SVM achieves a detection accuracy of 99.78%, performing favorably compared to the TC-SVM model and other prior methods.","PeriodicalId":13197,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Letters","volume":"29 8","pages":"1978-1982"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144831873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dynamic-Confined Iterative Guessing Codeword Decoding for Product Codes","authors":"Yile Peng;Shancheng Zhao","doi":"10.1109/LCOMM.2025.3581563","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LCOMM.2025.3581563","url":null,"abstract":"In this letter, we propose a low-complexity universal decoder for product codes based on guessing codeword decoding (GCD). Recognizing that errors typically concentrate at the intersections of rows and columns where the component decoder fails, we propose to generate test error patterns (TEPs) of component GCD specifically at these intersections. We also introduce new stopping criteria for the component GCD. The resulting decoder, named dynamic-confined iterative GCD (DC-IGCD), dynamically refines its focus to reduce unnecessary computations. To further mitigate the impact of miscorrections, we incorporate enhanced anchor decoding (EAD) into the framework. Numerical evaluations demonstrate that the proposed DC-IGCD with EAD based on the new stopping criteria achieves a significant reduction in decoding complexity compared to IGCD with EAD and DC-IGCD with EAD with the original stopping criteria while maintaining nearly identical error-correction performance.","PeriodicalId":13197,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Letters","volume":"29 8","pages":"1958-1962"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144831883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hieu V. Nguyen;Van-Phuc Bui;Mai T. P. Le;Vien Nguyen-Duy-Nhat;Hung Nguyen-Le;Nghi H. Tran
{"title":"Latency Fairness for MEC-Enabled Cell-Free Massive MIMO: ICA- and AI-Based Approaches","authors":"Hieu V. Nguyen;Van-Phuc Bui;Mai T. P. Le;Vien Nguyen-Duy-Nhat;Hung Nguyen-Le;Nghi H. Tran","doi":"10.1109/LCOMM.2025.3581730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LCOMM.2025.3581730","url":null,"abstract":"This letter investigates the latency minimization at the network edge in mobile edge computing (MEC)-enabled Cell-Free massive MIMO systems. We introduce a new edge computing model that integrates both task offloading and local execution. To minimize overall system latency while considering power allocation constraints, we formulate an optimization problem aimed at reducing maximum computing time. This mixed-integer non-convex problem is then reformulated into a more tractable form, which is solved using an iterative convex approximation method to achieve locally-optimal solutions. Additionally, we propose a convolutional neural network-based algorithm as an alternative solution to further improve system efficiency. Numerical results are provided to validate the theoretical framework and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approaches in accelerating the data processing in MEC-enabled cell-free networks.","PeriodicalId":13197,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Letters","volume":"29 8","pages":"1963-1967"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144831685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}