{"title":"Enhancing Belief Propagation Decoding of Polar Codes: A Reinforcement Learning Approach","authors":"Mohsen Moradi;Salman Habib;David G. M. Mitchell","doi":"10.1109/LCOMM.2025.3559466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LCOMM.2025.3559466","url":null,"abstract":"Short block-length polar-like codes showcase exceptional error correction performance (ECP) using sequential decoding or successive cancellation list decoding with a large list size. However, achieving a high level of reliability with these methods involves high-latency decoding. To meet the growing demand for low-latency communication with acceptable complexity, belief propagation (BP) decoding emerges as an attractive option, although its ECP is known to fall short of those high-latency alternatives. In this letter, we propose an enhanced BP decoding approach for polar codes, leveraging reinforcement learning (RL) to optimize the message-passing schedule. Moreover, we investigate the design of the polar code rate profile and corresponding Tanner graph representation to enhance the benefits of RL. Numerical results demonstrate a performance gain of more than 1 dB for polar codes with a length of 128 and a rate of 0.5 compared to conventional BP decoding alone at high <inline-formula> <tex-math>$E_{b}/N_{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> values, demonstrating the promise of the proposed approach.","PeriodicalId":13197,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Letters","volume":"29 6","pages":"1285-1289"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144264154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuepei Li;Symon K. Podilchak;Junqing Zhang;Simon L. Cotton;Tharmalingam Ratnarajah;Yuan Ding
{"title":"RFFI Protocols Using Antenna Mutual Coupling and Power Amplifier Nonlinear Memory Effects","authors":"Yuepei Li;Symon K. Podilchak;Junqing Zhang;Simon L. Cotton;Tharmalingam Ratnarajah;Yuan Ding","doi":"10.1109/LCOMM.2025.3558555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LCOMM.2025.3558555","url":null,"abstract":"This letter presents a radio frequency fingerprinting identification (RFFI) protocol in wireless links with multi-antenna array transmitters. Multi-antenna systems are widely used in wireless communication systems for diversity and/or multiplexing. The mutual coupling (MC) effects arising from electromagnetic interactions between adjacent array elements can influence the RF characteristics of the transmitter and eventually the performance of the established links. In this letter, a novel RFF strategy is proposed to expand the differences in the RFF characteristics among wireless devices from the same vendor, with the goal of massively improving RFF classification accuracy in low to medium signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) channel conditions. Experimental results show that when classifying six power amplifiers (PAs) from the same vendor, 21% to 62% average classification accuracy improvement can be achieved by enlarging the RFF feature differences arising from the PA nonlinearity arising from the array coupling.","PeriodicalId":13197,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Letters","volume":"29 6","pages":"1250-1254"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144272636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jiahua Wan;Hong Ren;Cunhua Pan;Zhenkun Zhang;Songtao Gao;Yiming Yu;Chengzhong Wang
{"title":"Sensing Capacity for Integrated Sensing and Communication Systems in Low-Altitude Economy","authors":"Jiahua Wan;Hong Ren;Cunhua Pan;Zhenkun Zhang;Songtao Gao;Yiming Yu;Chengzhong Wang","doi":"10.1109/LCOMM.2025.3558295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LCOMM.2025.3558295","url":null,"abstract":"The burgeoning significance of the low-altitude economy (LAE) has garnered considerable interest, largely fuelled by the widespread deployment of autonomous aerial vehicles (AAVs). To tackle the challenges associated with the detection of unauthorized AAVs and the efficient scheduling of authorized AAVs, this letter introduces a novel performance metric, termed sensing capacity, for integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) systems. This metric, which quantifies the capability of a base station (BS) to detect multiple AAVs simultaneously, leverages signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and probability of detection (PD) as key intermediate variables. Through mathematical derivations, we can derive a closed-form solution for the maximum number of AAVs that can be detected by the BS while adhering to a specific SNR constraint. An approximate solution based on PD constraints is proposed to facilitate the efficient determination of the threshold for the maximum number of detectable AAVs. To generalize the analysis, we extend our investigation to practical scenarios with closely-spaced AAVs, incorporating inter-AAV interference effects. The accuracy of this analytical approach is verified through extensive simulation results.","PeriodicalId":13197,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Letters","volume":"29 6","pages":"1240-1244"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144272691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Liuquan Yao;Pei Yang;Zhichao Liu;Wenyan Li;Jianghua Liu;Zhi-Ming Ma
{"title":"Erlang Model for Multi-Type Data Flow","authors":"Liuquan Yao;Pei Yang;Zhichao Liu;Wenyan Li;Jianghua Liu;Zhi-Ming Ma","doi":"10.1109/LCOMM.2025.3558872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LCOMM.2025.3558872","url":null,"abstract":"The well-known Erlang teletraffic models were estimated to guild the infrastructure construction in communication societies for stable data requirements. However, with the development of information technology, requirements for data flow have become diverse. Particularly, when multi-type data flow (MDF) is used, games, videos, calls, etc. are all requirements. Thus, there may be a constant switch between these requirements, and also multi-type requirements at the same time. Consequently, the demands of users change over time, which prevents the traditional teletraffic analysis from being applied directly to infrastructure construction for MDF. This letter proposes new probabilistic models to discuss the blocking probabilities of MDF, whose requirements depend on the time of demand duration, and analyzes the models in three states: non-tolerance, tolerance and delay, in order to meet a more general and practical data flow utilization. When the requirement random variables are co-distributed with respect to time, we prove the practicability of the Erlang Multirate Loss Model (EMLM) under MDF cases, from a mathematical perspective by discretizing time and error analysis. An algorithm of pre-allocating resources is given to guild the construction of base resources for MDF.","PeriodicalId":13197,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Letters","volume":"29 6","pages":"1265-1269"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144272778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Deep Learning-Enhanced Channel Prediction for XL-MIMO Systems","authors":"Chaoqun Cao;Ming Chen;Yusi Zhang;Yijin Pan;Yihan Cang;Zidi Zhan","doi":"10.1109/LCOMM.2025.3558838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LCOMM.2025.3558838","url":null,"abstract":"With the dramatically increasing number of antennas, wireless channel becomes sophisticated and the pilot overhead becomes intolerable. In this letter, we construct the last-bounce cluster (LBC) based channel model to capture the spatial-temporal characteristics in extra-large multiple-input-multiple-output (XL-MIMO) systems. Then, we formulate the channel prediction problem to conserve the pilots. Leveraging the advantages of deep learning (DL), we propose convolutional neural network (CNN)-Transformer based channel prediction method (CTCP) to enhance the spatial-temporal information extraction of the channel. Simulation results validate that CTCP effectively extracts the spatial-temporal correlations of the channel, and enhances the trade-off between accuracy and comlexity in channel prediction for XL-MIMO systems.","PeriodicalId":13197,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Letters","volume":"29 6","pages":"1260-1264"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144272773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuandong Wu;Guoshun Nan;Xiaosu Xue;Huici Wu;Xiaofeng Tao
{"title":"Faster and Safer: Seamless Group-Based Cross-Layer Authentication and Key Agreement for 6G","authors":"Yuandong Wu;Guoshun Nan;Xiaosu Xue;Huici Wu;Xiaofeng Tao","doi":"10.1109/LCOMM.2025.3558927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LCOMM.2025.3558927","url":null,"abstract":"The upcoming 6G networks will support an unprecedented number of connected devices, thus greatly expanding the attack surfaces. Access authentication helps mitigate these threats, but may introduce prohibitive costs due to massive connections operating in high-frequency bands on resource-constrained devices. This motivates the proposal of SeaAKA, a novel protocol designed to achieve efficient authentication in 6G networks. The SeaAKA protocol implements seamless group-based cross-layer authentication through a novel voting mechanism that coordinates physical-layer authentication (using lightweight approaches) with upper-layer verification (employing Shamir’s secret sharing). This integration reduces computational and communication overhead during repeated authentication cycles while maintaining high accuracy. Security analysis using BAN logic confirms SeaAKA’s resilience against replay attacks along with data integrity/privacy preservation. Evaluations demonstrate SeaAKA’s superior efficiency over existing methods, reducing communication overhead from 4.244 to 0.0006 ms and computational overhead from 2,432 to 512 bits.","PeriodicalId":13197,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Letters","volume":"29 6","pages":"1270-1274"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144272692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vahid Zibakalam;Mehrdad Ardebilipour;Bahareh Akhbari;Abolqasem Hesam
{"title":"IRS-NOMA Transmission in Cooperative Networks","authors":"Vahid Zibakalam;Mehrdad Ardebilipour;Bahareh Akhbari;Abolqasem Hesam","doi":"10.1109/LCOMM.2025.3558252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LCOMM.2025.3558252","url":null,"abstract":"In this letter, we propose a novel scheme that utilizes a hybrid relay and intelligent reconfigurable surface (IRS) to enable simultaneous transmission of two symbols from a source to a destination using a non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) scheme. As the proposed scheme benefits from the advantages of the multiplexing technique, the spectral efficiency increases. In the devised scheme, the achievable sum-rate is maximized by optimizing the IRS coefficients and the NOMA power allocation coefficients. We derive closed-form expressions for these optimal coefficients based on the channel state information. Simulation results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed scheme compared to benchmark scenarios.","PeriodicalId":13197,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Letters","volume":"29 6","pages":"1235-1239"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144272647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yating Wu;Yifeng Li;Rubin Liang;Guoxin Zheng;Xiaoyong Wang
{"title":"CGAN-Based Data Augmentation for Enhanced Channel Prediction in Massive MIMO Under Subway Tunnels","authors":"Yating Wu;Yifeng Li;Rubin Liang;Guoxin Zheng;Xiaoyong Wang","doi":"10.1109/LCOMM.2025.3558561","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LCOMM.2025.3558561","url":null,"abstract":"Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel modeling poses a crucial yet challenging task for wireless communication systems under subway tunnel scenarios. Due to the high cost associated with on-site measurement campaigns, the amount of channel data is often limited and insufficient. This letter proposes a conditional generative adversarial network (cGAN)-based channel model that can learn from the limited measurement data and generate realistic samples of channel impulse response (CIR) matrices specific to given conditions. The proposed channel model provides a data augmentation approach to enhance the training of neural networks for channel prediction, overcoming the prediction performance loss caused by insufficient number of training samples. Simulation results validate that the generated data exhibits high consistency with the actual channel and accurately captures the statistical properties in both delay and spatial domains. By expanding the available training dataset effectively, it is shown that the accuracy of neural network-based channel prediction has improved significantly with the proposed channel data augmentation.","PeriodicalId":13197,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Letters","volume":"29 6","pages":"1255-1259"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144272910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"GNSS-Independent Uplink LEO Satellite Synchronization","authors":"Fredrik Berggren;Branislav M. Popović","doi":"10.1109/LCOMM.2025.3558531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LCOMM.2025.3558531","url":null,"abstract":"In a nonterrestrial network (NTN) with low earth orbit (LEO) satellites, there could be substantial Doppler shifts due to the relative movement between the satellites and the user equipment (UE). If the UE does not have global navigation satellite system (GNSS) capability, pre-compensation of the Doppler shifts cannot be made. Thus, synchronization signals are required which could be detected subject to large frequency offsets. We propose superposed pairs of interleaved Zadoff-Chu (SPI-ZC) synchronization sequences, each ZC sequence being interleaved by a linear permutation polynomial (LPP). The LPP renders a large set of sequences and sequences with improved peak-to-sidelobe-ratio (PSR) in the periodic correlation function, which improves the probability of correct synchronization. Lower detection complexity can be achieved compared to prior synchronization methods.","PeriodicalId":13197,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Letters","volume":"29 6","pages":"1245-1249"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144272798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Naresh Kolla;Parth Mehta;Kumar Appaiah;Debasattam Pal
{"title":"Nested Grassmannian Codebooks for Quantizing MIMO Precoders on the Flag Manifold","authors":"Naresh Kolla;Parth Mehta;Kumar Appaiah;Debasattam Pal","doi":"10.1109/LCOMM.2025.3557002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LCOMM.2025.3557002","url":null,"abstract":"In MIMO systems, the channel can be decomposed using Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). The resulting unitary matrices, used as precoders, are fed back to the transmitter to enhance rates. Their non-uniqueness enables efficient quantization on Flag manifolds. While previous studies have investigated manifold-based precoder feedback approaches, an incremental subspace-based quantization approach remains unexplored. We propose a nested Grassmannian quantizer for Flag elements, which incrementally builds codebook dimensions. Simulations show the proposed method effectively captures Flag elements and outperforms existing approaches, with significant gains.","PeriodicalId":13197,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Letters","volume":"29 6","pages":"1215-1219"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144272793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}