{"title":"Distortion-Aware Hybrid Beamforming for Integrated Sensing and Communication","authors":"Zeyuan Zhang;Yue Xiu;Phee Lep Yeoh;Guangyi Liu;Zixing Wu;Ning Wei","doi":"10.1109/LCOMM.2025.3649126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LCOMM.2025.3649126","url":null,"abstract":"This letter investigates a practical partially-connected hybrid beamforming transmitter for integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) with distortion from nonlinear power amplification. For this ISAC system, we formulate a communication rate and sensing mutual information maximization problem driven by our distortion-aware hybrid beamforming design. To address this non-convex problem, we first solve for a fully digital beamforming matrix by alternatively solving three sub-problems using manifold optimization (MO) and our derived closed-form solutions. The analog and digital beamforming matrices are then obtained through a decomposition algorithm. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can improve overall ISAC performance compared to traditional beamforming methods.","PeriodicalId":13197,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Letters","volume":"30 ","pages":"682-686"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148491483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Performance Analysis on Hybrid NOMA Under Varying Channel Conditions","authors":"Chenzhan Xu;Yanshi Sun;Ximing Xie;Fang Fang","doi":"10.1109/LCOMM.2026.3702014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LCOMM.2026.3702014","url":null,"abstract":"By combining pure non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) and conventional orthogonal multiple access (OMA) techniques, hybrid NOMA (H-NOMA) can achieve significantly high energy efficiency. However, existing work on H-NOMA assumes that the channel gains of a user in different channel resource blocks remain constant, which might be unrealistic in many practical systems. To address this limitation, this letter provides a new analytical characterization of the H-NOMA framework under statistically independent channel realizations.Rigorous analysis reveals that under independent fading, the probability that H-NOMA achieves a higher instantaneous data rate than conventional OMA while consuming less transmit energy approaches one in the high SNR regime, which indicates the superiority of H-NOMA in energy efficiency. Numerical results are provided to validate the developed analysis and also demonstrate the superior performance of H-NOMA.","PeriodicalId":13197,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Letters","volume":"30 ","pages":"2218-2222"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148492178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Computationally Efficient DOA Estimation for Beamforming in Moving Coprime Array Systems","authors":"Rohini Dakulagi;Ravi Raushan","doi":"10.1109/LCOMM.2026.3717088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LCOMM.2026.3717088","url":null,"abstract":"This letter addresses direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation for coherent sources in moving coprime array (MCA) systems, with emphasis on beamforming for wireless communications. Due to array motion, the resulting virtual coarray is inherently incomplete, limiting the effectiveness of conventional interpolation- and reconstruction-based approaches, which incur high computational complexity and reduced robustness. To overcome these limitations, a computationally efficient sparse Bayesian learning (SBL) framework is proposed that directly operates on incomplete coarray observations without explicit reconstruction. The DOA estimation problem is formulated as a sparse Bayesian inference task over an overcomplete angular dictionary, enabling implicit recovery of missing virtual array elements via evidence maximization. The proposed approach avoids Toeplitz reconstruction, convex optimization, and spatial smoothing, while achieving high-resolution estimation. Simulation results demonstrate improved accuracy and robustness, particularly at low signal-to-noise ratios, while reducing the overall processing complexity by avoiding interpolation, covariance reconstruction, and convex optimization stages.","PeriodicalId":13197,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Letters","volume":"30 ","pages":"2735-2739"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148625978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An Extended κ–μ Shadowed Fading Model With Cluster Imbalance","authors":"José Vega-Sánchez;Victor Garzón Pacheco;Nathaly Orozco Garzón;Henry Carvajal Mora;Noel Pérez-Pérez;Edgar Benitez Olivo","doi":"10.1109/LCOMM.2026.3716132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LCOMM.2026.3716132","url":null,"abstract":"Most fading models assume balanced in-phase and quadrature components, although real propagation environments may exhibit cluster imbalance due to non-isotropic scattering, dominant directions, or specular paths. This letter proposes the imbalanced <inline-formula> <tex-math>$kappa $ </tex-math></inline-formula>–<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula> shadowed (iKMS) fading model, which extends the classical KMS model by introducing a single imbalance parameter <inline-formula> <tex-math>$pin [{0,1}]$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. The proposed model preserves the tractability of KMS while yielding closed-form expressions for the moment generating function (MGF), probability density function (PDF), cumulative distribution function (CDF), and amount of fading (AoF), as well as finite Gamma representations for integer-valued effective parameters. The derived MGF is also used to characterize the average bit error rate (BER) under coherent binary phase shift keying (BPSK). Numerical results show that decreasing <inline-formula> <tex-math>$p$ </tex-math></inline-formula> increases the fading severity and degrades the BER performance. Moreover, fitting results with millimeter-wave measurements show that iKMS provides better agreement than KMS, particularly in the lower-tail region of the empirical CDF, which is relevant for outage and reliability analysis.","PeriodicalId":13197,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Letters","volume":"30 ","pages":"2740-2744"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148625979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Hybrid Collaborative Time–Frequency Network for NOMA Spectrum Sensing","authors":"Yu Jin;Yonghua Wang;Shiguo Peng","doi":"10.1109/LCOMM.2026.3715317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LCOMM.2026.3715317","url":null,"abstract":"Spectrum sensing in Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) systems is difficult under power-domain superposition, severe fading, and low SNR. This letter proposes a Hybrid Collaborative Time-Frequency Network (HCTF-Net) for cooperative multi-class sensing from raw secondary user (SU) observations. HCTF-Net integrates hybrid local feature extraction with dual-stream time-frequency discrimination to learn state representations for superposed primary user (PU) signals. Simulation results show that HCTF-Net achieves mean Area Under the Curve (mAUC) values of 0.893 and 0.860 under Rician and Rayleigh fading at −15 dB, respectively, and 0.765 in the dense four PU case, indicating its robustness under low SNR, fading, and dense PU settings.","PeriodicalId":13197,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Letters","volume":"30 ","pages":"2695-2699"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148626050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Resource-Aware Topology Management for ISAC-Enabled TDOA Localization in IoUT Networks","authors":"Ruhul Amin Khalil","doi":"10.1109/LCOMM.2026.3717386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LCOMM.2026.3717386","url":null,"abstract":"Reliable localization in the Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) is hindered by limited acoustic bandwidth, long propagation delays, multipath, Doppler shifts, and energy-constrained nodes. This letter proposes an integrated sensing and communication (ISAC)-enabled topology management and multi-stage adaptive estimation (ISAC-TM-MAE) framework for time-difference-of-arrival (TDOA) localization in IoUT networks. In the proposed framework, heterogeneous underwater sensors, seabed anchors, autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), and surface buoys exploit acoustic ISAC packets for joint communication and localization. The IoUT network is modeled as a graph, in which informative node pairs are selected subject to acoustic bandwidth, computation, energy, and link-reliability constraints. A D-optimal criterion maximizes the Fisher information matrix (FIM) over the underwater region of interest, while the MAE stage refines the source estimate under acoustic noise and channel uncertainty. Numerical results show that the proposed ISAC-TM-MAE improves localization accuracy, resource efficiency, scalability, and robustness compared with centralized, distributed, and benchmark TDOA localization schemes.","PeriodicalId":13197,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Letters","volume":"30 ","pages":"2745-2749"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148626111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sum-Rate Maximization in MISO IRS Multiuser System Using Adaptive Linear Precoding Technique","authors":"Aditya Kumar;Meenakshi Rawat","doi":"10.1109/LCOMM.2026.3713668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LCOMM.2026.3713668","url":null,"abstract":"This letter proposes a new beamforming technique, Adaptive Regularized OLP (AR-OLP), by jointly optimizing transmit beamforming and IRS phase shifts to enhance spectral efficiency in downlink wireless communications. We provide a comparative analysis of AR-OLP with two key precoding algorithms: Optimal Linear Precoding (OLP) and Regularized Zero-forcing (RZF) to evaluate their performance under varying network parameters, including the number of transmit antennas, users, and IRS passive elements. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed AR-OLP algorithm consistently achieves higher average sum rates per user compared to conventional OLP and RZF methods. The performance gains grow with increasing antenna count and IRS size, showing robust interference management and effective resource utilization across different transmit powers. These findings highlight the potential of adaptive hybrid precoding in IRS-aided MISO multiuser systems for next-generation wireless networks.","PeriodicalId":13197,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Letters","volume":"30 ","pages":"2645-2649"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148626822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yunchao Song;Chengcheng Wu;Dan Ge;Wanyue Zhang;Chen Liu
{"title":"Sphere Manifold Optimization Empowered Joint Antenna Selection and Precoding for XL-MIMO Systems","authors":"Yunchao Song;Chengcheng Wu;Dan Ge;Wanyue Zhang;Chen Liu","doi":"10.1109/LCOMM.2026.3718624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LCOMM.2026.3718624","url":null,"abstract":"This letter investigates the joint optimization of antenna selection and precoding design in extremely large-scale MIMO systems. Unlike previous works, we transform the joint antenna selection and precoding optimization problem into a single-variable optimization problem over the sphere manifold to significantly facilitate solution designs, while a manifold optimization-based algorithm is proposed to enhance solution accuracy, thereby improving overall system performance. Specifically, the joint antenna selection and precoding optimization problem is transformed into an <inline-formula> <tex-math>$ell _{2,0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-norm constrained problem over the sphere manifold. To address this nonconvex constraint, an alternating direction method of multipliers-based manifold optimization (ADMM-MO) algorithm is proposed to decompose the primary problem into two subproblems. The manifold subproblem is solved through the Riemannian conjugate gradient descent method, while the <inline-formula> <tex-math>$ell _{2,0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-norm constraint is handled via a hard thresholding operator. Furthermore, the proposed ADMM-MO algorithm is theoretically demonstrated to achieve global convergence. Simulation results show that our algorithm significantly outperforms the benchmark.","PeriodicalId":13197,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Letters","volume":"30 ","pages":"2775-2779"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148748006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Oscar Amador;Manuel Urueña;Maria Calderon;Ignacio Soto
{"title":"Congestion-Aware Channel Selection for ETSI ITS-G5","authors":"Oscar Amador;Manuel Urueña;Maria Calderon;Ignacio Soto","doi":"10.1109/LCOMM.2026.3717388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LCOMM.2026.3717388","url":null,"abstract":"Access Layer Instance (ALI) selection is essential for ensuring reliable performance in vehicular networks under multi-channel operation. Standardized mechanisms rely on limits to decide whether an ALI can handle traffic coming from a service with a set of requirements. These limits may refer to, e.g., channel utilization, data rate or transmit power. Following a policy, a node selects one of the available ALIs to send traffic through it. This selection can be performed based on using all suitable available ALIs equally (i.e., load balancing) or by turning them on in a sequence of prioritized ALIs that are to be filled sequentially. This letter introduces two congestion-aware mechanisms for ALI selection that consider not only channel occupancy, which is measured through the interval between transmissions allowed by Decentralized Congestion Control (DCC), but also local queue conditions. These measurements are reflected in a metric based on the waiting time before a message can get access to the medium, enabling more accurate and responsive ALI selection. Our results demonstrate that one of our proposed mechanisms, CALIS, significantly improves radio resource usage and application performance; and the other, CASF, improves the performance of the sequential filling mechanism while maintaining the ability to disable radios when traffic load allows it.","PeriodicalId":13197,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Letters","volume":"30 ","pages":"2760-2764"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11626141","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148748135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Corrections to “Joint Access Points-User Association and Caching Placement Strategy for Cell-Free Massive MIMO Systems Based on Soft Actor-Critic Algorithm”","authors":"Rui Wang;Min Shen;Yun He;Xiangyan Liu","doi":"10.1109/LCOMM.2026.3721664","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LCOMM.2026.3721664","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13197,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Letters","volume":"30 ","pages":"2918-2918"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11663596","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148836382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}