Human toxicology最新文献_第10页

Clinical and sub-clinical lead poisoning: a laboratory perspective. 临床和亚临床铅中毒:实验室视角。

Human toxicology Pub Date : 1988-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/096032718800700518

R A Braithwaite, S S Brown

引用次数: 10

Ecotoxicology. 生态毒理学。

Human toxicology Pub Date : 1988-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/096032718800700510

F Moriarty

引用次数: 7

New approaches to the use of pharmacokinetics in toxicology and drug development. 在毒理学和药物开发中使用药代动力学的新方法。

Human toxicology Pub Date : 1988-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/096032718800700515

D B Campbell, R M Ings

{"title":"New approaches to the use of pharmacokinetics in toxicology and drug development.","authors":"D B Campbell, R M Ings","doi":"10.1177/096032718800700515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/096032718800700515","url":null,"abstract":"1. The use of pharmacokinetics in toxicology, clinical pharmacology and in the individualization of dosage has been critically examined. 2. In toxicity studies, doses are given to animals with the aim of achieving substantially higher plasma levels than the therapeutic level in man. However, small animals have faster metabolic rates, shorter life spans and drug clearance is many fold faster than in man, and this difference may not be compensated for by simply mg per kg dosing. Since toxicity still occurs at these lower levels, it begs the question whether small animals require such high doses to produce toxic effects. 3. A literature survey revealed that only 5 to 31% of the papers studied attempt to relate activity with plasma levels. Examples are given of how such relationships can be used, as with D-fenfluramine, where by investigating individual responses using drug plasma levels as a probe, a greater understanding of eating disorders may be obtained. Also, with tertatolol its prolonged pharmacological activity (greater than 24 h) can be explained mathematically despite a plasma half-life of only 3 h. 4. The advantages and disadvantages of population kinetics are discussed in relation to its use in individualizing dosage, particularly in disease, its appreciation by pharmaceutical companies and regulatory authorities and the information which has been obtained so far. 5. It is of interest that one of the youngest of drug development disciplines, pharmacokinetics, is now one of the most important.","PeriodicalId":13194,"journal":{"name":"Human toxicology","volume":"7 5","pages":"469-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/096032718800700515","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14189720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 23

What is toxicology? 什么是毒理学?

Human toxicology Pub Date : 1988-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/096032718800700502

T A Connors

引用次数: 8

Clinical toxicology--past, present and future. 临床毒理学——过去，现在和未来。

Human toxicology Pub Date : 1988-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/096032718800700516

A T Proudfoot

{"title":"Clinical toxicology--past, present and future.","authors":"A T Proudfoot","doi":"10.1177/096032718800700516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/096032718800700516","url":null,"abstract":"1. The alarming increase in the incidence of self-poisoning in Western countries in the 1950s prompted the establishment of the National Poisons Information Service in the UK and the designation of certain Regional Poisoning Treatment Centres. 2. The substances taken in acute poisoning episodes largely reflect the poisons available in the community and, in the UK at least, have changed with fashions in prescribing although psychotropic drugs and analgesics always predominate. 3. Intensive supportive care with repeat-dose oral activated charcoal and even haemoperfusion has been proved effective in acute poisoning with central nervous depressant drugs such as barbiturates even though these latter drugs are now rarely encountered in overdose. 4. Other advances in clinical toxicology include the introduction of the opiate antagonist naloxone, Fab antibody fragments for life-threatening digoxin overdosage and proven treatment for paracetamol poisoning. Analytical toxicology has also made a major contribution. 5. On the debit side, formal psychiatric assessment of patients after acute poisoning remains contentious, tricyclic antidepressants are still a major problem and there is no effective treatment for poisoning with paraquat or for paracetamol when presentation is delayed. 6. As to the future, although the 'epidemic' of serious acute poisoning of the 1960s and 70s appears to be past its peak, there will always be unusual and serious problems and the UK poisons information services must develop to make the best use of computer-based technology.","PeriodicalId":13194,"journal":{"name":"Human toxicology","volume":"7 5","pages":"481-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/096032718800700516","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14189721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 15

Detecting adverse reactions to drugs. 检测药物的不良反应。

Human toxicology Pub Date : 1988-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/096032718800700514

P N Bennett

引用次数: 6

Toxicity testing: some principles and some pitfalls in histopathological evaluation. 毒性试验:组织病理学评价的一些原则和一些缺陷。

Human toxicology Pub Date : 1988-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/096032718800700504

F J Roe

引用次数: 18

Analysis of UK sera for aflatoxin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. 酶联免疫吸附法分析英国血清黄曲霉毒素。

Human toxicology Pub Date : 1988-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/096032718800700410

A P Wilkinson, D W Denning, M R Morgan

引用次数: 16

Studies of the 'adaptive' repair response in human lymphocytes and V79 cells after treatment with MNNG and MNU. MNNG和MNU治疗后人淋巴细胞和V79细胞“适应性”修复反应的研究。

Human toxicology Pub Date : 1988-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/096032718800700407

D Anderson, P Fisher, P C Jenkinson, B J Phillips

{"title":"Studies of the 'adaptive' repair response in human lymphocytes and V79 cells after treatment with MNNG and MNU.","authors":"D Anderson, P Fisher, P C Jenkinson, B J Phillips","doi":"10.1177/096032718800700407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/096032718800700407","url":null,"abstract":"In bacteria, there is evidence that a damage inducible repair response system known as the adaptive response exists since pretreatment with low doses of a simple monofunctional alkylating agent leads to a decrease in both the lethal and mutagenic effects of a subsequent challenge dose of the agent. The evidence for an analogous system in mammalian cells has proved to be inconsistent to date. The induction of chromosome repair mechanisms in human cells by low-dose radiation from tritiated thymidine has been shown to make the cells refractory to the induction of chromosome aberrations by X-rays. The present communication investigates the induction of an adaptive response in human lymphocytes from four donors and V79 cells using SCE and mutation as endpoints and MNNG and MNU for the adapting and challenging treatment. It is clear that a reproducible model of the adaptive response in human lymphocytes is difficult to establish because of the variability between different donors and different culture times. In V79 cells, assays with much larger cell numbers are required to detect a reproducible response with such small changes in mutant frequency. To demonstrate an adaptive response conclusively in mammalian cells will probably require the use of more sensitive experimental protocols and alternative methods of administration of adaptive doses of mutagen.","PeriodicalId":13194,"journal":{"name":"Human toxicology","volume":"7 4","pages":"337-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/096032718800700407","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14536055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 7

The effects of ingestion of 60 mg pyridostigmine bromide on contrast sensitivity in man. 摄入60毫克吡哆斯的明溴对人体造影剂敏感性的影响。

Human toxicology Pub Date : 1988-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/096032718800700409

C D Kay, J D Morrison

{"title":"The effects of ingestion of 60 mg pyridostigmine bromide on contrast sensitivity in man.","authors":"C D Kay, J D Morrison","doi":"10.1177/096032718800700409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/096032718800700409","url":null,"abstract":"The effects on vision of ingestion of the anticholinesterase pyridostigmine bromide (60 mg), assessed from pharmacokinetic data to provide at least 20% inhibition of blood cholinesterase over the 1 1/2-4 1/2 h experimental period, was compared with 60 mg lactose in a double-blind crossover protocol. Contrast sensitivity to stationary oscilloscope-generated gratings of 3-40 c/deg showed a small but significant increase of 7% which was consistent with a small reduction in pupil diameter, surmised to cause a small improvement in optical quality. This reduction in pupil diameter was, however, overshadowed by a larger though still non-significant reduction on the second visit to the laboratory compared with the first. Contrast sensitivities to laser interference fringes observed in the Maxwellian view, by which the effects of the optical media are essentially bypassed, thus providing an entirely neural assessment, were unchanged after pyridostigmine. It is concluded that pyridostigmine may be given as a prophylactic in anticipation of exposure to an organophosphorus anticholinesterase without a deleterious effect on stationary visual function.","PeriodicalId":13194,"journal":{"name":"Human toxicology","volume":"7 4","pages":"347-52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/096032718800700409","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14536057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6